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A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
PART I: PREPARATION
Chapter 1:
Introduction to
Research:
What, Why & Who?
Structure
PART I PREPARATION
1. Introduction
2. Approaches
3. Starting out
4. Research ethics
5. Range of methods
6. Reviewing lit.
PART II DATA COLLECTION
7. Secondary data
PART III ANALYSIS
14. Secondary
8. Observation
9. Qualitative
15. Qualitative
10. Questionnaires
16. Survey data
11. Experimental
17. Statistical
12. Case studies
13. Sampling
PART IV COMMUNICATE
RESULTS
18. Research report
A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Content
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•
•
•
•
•
Scope
What is research?
Why study research?
Who does research?
Who pays?
Outputs
25 slides
A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Scope
Fig. 1.1 Physical exercise and sport
Sport – non-organised
Sport - organised
Other exercise
Leisure time
Walking – leisure
Cycling – leisure
Physical exercise
Work/domestic/
personal time
Walking – transport
Cycling – transport
Physical work – domestic
Physical work - employment
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
What is research?
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Research defined
Scientific research
Social science research
Three types of research
A. J. Veal and S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Definition:
“The aim, as far as I can see, is the same in all
sciences. Put simply and cursorily, the aim is to
make known something previously unknown to
human beings. It is to advance human
knowledge, to make it more certain or better
fitting .. The aim is .. discovery”.
- Norbert Elias
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Scientific research
• Research conducted within the rules of science
• Based on:
– Logic
– Systematic examination of evidence
• Ideally can be replicated
• Knowledge is cumulative
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Social science research
• Deals with people (individually and in informal and formal
groups)
• Uses methods and traditions of social science
• People are less predictable than non-human phenomena
• The social world is constantly changing
• People can be aware of research being conducted on them
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Three types of research (Fig. 1.2)
• Descriptive - finding out, describing what is
• Explanatory - explaining how or why things are as
they are (and using this to predict)
• Evaluative - evaluation of policies and programmes
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Descriptive research
• Because the social world is constantly changing,
descriptive research is continuously needed
– E.g. Periodic data on sport participation
• Descriptive research needed for:
– market profiles
– needs assessment, etc.
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Explanatory research
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•
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•
Involves: why and how?
Causality: A is caused by B
Prediction: a change in A will result in a change in B
Biological and social science – A causes B to a
predictable extent
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Evaluative research
• To what extent has a programme achieved its
aims?
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Why study research? (Fig. 1.3)
• Understanding research reports, etc. which you read
• Conducting academic research projects – eg a thesis
• Research is a management tool in:
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–
–
–
policy-making
planning
managing
evaluating
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Examples of policy/planning/management research
Fig. 1.4
Level
Governing
body of sport
Policy
Host world
championships
Plan
(a) Develop key
facilities
(b) Prepare/subm
it a bid
Management (If successful)
Manage the
championship
event.
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Examples of policy/planning/management research
Level
Governing
Community
body of sport sport centre
Policy
Host world
championships
Maximise use by
all age-groups
Plan
(a) Develop key
facilities
(b) Prepare/subm
it a bid
Two year plan to
increase visits by
older people by
50%
Management (If successful)
Manage the
championship
event.
Implement daily
morning keep-fit
sessions for older
people
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Examples of policy/planning/management research
Level
Governing
Community
body of sport sport centre
Sport club
Policy
Host world
championships
Maximise use by
all age-groups
Develop junior
competition
Plan
(a) Develop key
facilities
(b) Prepare/subm
it a bid
Two year plan to
increase visits by
older people by
50%
Prepare strategy plan to
recruit teams/coaches &
secure venues/
sponsorship
Management (If successful)
Manage the
championship
event.
Implement daily
Implement the strategy
morning keep-fit
sessions for older
people
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
The Rational-Comprehensive Planning/
Management Process (Fig. 1.5)
Research can play a role
in all stages
1. Terms of reference/brief
2. Values/mission/vision/goals
3. Decide planning approach
5. Consult with
4. Environmental appraisal
stakeholders
6. Develop options
7. Evaluate options
8. Decide strategy/goals/objectives
9. Implement/manage
10. Monitor/evaluate/feedback
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Example of planning/management + research (Fig 1.6)
Steps
Planning/policy/management
activity
Associated research
1. Brief
Increase young people's participation
in sport
Existing research indicates
40% participation rate
2. Set values/
mission/goals
Increase participation level to 60%
over 5 years
-
3. Decide planning
approach
Needs-based, demand-based, etc.: for
discussion, see Veal (2010: Ch. 7)
As below
4. Environmental
appraisal
Consider existing supply - demand
Existing programs &
infrastructure fully used
5. Consult
stakeholders
Consult sporting clubs, schools,
young people
Survey indicates support in
all groups; confirms
feasibility
6. Develop options
1. Publicity campaign
2. Free vouchers
3. Build more community facilities
4. Provide support to clubs/ schools
5. Train leaders/coaches/ teachers
Review of experience of
each option in other regions,
based on published
accounts and a survey
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Example contd.
Steps
Planning/policy/management
activity
Associated research
7. Evaluate options
Evaluate options 1-5
Each option costed; on basis of
survey evidence, estimate
made of cost-effectiveness of
each option.
8. Decode strategy/
gals/objectives
Options 3 & 4 adopted
Options 3 & 4 recommended
9. Implement/
manage
Implement options 3 & 4
-
10. Monitor/evaluate/
feedback
Assess success in terms of
increased participation.
Continue program: increase
resources for training coaches/
leaders
Survey indicates participation
increase to 45% after 1 year,
but shortage of coaches/
leaders
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Who does research? (Fig. 1.7)
• Academics
– Part of the job description. Knowledge for its own sake =
some engagement with industry/professions
• Students
– Coursework projects + Theses
• Government and commercial organisations
– To inform/evaluate ‘evidence-based policy’
• Managers
– To inform practice. monitor performance, aid decisionmaking
• Consultants
– Under contract to govt and industry
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Managers conduct research on: (Fig. 1.7)
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•
•
•
Current customers
Potential customers/community – market research
Environmental appraisal
Organisational performance
– Sales
– Efficiency
– Staff performance/motivation
• Competitors
• Products
– Existing
– New
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Who pays? (Fig. 1.9)
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Unfunded
University internal funds
Government-funded research councils
Private trusts
Industry – public, commercial or non-profit
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge
Research outputs (Fig. 1.10)
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•
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Academic journal articles
Professional journal articles
Conference presentations/papers
Books
Policy/planning/management reports
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–
–
–
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–
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Position statements
Market profiles
Market research
Market segmentation/lifestyle studies
Feasibility studies
Sport/recreation needs studies
Sport tourism strategies/marketing plans
Forecasting studies
A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge