Sectionalism and Secession Southern Expansion Tennessee and Kentucky “Old Southwest” Mississippi Territory Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Florida Texas http://worth.sohonet.com/browse/music?object=image[]&image=16083.jpg Indian Removal http://worth.sohonet.com/browse/music?object=image[]&image=16348.jpg King Cotton Factors that contributed to rise of Cotton Kingdom: Demand from British textile mills Invention of cotton gin, 1793 Availability of land in the “Old Southwest” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cotton-gin.jpg Non-Cotton Agriculture Sugar (Texas and Louisiana) Rice (S.C.) Tobacco (Md., N.C., Tenn., Ky.) Hemp (Ky., Tenn., and Mo.) Wheat (Md., Va., Ky., and Tenn.) Corn (everywhere) Livestock (Southeast) Sectionalism Southerners dominated early national politics, and generally advanced national interests Early sectional divisions led by New Englanders opposition to the Louisiana Purchase Opposition to War of 1812 Hartford Convention, 1814 • Federalists proposed seven amendments designed to protect New England from the influence of the South and West Missouri Compromise, 1820 Mo. ready for statehood, 1819 Tallmadge Amendment Stated no more slaves could be brought into Mo., and provided for gradual emancipation 1819, 11 Free, 11 Slave states Mo. would upset balance Missouri Compromise: Mo. admitted as a slave state Maine admitted as a free state 36’30 line established The Age of Jackson Won presidency in 1828 split Republican Party founded Democrats A nationalist, Jackson pushed some sectional interests: Indian removal from the Southeast veto of the charter of the Bank of the U.S. opposed federal money for internal improvements opposed any restrictions on the peculiar institution Nullification J. C. Calhoun proposed doctrine of nullification in opposition to tariffs States, were arbiters of what was constitutional 1832, new tariff passed S.C. called for a state convention to determine the constitutionality of the tariff bill Calhoun resigned as vice-president as part of the protest convention ruled the tariffs null and void in S.C. Congress passes Force Bill S.C. nullifies Force Bill Conflict averted with passage of the compromise tariff Abolition William Lloyd Garrison 1831, the Liberator. Reject "gradualism" freedom, and equality 1833, founded American Antislavery Society Frederick Douglass Born a slave in Md., Douglass escaped in 1838 Published the North Star 1845, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe Sold 300,000+ copies first year Brought abolitionism to an enormous new audience Anti-Abolition Bible, history and biology used to justify slavery Josiah Nott, Types of Manhood (1855) John C. Calhoun was perhaps the greatest proslavery advocate, arguing: the end of slavery would mean a race war no reason to destroy a system that benefited the U.S. slavery had civilized Africans from a “low, degraded and savage condition” tariffs, not slavery, retarded economic development Southern slavery was superior to Northern and European“wage slavery” The Mexican Cession Acquisition of Texas, N.M., and California in 1848 reopened debate on slavery in the territories Abolitionists/free soilers objected to any extension of slavery White Southerners argued the Constitution protected the rights of Americans to bring their property wherever they wanted Wilmont Proviso, 1846 Rep. David Wilmont (D-Penn.) introduced a bill prohibiting slavery in territories acquired from Mexico • Wilmost Proviso passed in House, but dies in Senate California gold rush added urgency to territorial debate Taylor advocated popular sovereignty for Calif. and N.M. • CA quickly adopted a constitution that prohibited slavery in 1849 – but Congress balked at admitting CA as a free state Compromise of 1850 California admitted as free state In the rest of the new lands acquired from Mexico, territorial governments to be formed without restrictions on slavery (popular sovereignty) Abolishment of the slave trade, but not slavery, in Washington, D.C. New Fugitive Slave Law Federal Marshals now involved in slave-catching Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 opened two territories (Kansas, Nebraska) to slavery by declaring that they would become free or slave states as their constitutions would allow when they applied for statehood effectively voided the 36’ 30” line of 1820 imposed the Wilmont Proviso in reverse • all new territories now open to slavery Bleeding Kansas Between 1854-58 elections held in Kansas were marred by fraud and intimidation pro-slavery forces gained control of the Kansas legislature, and passed a pro-slave constitution (Lecompton Constitution) Free-soilers set up their own government in Topeka War erupts between anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces 1856, sack of the free-soil settlement of Lawrence Pottawattomie Creek Massacre, 1856 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Dred Scott sued for his freedom, claiming that he was no longer a slave because he had lived on free soil. In a 7 to 2 decision, the court declared that Scott was still a slave and not a citizen and so had no constitutional right to sue Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that No black person could be a citizen of the U.S., and that “no black person had any rights that a white person needed to honor.” The decision further held that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories and that the Missouri Compromise therefore was unconstitutional John Brown’s Raid, October 1859 John Brown planned to spark a slave rebellion which would force the South to emancipate. attacked U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Va., with 18 followers Brown and 6 of his followers were promptly captured, tried, found guilty, and executed John Brown’s raid enflamed passions both north and south After John Brown’s Raid, Southern militias—the beginnings of the Confederate Army—began to be raised, trained, and equipped The Development of the G.O.P. People in both major parties who opposed the KansasNebraska bill began to call themselves Anti-Nebraska Democrats and Anti-Nebraska Whigs. In 1854, they formed the Republican Party The GOP: opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories advocated high tariffs, homesteads, and internal improvements G.O.P. a purely sectional party—no support in the South “Bleeding Sumner” 1856, abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner delivered speech entitled "The Crime Against Kansas." attacked slavery and the South Speech enraged S.C. Rep. Preston Brooks Several days later Brooks attacked Sumner at his desk in the Senate with a cane Sumner was injured severely, and became a symbol in the North as to the barbarism of the South Preston Brooks was hailed as a Southern hero Freeport Doctrine 1858, Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln asked Douglas if there was any lawful way in which the people of a territory could exclude slavery? Douglas responded that slavery could not survive in a territory unless it was supported by protective local legislation, and if a territorial legislature refused to enact such legislation, slavery would not exist regardless of what Supreme Court said. Election of 1860—Democratic Conventions Democratic Convention held at Charleston, S.C. Many Southern delegates walked out and established their own convention with a pro-slavery platform After failing to agree on a nominee, the regular convention adjourned Baltimore Convention Northerners and Southerners still could not agree and the party split into sectional halves • Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas Southern Democrats again walked out and established their own faction, the Constitutional Democrats • nominated VP John C. Breckenridge (TN) on a pro-slavery platform Election of 1860—Republican Convention Republican Convention held in Chicago Only 5 of the 15 slave states represented Republicans nominated Lincoln on 3rd ballot GOP platform a direct threat to Southern interests embodied the political and economic program of the North: • • • • • upward revision of the tariff free farms in the West (Homestead Act) railroad subsidies by federal government Preservation of Union No extension of slavery into the territories Election of 1860 Two separate elections in 1860: Lincoln v. Douglas in the North Breckenridge v. Bell (Constitutional Union) in South GOP not even on the ticket in 10 Southern States. Lincoln won the election due to Democratic split Lincoln won only 39.8% of popular vote, easily won the Electoral College by sweeping the free states (except NJ). Brekenridge won 44.7% of the South’s popular vote and 10 of the 15 slave states, but it was not nearly enough. Election of 1860 Secession December 20, 1860, the S.C. state convention voted unanimously to seceded from the Union election of Lincoln deemed an “overt act” of aggression By February 1861, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded February 8, 1861, delegates from the seceding states met in Montgomery, Ala., and established the Confederate States of America. A provisional constitution was adopted Jefferson Davis of Miss. was appointed President, with Alexander Stephens of Ga. named VP. Causes for Secession Southerners resented infringement of right to take their property, slaves, into western territories Northern interference with the fugitive slave act South believed that it had lost political weight in balance of the Union Believed that the extension of slavery essential to preserving the rights of Southerners Feared Lincoln presidency would mean subjugation of South, emancipation of slaves King Cotton Diplomacy