BY
Muhammad Suleman
MS (HRM)
MBA (HRM)
MIT
CHAPTER # 1
BASICS OF Change Management
( THEORIES AND THOUGHTS)

Classical Management Theory

Scientific Management

Administrative Management

Behavioral Sciences



Henri Fayol (1841–1925) is often described as
the ‘father’ of modern management.
He had been managing director of a large
French mining company, and was concerned
with efficiency at an organizational level
rather than at the level of the task.
he developed a general theory of business
administration

He first broke management down into five
distinct elements:
forecasting and planning – looking into the
future and drawing up action plans
organizing – building up the material and
human structure of the undertaking
commanding – maintaining activity amount
personnel
coordinating – unifying and harmonizing
activity and effort
controlling – ensuring that things conform to
rules and instructions



Scientific management is defined as the use
of the scientific method to define the “one
best way” for a job to be done.
Frederick W. Taylor is known as the “father of
scientific management”. Taylor’s work at the
Bethlehem Steel companies motivated his
interest in improving efficiency


Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) was
the first nationally known management
thinker. His “Taylorism” or “scientific
management” was a major contribution to
business operations.
Taylor sought to create a mental revolution
among both workers and managers by
defining clear guidelines for improving
production efficiency


Scientific management, also called Taylorism,
was a theory of management that analyzed
and synthesized workflows
Its main objective was improving economic
efficiency, especially labor productivity.


Scientific Management is also some time
called “ TASK MANAGEMENT” .
An early 20th century school of management
thought concerned primarily with the physical
efficiency of an individual worker.




Study each part of the task scientifically, and develop
a best method to perform it.
Carefully select workers and train them to perform a
task using the scientifically developed
method.
Cooperate fully with workers to ensure they use the
proper method.
Divide work and responsibility so management is
responsible for planning work methods using
scientific principles and workers are responsible for
executing the work accordingly.


Taylor spent a considerable amount of his
books in describing "soldiering" the act of
'loafing' .
He described the main reasons that workers
were not performing their work at the
optimum.
1-The belief that increased output would lead
to less workers
2. Inefficiencies within the management control
system such as poorly designed incentive
schemes and hourly pay rates not linked to
productivity.
3. Poor design of the performance of the work
by rule-of-thumb
1- Henry Foyl
2- Max Weber


Max Weber was a German sociologist who
wrote in the early part of the 20th century.
He developed a theory of authority structures
and described organizational activity based
on authority relations.
Max Weber
He described the ideal form of organization—the
bureaucracy

defined as a form of organization marked by division
of labor,

a clearly defined hierarchy,

detailed rules and regulations,


and impersonal relationships

It is a term used for those early-day
contributors who developed and taught
principles to be used by managers, both
individually and collectively, to improve the
performance of the overall functions of the
organization.
MANAGER
ADMINISTRATION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Fayol gives us 14 principles of management which are still being used
nowadays. These principles are given below:
Division of Labor
Authority
Discipline
Unity of Command
Unity of Direction
Remuneration
Scaler Chain
Centralization
Order
Stability of tenure of personnel
Equity
Initiative
Subordination of individual interests to the general interest.
Esprit de corps

Hawthorne Studies

Human Relations Movement

Theory X Theory Y
Q- Provide your comments which theory or school of
thought is best for today's organizations.
Q- Which theory/ theories that you consider play an
important role in developing the organizations and
why?
Q- Provide some negative points for every theory and
school of thoughts.
Q- Being specialization student what suggestions you
want to provide to organizations, keeping in mind
theories and school of thoughts.
Objective:
To study the government organization’s
performance and finding deficiencies and providing
solution w.r.t the management schools of thoughts.
Procedure:
All of the students have to make common
questioners about performance and deficiency in
Govt Dept.
Such questioners will be taken with them to different
Govt Department where they will ask from high
management officials.
After getting feedback of such questioners, it will
be properly discussed in class and being
management students we will try to conclude
their problems and try to provide solutions
keeping in mind school of thoughts.
NOTE:


Try to visit at least three different government
departments.
All the questioners should be same
PROPER CASE STUDY WILL BE DISCUSSED IN
CLASS WHICH WILL HELP THE STUDENTS IN
GETTING THE RIGHT WAYS, WHICH SHOULD
BE IMPLEMENTED IN ORGANIZATIONS .