Responding to
Negative Behavior
Part 3
Scaffolding Classroom Management
with
Positive Behavior Support
Austin Independent School District, Learning Support Services
Updated April 2013
Tool #1
Strong Voice
Strong voice is a foundational piece of behavior management. Teachers must show confidence and a sense of calm as they
address student behavior. When addressing the whole class, a group, or an individual, the Strong Voice technique will display
a sense of calm and confidence.
There are five principles of Strong Voice:
1. Economy of Language
a. Fewer words are stronger than more.
b. Use the words that best focus the students on what is most important.
c. Be clear and crisp, then stop talking.
2. Do not Talk Over
a. If what you’re saying is important, then every student needs to hear it.
b. Be sure your voice is not competing with other noises.
c. Start a sentence and break it off to show that you will not go on until you have full attention.
d. Consider using an attention signal.
3. Do not Engage
a. Once you have set the topic of conversation, avoid engaging in other topics until you have resolved the
topic you initiated.
b. Refrain from responding to students’ hooks to disengage the original topic.
c. Repeat your direction or request, rather than entertaining a student’s reason for the behavior.
d. Tell students what to do, rather than what not to do – be specific and clear.
4. Square up/Stand still
a. Show with your body that you are committed to each request or directive you make.
b. Turn, with two feet and two shoulders, to face the object of your words directly.
c. Make sure your eye contact is direct.
d. Stand straight or lean towards the student(s).
e. If the student is more than a few feet away, move toward him.
f. Stop moving when giving the direction.
g. Focus on giving the directions, do not multitask.
5. Quiet Power
a. Get slower and quieter when you want control.
b. Drop your voice and make students strain a bit to listen.
c. Exude poise and calm.
Do’s
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Don’ts
Use a formal pose
Stand and talk in manner that indicates that what
you have to say is important
Let students know when they can talk to you about
their concerns, rather than when you are
addressing a specific issue or behavior
Remain calm
Be prepared to calmly address noncompliance
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Be loud
Get in a student’s face
Be aggressive
Humiliate a student
Act sarcastic when you are being serious
Sound harsh or angry
Force maintained eye contact
Adapted from Lemov, Doug. Teach Like a Champion. San Francsico, California: Jossey-Bass, 2010.
Tool #2
Acknowledgements
There are many things students need to do, certain behaviors, that will increase their opportunity to learn and the teacher’s
ability to teach. Students are likely to engage in behaviors that you pay attention to and need to clearly know which
behaviors are positive. The use of acknowledgements clarifies which behaviors you identify as positive.
Address Positive Behavior like a Slot Machine
Many people flock to slot machines. The chance to win draws them in to pay the machine and pull the lever; what is going to
happen? Sometimes it pays off, other times, nothing. The mystery and unpredictability keep people returning to try again and
again. When delivering acknowledgements, act like a slot machine.
Do’s
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Acknowledge like a slot machine
Notice what students do right
Acknowledge behaviors worthy of notice
Provide praise after giving directions or when noticing
minor negative behavior
Be targeted and specific; focus on individuals and
identify the behavior that is being acknowledged
Mix up judgment-based and non-judgmental
acknowledgments
Tie acknowledgements to posted expectations
Be sincere and accurate
Maintain a 3:1 ratio of interactions
Don’ts
 Be sarcastic
 Acknowledge a whole group/class when all
are not exhibiting appropriate behavior(s)
 Use an acknowledgement as a way to say
“why don’t you . . .” to another student
 Acknowledge publicly if you think it will embarrass the
recipient
 Be insincere
 Notice the same few kids all the time
 Acknowledge excessively
 Feel obligated to notice everyone, every time
 Force acknowledgments to reach a 3:1 ratio
Generate a list of sentence stems to start off acknowledgements and redirections that feel comfortable and natural.
Consider the behaviors you previously listed and the tips and tricks on the previous page.
Tool #3
Fluent Redirection
There are many things students need to refrain from doing, certain behaviors, that will decrease their opportunity to learn
and the teacher’s ability to teach. Though there are times to ignore negative behaviors, you will need to address them often
times so that students understand which behaviors will harm the learning process. This should be done as quickly and quietly
as possible to minimize the impact on the flow of instruction and learning.
Address Negative Behavior like a Soda Machine
Put your money in a soda machine and it is predictable; you get what you pay for. It is consistent and you know what to
expect. There is no rush of excitement or anticipation. People keep coming back, not for the mystery, but for a particular
outcome. When delivering redirections or other corrective actions, act like a soda machine.
Do’s
Don’ts
 When you notice inappropriate or negative behaviors,
redirect the student without engaging in a power
struggle
 Fluently redirect the student to minimize the
opportunity for the student to argue
 Use Allen Mendler’s PEP strategy: Privacy, Eye Contact
and Proximity
 Follow the 4-step process:
1. State what you expect the student to do and move
on
2. 5-20 seconds later observe if the student was
compliant
3. If so, acknowledge the change in behavior
4. If not, ensure the other students have are engaged in
an independent activity and dialogue with the
student (see the teaching interaction)
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Redirect individuals publicly
Get in a student’s face
Be loud to make your point
Address an individual publicly
Use individuals to make your point to a class or group
Yell
Get in a student’s face
Say stop, quit it, or don’t
Threaten
Bluff by saying you will do something that you are
unwilling to do
Wait for the student to be compliant
Embarrass
Show your frustration
Send a student to the hall
Generate a list of sentence stems to start off acknowledgements and redirections that feel comfortable and natural.
Consider the behaviors you previously listed and the tips and tricks on the previous page.
Mendler, Allen. Power Struggles. Rochester, New York: Discipline Associates, 1997.
Tool #4
Teaching Interaction
The Teaching Interaction is a seven step, guided discussion in which, the teacher is the one guiding. The general idea has
been documented for over thirty years. There are many models to choose from and in general they include identifying the
inappropriate behavior, the desired behavior, a rationale and an opportunity to show understanding.
The Teaching Interaction Script
1. Start with praise/empathy
2. Identify the problem behavior
3. Identify the expected behavior
4. Justify the expected behavior
5. Check for understanding/practice/role play
6. Deliver corrective action, if needed
7. End with praise/empathy
Rationales and Additional Information
This is disarming to a student
State the negative behavior(s) observed, this ensures the concern
is with the behavior, not the student
Provide clear expectations concerning the student’s behavior
A rationale increases the likelihood that the student will meet the
expectation
Make sure the student got the point you were sending
If needed, then deliver the consequences unemotionally and
quickly
End on a positive note, assure the student that all is not lost, and
you are willing to keep a positive focus
Do’s
 Respond to misbehavior from the mindset of providing a
replacement behavior and a rationale for appropriate
behavior
 Use calm, neutral body language and tone of voice when
delivering the Teaching Interaction
 Wait until the student is in a receptive frame of mind for
the Teaching Interaction
 Give wait time and check back later if the student is not
ready
 Provide a space for private reflection and redirection in
your classroom
 Post a copy of the Teaching Interaction where you can
reference it before or while engaging with a student
Practicing the Teaching Interaction:
1. Identify misbehaviors that consistently recur for an
individual student
2. Script the Teaching Interaction to address the recurring
misbehavior
3. Practice delivering the scripted Teaching Interaction
Don’ts
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Talk to a student across the room
Raise your voice
Make it a public conversation
Try and make a student talk with you
Take more than 2 minutes to complete the teaching
interaction
Send or take a student to the hall
Use an angry tone of voice
Make threats
Engage in side conversations
Argue about your expectations or rationales
Using the Teaching Interaction:
1. Review the steps of the Teaching Interaction before
engaging with the student
2. Document the use of the Teaching Interaction and the
student’s response
Tool #5
Menu of Rewards and Corrective Actions
Rewards are reinforcements provided to students who exhibit appropriate behaviors. Corrective Actions are consequences utilized to help
change student behavior. Brainstorm of a menu of rewards and corrective actions for each category listed below. Then, refer to the list of
common negative behaviors in your classroom and determine the corrective action to be utilized in responding to continuing negative
behaviors.
Do’s
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Don’ts
Use rewards like a slot machine
Deliver corrective actions like a soda machine
Reward and correct fairly
Let students know why they are being rewarded
Reward behaviors that are worthy of recognition
Use in goal setting with students
Maintain a focus on learning and exhibiting expected
behaviors
Follow through with what you say
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Correct publicly
Deliver corrective action as a punishment
Act angry when delivering corrective action
Use rewards or corrective actions to make a point to
the other students
Humiliate or embarrass
Overreact
Reward when a reward is not earned
Reward students more than what was earned
Deliver a reward like a slot machine
Time Earned
Deliver a corrective action like a soda machine
Time Owed
Recognition
Restitution
Referral
Referral
Privileges Earned
Privileges Lost
Parent Contact
Parent Contact
Behaviors
Tool #6
Refocus Zone
There are the times when a student is too worked up, frustrated, or otherwise unwilling or unable to cease the negative
behaviors. At these times it is good to have a place in your room where the student can go and be away from the rest of the
class and have an opportunity to calm down, and then return to the activity. A refocus zone is such a place.
Planning a Refocus Zone
1.
Location
2.
Furnishings
3.
Materials
4.
Independent Activity
5.
Expectations
6.
Name
7.
Documentation
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Is it separate from the general population?
Can you constantly monitor?
Do you need more than one?
Seating
Postings
Lighting
Sign in
Timer
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Reflection Activity
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Writing Supplies
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Functional Level
Time Frame
For Recovery
For Transition
For the Independent Activity
Tie to your subject
Tie to school mascot
Make it inviting
What information do you need?
When will you complete it?
Do’s
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Make it inviting and calming
Encourage students to go on their own volition,
when they feel a need
Provide it as an option when responding to
continued negative behavior
Maintain materials
Limit the time a student remains in the zone
If a student refuses to complete self reflection
activity;
1. explain your concern,
2. explain the expected change in behavior,
3. provide a rationale and
4. check for understanding
Don’ts
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Let students take the zone as a permanent seat
Try to force a student to go to the refocus zone
Make it feel like the corner with a dunce cap
Treat it as a punishment
Leave a student waiting longer than the allotted
time
Try to make a student complete the reflection
activity
Let supplies run out
Let students leave the space in a messy condition
Call out from afar to a student in the refocus zone
Let more than one student in the refocus zone at a
time
Tool #7
SAMA Verbal De-escalation
Structure response to extreme behavior to minimize and de-escalate the behavior, rather than provoke a power struggle.
1.
The Script
I see you ______.
2.
Are you feeling (angry)?
Additional Information
Identify the behavior that tips you off that the student is
emotionally escalated.
Inquire if you interpret the observed behavior correctly.
3.
I can see that you are (angry).
Affirm what the student says.
4.
What are you (angry) about?
Inquire why the student is feeling that emotion.
5.
So you’re (angry) about ____. Is that right?
6.
What do you want?
7.
What have you tried?
Restate what you heard to verify your understanding and
demonstrate that you are listening.
Assist the student in identifying what options are reasonably
available.
Guide the student through a process of self-reflection.
8.
How well has that worked?
9.
What else are you willing to try?
10. Will you let me know how it goes?
Help the student assess their progress in dealing with the
situation.
Provide alternatives if the student is struggling with identifying
other ways to deal with the situation – the student chooses the
next step.
Follow up with the student in an appropriate amount of time; this
will build trust.
Do’s
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Keep a copy of the Verbal De-escalation script where
you can easily access it
Practice the verbal de-escalation script
Provide an independent activity for the rest of your
students to engage in if a classmate begins to
escalate
Get to know your students and know what might lead
to or provoke an escalated response
Stay calm when engaging in Verbal De-escalation
A student may need some cool down or processing
time during the Verbal De-escalation – provide wait
time and check back later
Practicing SAMA Verbal De-escalation
1. Anticipate an escalated behavior.
2. Practice delivering the scripted de-escalation.
3. Script the verbal de-escalation for the behavior.
Don’ts
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Force a student to talk
De-escalate in an overly public manner
Tell a student how she is feeling
Get hung up on the flow of the script
Be sarcastic
React if you feel attacked by what the student
says
Tell a student what to do
Blame a student for the situation
Continue doing or saying anything that seems to
escalate the situation
Argue with a student
Using Verbal De-escalation
1. Follow the response protocol.
2. Review the steps of the Verbal De-escalation
before engaging with the student.
3. Document the use of the Verbal De-escalation and
the student’s response.
SAMA, http://www.satorilearning.com/
Tool #8
A Response Protocol
The Response Protocol is a systematic process designed to ensure consistent teacher response to student
negative behavior. It may help you respond more like a soda machine. The Response Protocol exemplifies how the
tools in this manual might be utilized, based on the type and severity of the negative behavior.
Note: Italicized text indicates teacher internal processing. Bold text indicates teacher-student interaction.
Initial or Repeating
Negative Behavior
Individual:
Group:
1. Identify negative behavior
1. Identify negative behavior
2. Identify positive behavior
2. Identify positive behavior
3. Acknowledge positive behavior (3)
3. Use attention signal
4. Check for positive behavior
4. Review activity expectations
5. Acknowledge positive behavior
OR redirect negative behavior
5. Acknowledge positive behavior (3)
Minor non-disruptive:
6. Redirect negative behavior
Minor disruptive:
1. Ignore negative behavior, until
1. Provide the student with the choice of engaging
you have time to engage
in expected behavior or moving to the refocus
Continuing Negative Behavior
2. Begin documentation
zone
3. Conduct teaching interaction
2. Engage the rest of the class in an activity
4. Complete documentation
3. Begin documentation
4. Conduct teaching interaction
5. Complete documentation
Escalated:
1. Engage the rest of the class in an independent activity
2. Conduct verbal de-escalation, if warranted
3. Provide the student with the choice of engaging in expected behavior or moving to the
refocus zone
4. Check in with the class
5. Begin documentation
6. Conduct the teaching interaction
7. Complete documentation
Crisis
Behavior
1. Identify the crisis behavior
2. Identify the appropriate crisis response plan
3. Conduct the Crisis Response Plan
4. Document use of the Crisis Response Plan
Quick Reference of Additional Tools
The following strategies are organized in the following categories:
1. Establish a positive relationship with your Students
2. Create a “Family Feel” in Your Classroom
3. Establish a Positive Relationship w/ Students’ Families
4. Teach and Review Behavior Expectations
5. Use Student Peer Support
6. Class-wide and Individual Student Incentives
7. Help Students Remove Themselves Physically or Mentally from a Negative Situation
This section is a compilation of proven strategies, picked up from educators throughout Austin ISD.
STRATEGY
LOOKS LIKE . . . SOUNDS LIKE
Establish a positive relationship with your Students
3:1 Ratio of Positive to Negative
Interactions
Put Money in the Relationship Piggy
Bank
2:10 Positive Interactions
Avoid Hostility Cycle
1 week Positive Campaign
Greet Each Student by Name at Door
Redirect Misbehavior Privately
Proximity
Guided Choices
How do you feel today?
What is the unmet need?
“They may forget what you said, but they will never forget how you made them feel.” C. Buchner
3 responses to positive behaviors for every 1 response to negative behavior will maintain current behavior. Use
7:1 ratio to improve behavior. Post a visual reminder of 3:1 for yourself.
If you add to the relationship bank (positive interactions and connections), then students respond better when
you make a withdrawal (redirection, consequence). Post a picture of a piggy bank on the wall as a reminder.
Spend 2 uninterrupted minutes every day for 10 days connecting one-on-one with a struggling student. (From
Allen Mendler’s Book: Power Struggles)
Rather than one-upmanship with a student in a power struggle, find win-win situations. (A. Mendler’s Power
Struggles)
Find a positive quality(ies) that the student displays related to a specific behavior goal. Spend one week
praising the student each time he/she demonstrates this quality. Be specific. (A. Mendler’s Power Struggles)
As student walk into your room: “Good morning, Michael. Hello, Maria. It’s good to see. Hi, Kyle. You made a
great shot at the game yesterday!”
Kneel down so that you are not standing over a student. Whisper. Or, leave a note or visual reminder on
student’s desk. Avoid public reprimands. Smile.
Move close to a student so that he/she knows that you are monitoring for positive behavior. Circulate the room
so that you are not always in one place.
“You may work quietly in your desk or move to this desk.” Even beyond redirecting, give students choices often
in your class, so they truly feel that they have a voice. For example, “For homework, I would like you to solve 5
of the problems on page 8. You pick the 5.”
“Point to facial expressions picture.” “Draw a picture of how you feel.” “Use words to describe how you feel.”
Try to determine the underlying need that the student tries to fill with the negative behavior. Then, fill the need
with a positive replacement behavior.
Create a “Family Feel” in Your Classroom
Create Class Commitments
Students commit to… Teacher commits to…
Calming lighting, Cozy Feel, Desks in Groups,
Physical Classroom Layout
Calming Music, Student-Created Signs. Do a 360 walk of your room. Is it warm and student-centered?
Student Voice
90% of the talking in the class should come from students. Often, the opposite takes place.
Student Interest Inventory: Survey your Survey students on their interests beyond your class and academically. Directly reference these
students!
frequently.
Establish a Positive Relationship w/ Students’ Families
“You---the parent---are the expert on “I want to thank you for raising a child who (say positive trait). I need your help. You know your child better
your child” Phone Calls
than anyone. What strategies could I use to encourage him to come to class on time?”
Emails
Individual emails, Class e-newsletters.
Positive Notes
Make a point to send one home to each child at the beginning of the year and throughout the year.
The teacher and student have a journal. Every day, the teacher writes one positive thing the student did and
Back-and-Forth Mini Journal
the student writes one positive thing the teacher did.
The more specific, the better. Give one to parent, as well. Thank them for raising a great student who…(list
Appreciation Certificates
trait).
Postcard about the Student
Send a postcard home with a student that describes a specific positive choice he/she made.
Teach and Review Behavior Expectations
Create a Classroom Management Plan
Teacher Reads Expectations for Every
Transition
Student Reads Expectation for Every
Transition
Attention Signal
Review Expectations & Social Skills
Scaffolding Classroom Management with Positive Behavior Support is available. Ask your external coach.
“We are now moving from an independent work activity to a group activity. Let’s review our behavior
expectations…” (Read from poster.)
“We are moving from an independent work activity to a group activity. Jose, will you please remind your
classmates of our expectations…” (Challenge them to do it without looking!)
Examples: Hand raised & countdown 5, 4, 5, 2, 1
123- Eyes on Me, Musical Clap, Chime, Key Word.
Student Created Posters, Videos, Skits.
Use Student Peer Support
PBS Buddy
“Home Court” Advantage
Peer Mediation
Peer Reminder
Class Meeting
Student PBS Roles
Student Wear Reminders
Conflict Resolution Mat
Pair up students as “PBS Buddies” that keep each other on task. Encourage them to have a secret code word
or picture that they use to redirect each other.
Discuss how your class members are all part of a team. Peers encourage each other to make good choices
by saying “Home Court” when a “teammate” makes a negative play (choice). Keep a scoreboard.
(Mini Lessons for Literature Circles)
When 2 students have an issue, refer them to a peer mediator. Or, have a “Positive Court” in your class that
seeks win-win solutions.
“If someone next to you is talking, please ask them to stop.”
Arrange desks in a circle to discuss ways to address a class behavior issue. One person talks at a time. At the
end, review what everyone agrees to do.
PBS Patrol Team (divided by expectation), Keeper of the Quiet, Keeper of the Timer, Be Positive Cheerleader.
PBS Hat, Shirts, Ties—Buy them cheap at thrift shops and write positive slogans or expectations on them.
If 2 students have an issue, they stand on a conflict resolution map with footprints. With each step they take
toward resolution, they take a step on the mat. At the center, they shake hands on the agreed solution.
Class-wide and Individual Student Incentives
Academic-Basket-Ball
As a reward, review academics through a class basketball game using a tape-ball and trash can.
Intra-Class “Behavior Olympics”
Post earned points/graphs by class period.
Competition
Public Recognition
Wall of Fame, Awards, Certificates, Gold Plate Award, Citizen of the Day
Pat Yourself on the Back
Tell your student/class, “Pat yourself/selves on the back for… (describe specific positive behavior).” “Kiss your
Give a High 5
brain.” “Give yourself/your neighbor a high 5 for…”
A / A+ Day
Students are either on an A or A+ (more freedom) day. Increased responsibility = increased freedom.
Teacher puts marbles (green=class is doing great, red=class needs to improve) in a jar. At the end of the week,
Green and Red Marble Jar
in front of the class, randomly select a marble. Green=class reward. Red=sorry, try again next week.
Create a “connect the dots” picture of an incentive towards which the student is working. When he/she makes
Connect-the-Dots
progress, he/she connects 2 dots. This continues until the picture is completed.
Keeper of the class______________
A “Top PBS” student gets to keep the class pet (stuffed) or class object with him/her all day.
Positive Referral to the Office
Send a student to an administrator with a positive note describing a specific good choice or action.
List your PBS Guidelines at the top of a matrix. As the class demonstrates the Guideline, they get an X (tic-tacPBS Guideline BINGO or TIC-TAC-TOE
toe) or a B-I-N-G-O letter.
Spell a PBS or Academic Word
The class earns a letter every day/period/hour they are on task as a whole. Goal: Spell the whole word.
Spin the Wheel of Fortune
Instead of receiving the reward, a student can choose to spin the wheel for something better/worse.
Help Students Remove Themselves Physically or Mentally from a Negative Situation
Squeeze Ball
Have a squishy ball or object available that a student can squeeze when he/she needs to feel calm or refocus.
Meaningful Object
Ask student what object in the room has a soothing effect when he/she looks at it or has it on the desk.
Physical Class Calming Breaks
Light Stretch, “Massage your temples,” Go to website: http://esl.about.com/od/englishlessonplans/a/braingym.htm
Create a “Cool down” area that is not a punishment; rather, a place for students to reflect and refocus. Give it
Refocus area “Antarctica”
a creative name and have calming pictures.
Reflection Sheet
Create reflection sheets that ask open ended questions, including: “If you could have a DO OVER, what would
“Do Over”
you have done differently?”
Reminder Picture
Place a picture on a student’s desk, i.e. Give a picture of an owl & whisper, “Make a wise choice.”
PBS Brainstorming Session
Host an intervention brainstorming session as a team or with a grade level team, counselor, etc.
If you write a referral, place it on the student’s desk and say, “I’m going to let you decide by your behavior
PRE - Referral to the Office
whether I send this to the office or tear it up over the trash can. In fact, if you do well, I’ll let you tear it up.”
Examples of Self Reflection and Documentation
My Action Plan is a student reflection sheet adapted from Harry Wong’s First Days of School. The student answers three
questions,( What happened? What did you do? What will you do next time?) It provides the student an opportunity to make
the connection between what was going on and his reaction to the situation and what he can do in the future as a
replacement behavior.
Reproducible Included
Student Hassle Log is a checklist for students to quickly identify what happened and how they feel about the situation. There
is space for the student to include comments. This was developed at Martin Middle School.
Reproducible Included
Draw It is a way for students to communicate without writing. Take a piece of paper and fold it in half. Instruct the student to
draw what she did on the left side and the expected behavior on the right side.
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Do’s
Keep completed reflections, filed by student or class
Refer to reflections and documentation during
conferences with parents, colleagues or
administrator when discussing behavior
Make extra copies of reflection or documentation
sheets and keep them handy
Maintain confidentiality, share when professionally
appropriate
Provide 3-5 minutes for the student to complete the
self reflection
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Don’ts
Leave used or partially completed forms laying
around
Throw them away
Use as a punishment
Make students copy from a script
Try to make a student complete a self reflection
Argue with a student about the contents of a self
reflection
Leave completed or partially completed reflections
laying out
Student Action Plan
Hassle Log
Name _________________________ Date _____________ Time ______________
Location_________________________ Teacher ___________________________
What happened?
I didn’t like the assignment
I didn’t have my supplies
I was late to class
I became distracted
What did you do?
Hit
Threw something
Fell asleep
Yelled
Cursed
I was off task
I was angry because
Other
Lied
Talked out
Disrupted class
Talked disrespectfully
Did not accept consequences
How do you think you handled yourself?
Poorly
Not so well
How angry were you?
Burning
Really angry
What could you do next time?
Count to 10
As for some time to cool off
Request to talk to ____________
Okay
Moderately angry
Good
Walked out of class
Was out of my seat
Teased someone
Other
Great
A little, but okay
Not at all
Ignore
Be better prepared next time
Other
Do you have any other comments?
Provided by Martin Middle School
MY ACTION PLAN
You have 5 minutes to complete your action plan. Take the time to seriously and honestly answer
the following questions and you will have created your action plan that will help you change the
behavior that is taking away from your or other’s education.
What happened?
What did you do?
What will you do differently next time?
_________________________________________
Student’s Signature
__________________
Date
Modified from Wong, H. (1999). First Days of School
Further Study
Helpful Print Resources:
 Canter, L. (2006). Lee Canter's classroom management for academic success. Bloomington, IN: Solution
Tree.
 Connolly, T. (1995). The well-managed classroom: Promoting student success through social skill
instruction. Boys Town, Neb: Boys Town Press.
 Jones, F. H., Jones, P., & Jones, J. L. T. (2000). Tools for teaching: Discipline, instruction, motivation. Santa
Cruz, CA: F.H. Jones & Associates.
 Kvols, K. J., & Riedler, B. (1998). Redirecting children's behavior. Seattle, Wash: Parenting Press.
 Mendler, A., N. (1997). Power struggles: Successful techniques for educators. Rochester, N.Y.: Discipline
Associates.
 Simonsen, B., Fairbanks, S., Briesch, A., Myers, D., & Sugai, G. (2008). Evidence-based Practices in
Classroom Management: Considerations for Research to Practice. Education & Treatment of Children. 31
(3), 351-380.
 Sprick, R. S. (2006). Discipline in the secondary classroom: A positive approach to behavior management.
Jossey-Bass teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
 Sprick, R. S., Garrison, M., & Howard, L. M. (1998). CHAMPs: A proactive and positive approach to
classroom management for grades K-9. Randy Sprick's safe & civil school series. Eugene, OR: Pacifice
Northwest Publishing.
 Trussell, R. (2008). Classroom Universals to Prevent Problem Behaviors. Intervention in School and Clinic.
43 (3), 179-185.
 Wong, H. K., & Wong, R. T. (1998). The first days of school: How to be an effective teacher. Mountainview,
CA: Harry K. Wong Publications.
Helpful Websites:
 www.childstudysystem.com
 www.tbsi.org
 www.pbis.org
 www.ascd.org