presentazione in inglese

International Trademark

Protection

William Fisher

June 25, 2004

Many of the slides in this presentation were prepared by the Technical Cooperation Division of the Office of Harmonization in the Internal

Market, Alicante, Spain, October 29, 1998

Internationalization of Trademark

Protection: Four Axes

(1) Harmonization of the laws of separate jurisdictions

(2) Facilitation of Filings and

Management in other countries

(3) Expanding coverage of regional trademarks

(4) Expansion of trademark entitlements

Terminus: single, uniform, world-wide, highly protective trademark system

Vehicles of International

Trademark Protection

• Paris Convention (1883, 1900, 1911, 1925, 1934,

1958, 1967)

• Madrid Agreement (1890, 1967)

• Madrid Protocol (1989)

• Trademark Law Treaty (1996)

• TRIPS

• Regional Trademark Systems

– Community Trademarks (European Union)

– MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay)

– Andean Pact (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,

Venezuela)

– APEC (Asia-Pacific)

– ARPIO & OAPI (Africa)



•

Paris Convention (1883, 1900, 1911, 1925, 1934,

1958, 1967)




• TRIPS





Venezuela)



Paris Convention

• No discrimination against nationals of other countries -- 2

• First filing date in a member country gives applicant priority in all other countries, provided filings are made within 6 months -- 4

• Marks considered “well-known” in any member country protected against use on similar goods in that country -- 6bis

• Protection of foreign nationals against

“unfair competition” -- 10bis



•

Paris Convention (1883, 1900, 1911, 1925, 1934,

1958, 1967)




• TRIPS



– MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay,

Uruguay)

– Andean Pact (Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela)






1958, 1967)

•

Madrid Agreement (1890, 1967)

• Madrid Protocol (1989)


• TRIPS




Uruguay)




Madrid Agreement

• 30 Countries (not USA)

• Owner of a “basic registration” may file international TM application in home office

– if int’l application is filed within 6 months of basic registration, get date of priority

• Application forwarded to WIPO, which:

– issues international registration

– publishes in Les Marques Internationales

– forwards application to designated member countries

• National offices examine application for conformity with national laws

– if no action within 1 year, deemed registered

• “Central Attack”

• French

Madrid Protocol

•

70 countries (USA joined on 11/2/2003)

• After filing domestic application , applicant may file international TM application in home office

– if int’l application is filed within 6 months of basic application, get date of priority

• Application forwarded to WIPO, which:

– issues international registration

– publishes in Les Marques Internationales

– forwards application to designated member countries

• National offices examine application for conformity with national laws

– if no action within 1 year, deemed registered

•

No

“Central Attack”

• French or English http://www.wipo.org/madrid/en/legal_texts/madrid_protocol.htm




1958, 1967)

•

Madrid Agreement (1890, 1967)

• Madrid Protocol (1989)


• TRIPS




Uruguay)







1958, 1967)



• Trademark Law Treaty (1996)

• TRIPS




Uruguay)




Trademark Law Treaty

• Procedural simplification and harmonization

• 27 countries, including US (as of 2/26/2002)

• Standard forms for applications, powers of attorney, etc.

• Countries may require only:

– name and address,

– information concerning the mark

– goods and services the mark pertains to,

– the mark's classification,

– declaration of the intention to use the mark.

• 10-year initial term and renewal terms http://www.wipo.int/treaties/ip/tlt/index.html




1958, 1967)



• Trademark Law Treaty (1996)

• TRIPS




Uruguay)







1958, 1967)




• TRIPS (1994)




Uruguay)




TRIPS Harmonization

• National Treatment and MFN

• Service marks must be protected -- 15

• Geographical indications must be protected

(especially for wine and spirits) -- 22 & 23

• Mandatory Procedures for Publication,

Opposition, and Cancellation -- 15

• Expansive protection for well-known marks -- 16

• 7-year minimum term -- 18

• Cancellation for non-use only after 3 years; longer if owner has legitimate excuse -- 19.

• No compulsory licensing -- 21

• No “special requirements” encumbering use -- 21

• Preliminary relief must be available

Bacardi Case

• Pre-1959: Arechabalas family owns Cuban TM in

Havana Club

• 1959: Cuban government confiscates assets of

Arechabalas family

• Arechabalas let Cuban TM registration lapse

• Cuban company registers Havana Club, then enters into joint venture with Pernod Ricard (French); HCH sells rum under that label in 80 countries

• 1997: Bacardi (Bermuda company) buys rights to

“Havana Club” from Arechabalas family

• HCH seeks US registration for “Havana Club”

• 1998, Congress adopts “Section 211,” forbidding U.S. courts to recognize or enforce TM rights used in connection with a confiscated business, unless the confiscado consents; limited to Cuban confiscados;

• HCH unable to press its claims in U.S courts

• Castro threatens to begin local, unauthorized production of Coca-Cola

• EU initiates WTO dispute settlement

Bacardi Case

• Pre-1959: Arechabalas family owns Cuban TM in

Havana Club

• 1959: Cuban government confiscates assets of

Arechabalas family

• Arechabalas let Cuban TM registration lapse

• Cuban company registers Havana Club, then enters into joint venture with Pernod Ricard (French); HCH sells rum under that label in 80 countries

• 1997: Bacardi (Bermuda company) buys rights to

“Havana Club” from Arechabalas family

• HCH seeks US registration for “Havana Club”

• 1998, Congress adopts “Section 211,” forbidding U.S. courts to recognize or enforce TM rights used in connection with a confiscated business, unless the confiscado consents; limited to Cuban confiscados;

• HCH unable to press its claims in U.S courts

• Castro threatens to begin local, unauthorized production of Coca-Cola

• EU initiates WTO dispute settlement

Bacardi Case

• Final Ruling of WTO appellate body

(January 2002):

– Trade names are covered by TRIPS

– Each country had substantial latitude in regulating conditions for registration of marks

• Thus US could refuse to register confiscated marks

– But non-discrimination principles

(National Treatment and MFN) forbid special treatment for nationals of a particular foreign country




1958, 1967)




• TRIPS




Uruguay)







1958, 1967)




• TRIPS

•

Regional Trademark Systems

–

Community Trademarks (European Union)


Uruguay)




Community Trademark

• Coexists with national TM systems

• Substantive Harmonization

• Open System (contrast Madrid Protocol)

• Administrative hierarchy:

– OHIM

– OHIM Boards of Appeals

– European Court of Justice

• “Absolute” Grounds for Nonregistration

– indistinctive, descriptive, functional, deceptive, flags, etc.

• Designated “Community TM Courts” in each country

• Cancellation for nonuse in Europe for 5 years

Community Trademark

• Coexists with national TM systems

• Substantive Harmonization

• Open System (contrast Madrid Protocol)

• Administrative hierarchy:

– OHIM

– OHIM Boards of Appeals

– European Court of Justice

• “Absolute” Grounds for Nonregistration

– indistinctive, descriptive, functional, deceptive, flags, etc.

• Designated “Community TM Courts” in each country

• Cancellation for nonuse in Europe for 5 years

Directive 89/104:

Substantive Harmonization

1) definition of what can be registered as a trademark;

2) rights conferred by a trademark;

3) conditions on use of a trademark, especially, cancellation for lack of use;

4) exhaustion of the rights;

5) grounds for refusal, invalidation, or revocation of a trademark

National Trademark Systems

PT ES

IE

GB

DK

FR

BX DE

AT

IT

SE

FI

GR

EM

®

TM

Three Alternative Routes

Three Alternative Routes national offices

CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY

OFFICES: NATIONAL TRADE MARKS




WIPO: REGISTRATION OF A

INTERNATIONAL TRADE MARKS




WIPO: REGISTRATION OF A

INTERNATIONAL TRADE MARKS

OHIM: REGISTRATION OF A

COMMUNITY TRADE MARKS

OHIM

ALICANTE

NATIONAL TRADE

MARKS

SENIORITY

ES

:

National trade mark as from 12.6.1980

IT :


DE :


GR :


NATIONAL TRADE

MARKS

SENIORITY

ES

:


IT :


DE :


GR :


COMMUNITY

TRADE MARK

COMMUNITY

TRADE MARK as from 10.7.1997

NATIONAL TRADE

MARKS

SENIORITY

ES

:


IT :


DE :


GR :


COMMUNITY

TRADE MARK

COMMUNITY

TRADE MARK as from 10.7.1997

FILING OF A COMMUNITY TRADE MARK

ETMAF

APPLICATION FOR

A COMMUNITY

TRADE MARK ON

PAPER

OHIM by mail or courier service by fax personal delivery

NATIONAL

OFFICES

the OHIM

• English

• French

•

German

•

Italian

•

Spanish

LANGUAGES the European

Union

•

Danish

•

Dutch

•

English

•

Finnish

• French

•

German

• Greek

•

Italian

• Portuguese

•

Spanish

•

Swedish

Conditions of filing

Conditions relating to the entitlement of the proprietor

Examination as to formalities

National Offices

ES, AT, BX, DK, FI, GB,

GR, IE, PT, SE

Examination as to absolute grounds of refusal

EXAMINATION

APPLICATION

EUROMARC

FORMAL

EXAMINATION

SEARCH REPORTS

ABSOLUTE

GROUNDS

PUBLICATION OF

APPLICATION

OPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS

PUBLICATION

NO OPPOSITION OPPOSITION

DECISION ON OPPOSITION

REFUSAL in whole or in part

REGISTRATION

• Earlier TM applications or registrations in Member

States

• Earlier international registrations with effect in at least one of the countries of the EU

• Or, earlier CTMs or CTMAs

TYPES OF COMMUNITY

TRADE MARKS

1 Trade marks for goods or services

2 Collective trade marks

RIGHTS CONFERRED BY A

COMMUNITY TRADE MARK

• of exclusive use of the trade mark;

• to prevent the reproduction or imitation of a trade mark;

• to transfer a trade mark or to grant licenses for some or all of the goods or services to which the trade mark is registered, in part or the whole of the Community;

• to oppose the registration of similar Community or national trade marks which could cause confusion to the consumer.




1958, 1967)




• TRIPS





Venezuela)



OFFICE FOR HARMONIZATION IN THE

INTERNAL MARKET

STATISTICS

Technical Cooperation Division

COMMUNITY TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS

BREAKDOWN BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN – 1997

(MORE THAN 1,000 APPLICATIONS) total number of applications: 93,036

US DE GB IT ES FR JP NL SE CH DK AT BE OTHER

26.277 15.043 12.506 6.018

5.657

5.016

2.717

2.625

2.133

1.816

1.566

1.465

1.462

8.735

28,24% 16,17% 13,44% 6,47% 6,08% 5,39% 2,92% 2,82% 2,29% 1,95% 1,68% 1,57% 1,57% 9,39%

9,39%

2,29%

2,82%

1,68%

1,95%

1,57% 1,57%

2,92%

28,24%

5,39%

6,08%

6,47%

16,17%

13,44%

Total Registrations, by

Country, 1997-2001

40000

35000

30000

EU

25000

20000

DE

15000

10000

5000

BEDK

0

GR

ESFR

IE

IT

LU

NL

ATPTFI

SE

GB

JP

CH

US


BREAKDOWN BY FIRST LANGUAGE OF

APPLICATION

6,82%

English

39.998

42,99%

German

18.151

19,51%

6,44%

7,07%

Dutch

10.072

10,83%

6,33%

French

6.347

6,82%

Spanish

6.582

7,07%

Italian

5.996

6,44%

Other

5.890

6,33%

42,99%

10,83%

19,51%


BREAKDOWN BY SECOND LANGUAGE OF

APPLICATION

8,84%

English French Spanish German Italian not specified

48.570

27.161

8.226

5.099

3.925

52,21% 29,19% 8,84% 5,48% 4,22%

55

0,06%

4,22% 0,06%

5,48%

52,21%

29,19%

APPLICATION BY NUMBER

OF CLASSES

N° of classes

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

40000

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

1 2 3 4

N° of applications

39.555

15.236

25.071

5.160

2.788

1.633

949

633

%

42,52%

16,38%

26,95%

5,55%

3,00%

1,76%

1,02%

0,68%

5 6 7 8

APPLICATIONS BY NATURE

Nature

Word Mark

Figurative

3D

Other

Total

59.625

60.000

50.000

40.000

30.000

20.000

10.000

0

Word Mark

31.656

Figurative

Number

59.625

31.656

879

876

93.036

879

3D

876

Other

%

64,09%

34,03%

0,94%

0,94%

100,00%

APPLICATIONS BY DEPOSIT

Class number

9

42

16

25

41

35

5

3

7

30

28

CLASSES

N° of applications

26.551

17.568

16.274

13.088

9.213

8.857

7.972

7.264

6.701

6.607

6.274

%

11,66%

7,72%

7,15%

5,75%

4,05%

3,89%

3,50%

3,19%

2,94%

2,90%

2,76%

25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000

0

9 42 16 25 41 35 5 3 7 30 28

Class 9 : Scientific, nautical, surveying, electric, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking , life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; calculating machines; cash registers, data processing equipment and computers; ....

Class 42 : Providing of food and drink; temporary accommodation; medical, hygienic and beauty care; veterinary and agricultural services; ...

Class 16 : Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; artists materials; ...

FEES (1998)

Basic fee for application

(including 3 classes)

Fee for each class exceeding 3

Opposition fee

Fee for alteration

Basic fee for registration

(including 3 classes)

Fee for each class exceeding 3

Renewal fee

Fee for renewal for each class of g/s exceeding 3 classes

Fee for invalidity

Appeal fee

1,100

200

2,500

500

700

800

INDIVIDUAL MARK

ECU US $

975 1,162

200 238

350

200

417

238

1,311

238

2,980

596

834

953

1 ECU=1.19192 US $ (26 October 1998) g/s = goods and services

INFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR

THE PUBLIC

• Community Trade Mark Bulletin

- on paper

- on CD-ROM

• Official Journal of the Office

• Annual Activity Report

• Internet: http://oami.eu.int




1958, 1967)




• TRIPS





Venezuela)






1958, 1967)




• TRIPS



–

MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay)


Venezuela)



MERCOSUR

• Mercado Comun del Sur

• Goals:

– Free movement within the common market of goods, services, capital, and labor

– common trade policy vis-à-vis other countries

– coordination of macroeconomic policies

– harmonization of domestic legislation to increase regional integration

• Currently substantial variations among trademark protection provided by the four member countries

MERCOSUR

• Protocol for the Harmonization of Regulation of Intellectual Property

– adopted 1995

• Member states will abide by TRIPS

• National Treatment

• Expansive Definition of trademarks, service marks, collective marks

• Uniform list of unprotectable marks

• Limited prior user rights

• Uniform Protection of “Well-known” marks

• 10-year term, renewable

• Parallel Imports permitted




1958, 1967)




• TRIPS




–

Andean Pact (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,

Venezuela)



Andean Pact

• Decision 486 (2000): Common Intellectual Property

Regime (in compliance with TRIPS)

• National Treatment and MFN Principles

• Separate National Trademark Registries

• 6-month priority window for registration in other countries

• Andean Opposition

• Coexistence of identical or similar marks for competitive goods permitted, provided

– the owners reach a “coexistence agreement”

– that avoids consumer confusion

– registered with national office




1958, 1967)




• TRIPS





Venezuela)






1958, 1967)




• TRIPS





Venezuela)



Central American

Trademark?

Current Situation in Central

America

Separate applications; local counsel; renewals; potential litigation; etc.

Proposal: Regional

Trademark System

single application; single local counsel; single renewal system; infringement judgment binding throughout the region

Central-American Trademark would be easier to establish than the European Community

Mark

• No language barriers

• We could build upon (and improve upon) the

European experience

• The managers of the OHIM have offered to help design and implement a Central-

American system

Advantages of the Regional

System

• From the standpoint of firms:

– much simpler and less expensive

– easier to police TM violations


System




• From the standpoint of the region


System





– help attract multinational firms


System






– total costs of the registries would diminish sharply


System







– the regional registry would be a profit center


System







– the regional registry would be a profit center

– provide a pilot project to test the prospects for general economic integration of Central

America

presentazione in inglese

International Trademark

Protection

Internationalization of Trademark

Protection: Four Axes

Paris Convention

Madrid Agreement

Madrid Protocol

Trademark Law Treaty

TRIPS Harmonization

Bacardi Case

Bacardi Case

Bacardi Case

Community Trademark

Community Trademark

Directive 89/104:

Substantive Harmonization

®

Total Registrations, by

Country, 1997-2001

MERCOSUR

MERCOSUR

Andean Pact

Current Situation in Central

America

Proposal: Regional

Trademark System

Central-American Trademark would be easier to establish than the European Community

Mark

Advantages of the Regional

System

Advantages of the Regional

System

Advantages of the Regional

System

Advantages of the Regional

System

Advantages of the Regional

System

Advantages of the Regional

System

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