Writing in APA Style
• (Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association, Fifth
Edition, 2001)
• In text citations
• Reference list
•
•
Courtesy of Mary Lynne Calhoun, Ph.D.
(revised by Polly Haselden)
What is the APA style?
• The American Psychological Association
reference style is one of the Author-Date
reference styles. When quoting directly or
indirectly from a source, the source must
be acknowledged in the text by author
name, year of publication and location
reference. If quoting directly, a location
reference such as page numbers and
paragraph numbers is also required.
Reference Citations in
Text
Document your study throughout the
text by citing by author and date the works
you researched. This style of citation
briefly identifies the source for readers and
enables them to locate the source of
information in the alphabetical reference
list at the end of an article.
APA has a website:
• http://www.apastyle.org/
When should I use it?
• APA style is primarily used in
the social sciences, so if you're
taking a psychology, sociology,
education course, chances are
you'll be expected to write
papers in APA style.
• It is used (required) by many
academic Journals
Components of APA
• Paper design and layout
• Citations in text
• Referencing
One Work by One Author
APA journals use the author-date of method
of citation; that is, the surname of the
author (do not include suffixes such as Jr.)
and the year of publication are inserted in
the text at the appropriate point.
Swanson (2000) compared reaction rates.
In a recent study of reaction rates
(Swanson, 2000)
One Work by One Author
Within a paragraph, you need not
include the year in subsequent
references to a study as long as the
study can not be confused with other
studies cited in the article:
In a recent study of reaction
times, Miller (2000) described the
method… Miller also found….
A source with three to
five authors
• In all citations after the first,
use the first author's name
followed by et al.
– First citation: (Baldwin, Bevan, &
Beshalke, 2000)
– Subsequent citation: (Baldwin et
al., 2000)
A source with six or
more authors
• Use the first author's name
followed by et al. in all citations
– 6 authors: (Utley et al., 2001)
– 7 authors: (Yawn et al., 2001)
A source with no author
• Use the first few words of the
title--in quotation marks for
article or chapter, in italics for
self-contained item ("Mad Cow,"
2001)
– (Sleep Medicine, 2001)
Direct quotation—In text
• In the text the author and year is
cited the same but if it is a direct
quote then you must put the page
number after the quote.
– Perrin (2004) argues that "the research
process is a complex combination of
thinking, searching, reading, evaluating,
writing and revising" (p. 1).
Citations from a
secondary source
• This is a big area of concern.
• Must state that this is cited in…
• Example
– Samovar and Porter (as cited in
Peterson, 2002, para.3) discuss
that language must be first
understood as symbols.
Reminder!!!
All references are to be double
spaced!!! If the reference has a
second line, it should be
indented.
(This is very different from the
fourth edition APA manual!)
References to
Periodicals
Elements of a reference to a
periodical
Finley, A. P., Jordan, O. M., &
Miller, A.M. (2001). Easing
through doctoral school: A
student/advisor guide.
,1,
Journal of Wishful Thinking
158-168.
References to
Electronic Periodicals
Article authors: Herman, L. M.,
Kuczaj, S. A., III, & Holder, M. D.
Date of publication: (2001)
Article title: Responses to
anomalous gestural sequences by a
language-trained dolphin: Evidence
for processing of semantic relations
and syntactic information.
Reminder
Capitalize only the first word of the
title and of the subtitle, if any, and
any proper names; do not underline
the title or place quotation marks
around it.
References to
periodicals
Journal article, one author
Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search
of the typical eyewitness.
American Psychologist, 48,
574-576.
References to
periodicals
Journal article, two authors, journal
paginated by issue
Klimoski, T., & Palmer, S. (1993).
The ADA and the hiring process in
organizations. Consulting
Psychology Journal: Practice and
Research, 45(2), 10-36.
References to
periodicals
Journal article, three to six authors
Finklea, W. J. , Greene, A .G . ,
Jenkinson, J . R. , & Zenith, Y.
Z. (2001). Role of early
supervisory experience in
football assessments. Journal of
Applied Contact, 77, 449-498.
References to
periodicals
Journal article, more than six authors
Kneip, R. C., Delamater, A. M ,
Ismond, T., Milford, C. , Salvia, L.,
Schwartz, D., et al. (2000). Self
and spouse ratings of anger and
hostility as predictors of coronary
heart disease. Health Psychology,
12, 301-307.
Books Brochures, and
Book Chapters
Elements of a reference to an entire
book
Cone, J. D., & Forster, S. L. (1993).
Dissertations and theses from
start to finish: Psychology and
related fields. Washington, DC:
American Psychological
Association.
Books, Brochures, and
book Chapters
Book authors or editors: Cone, J. D.,
& Foster, S. L.
Date of publication: (1993).
Book title: Dissertations and theses
from start to finish: Psychology and
related fields.
Publication information: Washington,
DC: American Psychological
Association.
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
Examples of references to entire
books
Book, third edition, Jr. in name
Mitchell. T. R. , & Larson, J. R. , Jr.
(1987). People in organizations:
An introduction to organizational
behavior (3rd ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
Massaro. D. (1992). Broadening the
domain of the fuzzy logical model
of perception. In H. L. Pick, Jr. , P.
van den Broek, & D. C. Knill
(Eds.),
Cognition: Conceptual and
methodological issues (pp. 51-84).
Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
References to
periodicals
In text, use the following
parenthetical citation each time
the work is cited: (Kneip et al.,
1993).
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
• Elements of a reference to an
entire book
Cone, J. D. , & Foster, S. L. (1993).
Dissertations and theses from
start to finish: Psychology
and related fields.
Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
Book authors of editors: Cone, J. D. ,
& Foster, S. L.
Date of publication: (1993).
Book title: Dissertations and theses
from start to finish: Psychology and
related fields.
Publication information: Washington,
DC: American Psychological
Association.
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
• Examples of references to entire
books
• Book, third edition, Jr. in name
Mitchell. T. R. , & Larson, J. r. , Jr.
(1987). People in organizations:
An introduction to organizational
behavior (3rd ed. ). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
• Elements of a reference to an article
of chapter in an edited book
Massaro. D. (1992). Broadening the
domain of the fuzzy logical model
of perception. In H. L. Pick, Jr. , P.
van den Broek, & D. C. Knill
(Eds.)
, Cognition: Conceptual and
methodological issues (pp. 51-84).
Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
Article or chapter author: Massaro, D.
Date of publication: (1992).
Article or chapter title: Broadening the domain of the fuzzy
logical model of perception.
Book editors: In H. L. Pick, Jr. , P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill
(Eds).
Book title and article or chapter page numbers:
Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 51-84).
Publication information: Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
*Examples of references to articles
or chapters in edited books
*Article or chapter in an edited book,
two editors
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition
as an adaptive mechanism in
human memory. In H. L. Roediger
III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds. ) ,
Varieties of memory &
consciousness (pp. 309-330) .
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Books, Brochures, and
Book Chapters
• Remember:
• For a chapter in a book that is
not edited, include the word (In)
before the book title.
World Wide Web Page
Internet-only Journal
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7).
Cultivating positive emotions to
optimize health and well-being.
Prevention and Treatment, 3,
Article 0001a. Retrieved
November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/
volume 3/ pre0030001a.html
Entire Web site
• Don't put on reference list.
Include URL in-text instead.
– The University of Wisconsin's
Writing Center Web site is an
excellent source of information on
writing
(http://www.wisc.edu/writing/).
Direct quotation from electronic
source without page numbers
• Use paragraph numbers (preceded by
para. or ¶); add section numbers for
long documents
– Universal interventions "target the
general public or a whole population
group that has not been identified on the
basis of individual risk" (Greenberg et
al., 2000, Section I, para. 20).
ERIC Document Citation
Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old
photos: Investigating…(Report
NO. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East
Lansing, MI: National Center
for Research on Teacher
Learning (ERIC Document
Reproduction No. ED 346 082)
Paper design or layout
Paper layout: Title page
Margins
• Use uniform margins at least 1
in. from the top, bottom, and
sides of every page.
Spacing
• Double-space all text throughout
the manuscript, including the
title page and reference page.
For student papers, the APA
allows some exceptions, for
instance, wider spaces between
text and headings, and singlespacing within reference list
items and long quotations.
Indention
• Use the tab key to indent the
first lines of paragraphs and all
lines of block quotes five to
seven spaces or 1/2 in.
Typeface or Font
• Use a serif typeface of 12
points, such as 12-point Times
Roman or 12-point Courier.
(Serifs are the "tails" that you
see at the top and bottom of the
letters that help readers to
follow a line of text.)
Page Numbers
• Starting with the title page, place consecutive page
numbers at the upper right-hand corner of the page,
at least 1 in. (whatever your right margin is) from
the right edge of the page, between the top of the
page and the first line of text (the default setting on
most word-processing programs, 1/2 in. from the top
of the page, is acceptable).
• Use the first two or three words of your title as a
page heading on every page, including the title page
and reference pages. Place it five spaces to the left
of the page number, using the header function of
your word-processing software to place it
automatically on every page.
• Reference: Page 288 of the Publication Manual.
Tables
Table 1
Individual Club Memberships Cross-tabulated by Gender
Club Name
Male
Female
Total
Alpha Tau Alpha
3
1
4
Delta Tau Alpha
3
6
9
Collegiate FFA
12
8
20
Block and Bridle
7
7
14
Farm Bureau
3
3
6
Ag Business
9
9
18
Plant Science
4
2
6
Pre-Vet Medicine
3
6
9
Ag Club
4
8
12
Other
7
10
17
Figures
(charts are figures)
50
Count
40
30
20
10
N ot working
Part Tim e
F ull Tim e
N o response
Working (Unspecif ied)
Employme nt Status
Figure 2. Employment status of respondents.
Figures
Approach 3:
Ag Literate
Value Judgments
Evaluation
Approach 2:
Emergent
Ag Literacy
Synthesis
Analysis
Approach 1:
Programmed
Ag Literacy
Application
Comprehension
Knowledge
Figure 1: Linear/hierarchical model of agricultural literacy (modeled after Bloom, 1965)
Paper layout:
Level 1 Headings
Paper layout:
Level 1-3 Headings
Paper layout:
Level 1, 2, 3,4 Headings
The end
• Questions