Metals
1. Occurrence
LO: I know how metals occur in
nature.
Metals:
Of the 90 naturally occurring elements, 70 are
metals.
Most metals are found in nature as compounds.
Unreactive metals don’t form compounds in nature:
e.g. gold and silver.
Gold and silver are found as elements in the soil.
They were the first metals to be discovered.
Most metals need to be extracted from compounds
before they are used.
LO:
I know how metals occur in nature.
2. Properties
LO: I know some properties and uses of
metals.
Metals have many properties which makes them
useful for a variety of jobs.
Strength:
Iron is used in construction.
• Buildings
• Bridges
Malleability:
Metals can be rolled and shaped .
• Car body panels
LO:
I know some properties and uses of metals.
Electrical Conductivity:
Metals conduct electricity when solid and liquid .
• Copper is used to make wires.
Heat Conductivity:
Metals are good conductors of heat.
• Many pots are made of aluminium.
Density:
Low density titanium is used to make aircraft.
High density lead is used to make radiation shielding.
LO:
I know some properties and uses of metals.
Quiz
Of the 90 naturally occurring
elements, how many are metals?
60
70
80
Quiz
Which of the following metals is
found as an element in nature?
gold
tin
lead
Quiz
The main reason for using aluminium
to make electrical wires is because:
A it is a good conductor of heat.
B it is a good conductor of electricity.
C it is very strong.
D it has a very high density.
Quiz
Lead is used to make boot soles for
deep sea divers because:
A it is a good conductor of heat.
B it is a good conductor of electricity.
C it is very strong.
D it has a very high density.
Quiz
Which of the following is not a
reason for using copper to make
water pipes:
A it is a good conductor of heat.
B it is malleable.
C it is strong.
D it does not react with water.
3. Alloys
LO: I know what is meant by an alloy.
An alloy is a mixture of metals.
Some alloys are a mixture of metals with non-metals.
The properties of an alloy are different to the
properties of the metals in the mixture.
Alloy
brass
Mixture
copper, zinc
bronze copper, tin
solder tin, lead
steel
iron, carbon
Use
hinges, door handles
statues
connection pipes and wires
construction
The properties change as the proportions of the
mixture are changed.
LO:
I know what is meant by an alloy.
Quiz
Which word means a mixture of
metals?
alloy
alley
allay
Quiz
“Some alloys can contain
non-metals”
True
False
Quiz
Which of the following is an alloy?
zinc
solder
cobalt
Quiz
Which of the following is an alloy?
bismuth
tungsten
nitinol
Quiz
Every type of steel alloy contains
which element?
Iron
Carbon
Chromium
Quiz
You change the melting point of the
alloy, solder, when you change:
A the temperature you heat it to.
B the proportions of the metals.
C the lumps into powder form.
D the size of the flame.
4. Metals and Water
LO: I know which metals react
with water.
Experiment
aluminium magnesium
LO:
calcium
I know which metals react with water.
sodium
Order of reactivity:
sodium
Increasing
reactivity
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
Aluminium does not react with water at all.
LO: I know which metals react with water.
In general:
Some metals react with water to produce a
metal hydroxide and hydrogen .
+
water
calcium
+
water
calcium
hydroxide
lithium
+
water
lithium
hydroxide
metal
For example:
LO: I know which metals react with water.
metal
hydroxide
+
hydrogen
+
hydrogen
+
hydrogen
5. Testing for Hydrogen
LO: I know how to collect and
test hydrogen gas.
Experiment
Hydrogen gas can be
produced by reacting
calcium with water.
A burning splint is placed at
the mouth of the test tube.
calcium
LO:
Hydrogen burns with a pop! .
I know how to collect and test hydrogen gas.
Quiz
“magnesium metal reacts quickly
with cold water”
True
False
Quiz
“sodium metal reacts violently
with cold water”
True
False
Quiz
“when metals react with water they
produce oxygen gas”
True
False
Quiz
Which of the following metals does
not react with water?
aluminium
calcium
lithium
Quiz
Which of the following metals is the
most reactive with cold water?
sodium
calcium
lithium
Quiz
When sodium reacts with water the
products are:
A sodium oxide and hydrogen.
B sodium hydride and oxygen.
C sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.
D sodium hydride and oxygen.
Quiz
The test for hydrogen is:
A relights a glowing splint.
B burns with a pop.
C turns lime water cloudy.
D puts out a burning splint.
6. Metals and Acid
LO: I know which metals react
with acid.
Experiment
copper
LO:
iron
zinc
I know which metals react with acid.
magnesium
Order of reactivity:
magnesium
Increasing
reactivity
zinc
iron
copper
Copper does not react with acid at all.
LO: I know which metals react with acid.
In general:
Some metals react with acid to produce a metal salt
and hydrogen .
metal
+
acid
metal
salt
+
hydrogen
iron
chloride
+
hydrogen
zinc
chloride
+
hydrogen
For example:
iron
+
hydrochloric
acid
zinc
+
hydrochloric
acid
LO: I know which metals react with acid.
Quiz
“zinc metal reacts quickly with
acid”
True
False
Quiz
“magnesium metal reacts quickly
with acid”
True
False
Quiz
“when metals react with acid they
produce hydrogen gas”
True
False
Quiz
Which of the following metals does
not react with acid?
copper
iron
zinc
Quiz
Which of the following metals is the
most reactive with acid?
zinc
magnesium aluminium
Quiz
When nickel reacts with
hydrochloric acid the products are:
A nickel chloride and hydrogen.
B nickel chloride and oxygen.
C nickel chlorate and hydrogen.
D nickel chlorate and hydrogen.
Quiz
The test for hydrogen is:
A relights a glowing splint.
B burns with a pop.
C turns lime water cloudy.
D puts out a burning splint.
7. Making a Salt
LO: I know how a salt can be
made from a metal and
acid.
Making a Salt
Aim: To make a sample of the salt magnesium
sulphate by reacting magnesium with
sulphuric acid.
Diagram:
filter paper
filter funnel
sulphuric acid
magnesium
LO:
magnesium
sulphate
solution
heat
I know how a salt can be made from a metal and acid.
Method:
25 cm3 of sulphuric acid (1M) was added to a
1.
beaker.
2.
3.
4.
Pieces of magnesium were added to the acid
until it stopped fizzing .
The mixture was filtered .
The solution was heated to remove the water.
Result:
A white solid ( magnesium sulphate) was produced.
Conclusion:
Magnesium sulphate salt can be made by reacting
magnesium sulphate with sulphuric acid, filtering the
mixture and then evaporating the water.
LO:
I know how to make a salt from a metal and acid.
8. Types of Salt
LO: I know how to name a
salt from the reactants.
The name of a salt comes from a metal and the acid it
was reacted with.
For example:
zinc sulphate
from metal
from acid
In general:
hydrochloric acid
metal chlorides
sulphuric acid
metal sulphates
nitric acid
metal nitrates
LO:
I know how to name a salt from the reactants.
For example:
+
sulphuric
acid
calcium
sulphate
+
hydrogen
nickel
+
nitric
acid
nickel
nitrate
+
hydrogen
lead
+
nitric
acid
lead
nitrate
+
hydrogen
tin
+
sulphuric
acid
tin
sulphate
+
hydrogen
iron
+
hydrochloric
acid
iron
chloride
+
hydrogen
calcium
LO: I know how to name a salt from the reactants.
9. Collecting and Testing
Oxygen
LO: I know how to collect and
test a sample of oxygen.
Aim: To collect a sample of oxygen and perform
the test for oxygen.
Diagram:
oxygen
Hydrogen
peroxide
+
Manganese
dioxide
LO:
water
I know how to collect and test a sample of oxygen.
Method:
1.
A boiling tube was filled with oxygen as shown
in the diagram .
2.
A glowing splint was placed in the tube of
oxygen.
Result:
The glowing splint relit .
Conclusion:
Oxygen can be collected under water.
A glowing splint relights in oxygen.
This is the test for oxygen.
LO:
I know how to collect and test a sample of oxygen.
9. Metals and Oxygen
LO: I know which metals
react with oxygen.
Aim: To find out how metals react with oxygen.
Diagram:
ceramic wool
metal
potassium
permanganate
heat
LO:
heat
I know which metals react with oxygen.
Results:
Metal
Observation
Magnesium
Very bright white glow
Zinc
Bright white glow
Copper
Dull orange glow
Conclusion:
Increasing
reactivity
magnesium
zinc
copper
LO:
I know which metals react with oxygen.
In general:
Some metals react with oxygen to produce a metal oxide.
+
oxygen
metal oxide
zinc
+
oxygen
zinc oxide
iron
+
oxygen
iron oxide
metal
For example:
Metals reacting with oxygen is known as oxidation .
LO: I know which metals react with oxygen.
10. Reactivity of Metals
LO: I know how metals
differ in reactivity.
The reactivity of metals can be shown in a list called
the reactivity series.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
potassium
sodium
lithium Reacts with water
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
Reacts with acid
zinc
iron
tin
Reacts with oxygen
lead
copper
silver
gold
platinum
LO:
I know how metals differ in reactivity.
11. Corrosion
LO: I know what is meant by
corrosion of a metal.
A metal corrodes when the surface atoms react to
form a compound.
An uncorroded metal is shiny in appearance.
A corroded metal is dull in appearance.
Different metals corrode at different rates:
sodium corrodes very quickly.
gold hardly corrodes at all.
Metals corrode fastest when they are exposed to
air.
Corrosion is also an example of oxidation.
LO:
I know what is meant by corrosion of a metal.
12. The Cause of Corrosion
LO: I know what causes
corrosion.
Experiment
oil
water
nail
water
only
LO:
drying
agent
water &
oxygen
I know what causes corrosion.
oxygen
only
Result:
The iron only rusts when water and oxygen are
present.
Only the corrosion of iron is called rusting.
The rusting of iron can be speeded up by:
• Adding salt.
• Adding acid.
• Heating it up.
LO:
I know what causes corrosion.
13. Test for Rusting
LO: I know how to test for
rusting.
The presence of rusting is detected using rust .
indicator:
rust
indicator
Rust indicator changes colour from yellow to blue in
the presence of rust.
LO:
I know how to test for rusting.
14. Preventing Rusting
LO: I know some physical
methods of stopping iron
from rusting.
A surface barrier can be used to stop water and
oxygen getting to the iron.
• Painting, for example:
- Forth bridge
.
- Car bodywork
.
• Greasing or Oiling, for example:
LO:
- Door hinges
.
- Bicycle chain
.
I know physical methods of stopping iron from rusting.
• Coating with plastic, for example:
- Fence wire
.
- Wire baskets
.
• Electroplating.
(covering one metal with a layer of another using
electricity).
LO:
- Chrome pipes
.
- Jewellery
.
I know physical methods of stopping iron from rusting.
15. Electroplating
LO: I know what is meant by
electroplating.
Electroplating is covering one metal with another using
electricity .
Nickel plating on copper:
nickel
copper
nickel plating solution
LO: I know the reactions involved in electroplating.
During the plating process:
• The nickel strip gets smaller in mass.
• A layer of nickel forms on the copper strip.
Electroplating iron with a layer of chromium makes it
look shiny and stops water and oxygen from getting
to the iron below.
LO:
I know the reactions involved in electroplating.
16. Chemical Protection of Iron
LO: I know chemical methods
of stopping iron from
rusting.
If iron is connected to a
more reactive metal it will
not corrode.
e.g. iron and magnesium
rust
indicator
The more reactive metal
corrodes instead of the
iron.
magnesium
This is called sacrificial protection.
LO:
I know chemical methods of stopping iron from rusting.
HOWEVER:
If iron is connected to a
less reactive metal it will
corrode faster than
normal.
rust
indicator
copper
e.g. iron and copper
The iron rusts to protect the copper from corrosion.
LO:
I know chemical methods of stopping iron from rusting.
16. Galvanising
LO: I know what is meant by
galvanising iron.
Galvanising is coating iron with a layer of zinc.
The iron objects are dipped into molten zinc.
This provides double protection:
- Physical protection from water and oxygen .
- Chemical protection as zinc is more reactive than
iron.
LO:
I know what is meant by galvanising iron.