CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF INFORMATION
Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased cigarettes, pipes and cigars.
A smoking habit is a physical addiction to tobacco products. The World Health Organization
(WHO) has estimated that there are 1.25 billion smokers worldwide. Low and middle income
countries, account for 82% of the world's smokers. It is predicted that by the 2020s there will be
about 10 million tobacco related deaths annually worldwide, and most of the increase in deaths
will occur in the developing Asian countries, where the rate of tobacco consumption is
increasing. Although much of this excess mortality from smoking can be prevented if smokers
stopped smoking. Most smokers did not believe that smoking cause illness and most of them
thought that only those who smoke heavily are likely to get serious illnesses caused by smoking,
(Hill and Gray, 1989). In fact about one third of all premature deaths caused by smoking occur in
smokers who smoke less than 20 cigarettes per day (Royal College of Physicians, 1983).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The problems of smoking also happen among University Malaysia Pahang students. Nowadays,
smoking has become a trend among them and it has been increasing and it is uncommon to see
the students smoke in campus. If the problem is continuously happening without any worries, the
problem will affect not only their quality of life but also will affect people around them. As
university students, they should have a good quality of health because some day they will run the
country. Country as well as their families has a big hope on them. Thus, this study seeks to
unravel the smoking habits among UMP students
1
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
To find out the prevalence of smoking and to describe the habits, attitudes and practices related
to smoking habits among students of Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1)
What is the opinion of the smokers among UMP students towards smoking?
2)
What is the smoking habit among UMP students?
3)
Do smokers among UMP students know the effect of smoking on health?
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Smoking habit is a practice of inhalation of harmful gaseous that contains in a cigarette whether
it is often or not.
1.6 REVIEW OF METHODOLOGY
In methodology, all the steps that will be taken to investigate the question under consideration
such as data collection and data analysis are included. There were 60 respondents who are
smokers have answered the questionnaire. For data analysis we use computer software like
Microsoft office excel to analysis statistic of questionnaires.
2
1.7 SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS
In this report, there were five chapters to conduct. First is the introduction which we evaluate the
background of study, problem statement, and review of literature, research objective, research
question, and definition of terms, review of methodology and summary of chapters. Second,
review of literature is divided into four sections. There are introduction, the opinion of smoking,
the smoking habits and practices, and also the effects of smoking towards health. Lastly is about
the methodology that included the introduction to chapter, sampling methods, data collection
instruments data analysis procedure and the summary. We also include references to revise the
article web and questionnaire.
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
INTRODUCTION
This review of literature consists of 3 sections according to each member’s research area
such as tremendous effect of cigarette smoking to surrounding, reasons why students have
smoking habits and the effect of smoking to them.
2.2
TREMENDOUS EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING TO SURROUNDINGS
There are tremendous effects of cigarette smoking such as to the environment, pregnant
women, secondary smokers as well as smoker’s financial problem. Jessica Taylor-Cassan (2007),
state approximately 30% of North Americans are smokers, and the percentage goes much higher
in most developing countries, which means there is a massive amount of pollution being released
into the air every day.
Cigarette smoke can bring harm to pregnant women. It might puts a baby at risk of a
number of health problems such as increasing the chances of having a baby with low birth
weight, increase the risk of miscarriage, preterm birth and placental abruption. The American
Lung Association (2001) found out that women who smoke while pregnant have a greater risk of
having a miscarriage than women who quit. Moreover, Floyd et. al, (1993) agree and comes out
state the negative effects of smoking in pregnancy are well documented, being associated with
low birth weight, an increased risk of spontaneous abortion and respiratory problems after birth.
Furthermore, smoking behavior also affects secondary smokers who defined as someone
who is not smoking but surround or close by cigarette smoker and inhaled the smoke from the
smoker. Secondhand smoke is a toxic cocktail consisting of poisons and carcinogens. There are
4
over 4000 chemicals compounds in secondhand smoke which are known to be poisonous, and
upwards of 60 have been identified as carcinogens.
2.3
SMOKING HABITS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS SMOKING AMONG
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN JORDAN
The reasons of student smoking are alleviation of peer pressure, social acceptance
issues and stress. Since when a student in university want to be more experience, they want to
try anything. But if a person trying a cigar, it’s become addicted and they want to continue it.
Kegler et. al. (1999) illustrate that for young smokers, once started smoke they desire more
mature, self-confident, independent and have high personality profile. Faseru (2006) also state
that the main reason for smoking is curiosity, when they see their friends smoke and he or she
become want to try it. Also they smoked because of boredom and loneliness.
Parents at home have to show their child good behavior and stop modeling as smoker at
home. When student stay around with friends, they will become unconscious and at the end just
follow what’s others say and do. Maziak (2004) indicates that smoking among students showed
that economic status, assessed using the same measure, and was positively related to smoking
status of girls but not boys.
Great majority of smokers starts the habit before 20 years of age (Young et al., 1989). At
this age range, the only reason they smoke because alleviation of stress. In the other hands,
Maziak (2004) suggests that factors related to smoking are different from those that motivate
quitting. Realization of the negative influence of peers in this regard can foster a challenging
attitude toward smoking and increase interest in quitting. Faseru (2006) illustrate that reasons for
smokers are for the fun of it, just feel like it, to feel and belong among friends, to relax, for
leisure, and to reduce anger.
5
2.4
THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING CIGARETTES ON GENERAL HEALTH
There are so many negative impacts that will affect someone health if they are exposed to
smoking whether they are first hand smokers or second hand smokers. According to A. Evans et.
al(2003), smoking will lead to coronary heart diseases and heart attack. It will increase the blood
pressure and thus will increase the heart rate.
Smoking also increases the risk of emphysema and cancer. The strain of smoking effects
on the body often causes years of suffering. Emphysema is an illness that slowly rots your lungs.
People with emphysema often get bronchitis again and again, and suffer lung and heart failure.
As a matter of facts, J. Koerselman (2007) also did said that cancer is one of the most dangerous
disease that smokers will might get such in mouth, larynx, esophagus and bladder. Martin T.
(2008) found out that Cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) in tobacco smoke damage important
genes that control the growth of cells, causing them to grow abnormally or to reproduce too
rapidly.
Besides, smoking also can cause Perodontitis. Periodontitis is a serious gum disease that
can result in the loss of teeth and bone loss. T. Martin (2008) also said that “smoking is causally
related to periodontitis. This may be because smoking affects the body's ability to fight infection
and repair tissue”. When serious gum diseases affect smokers health, it will cause the smokers
having pain when brushing their teeth and lead the gum to bleed continuously and thus having a
difficulties to consume food.
In addition, smoking also can cause peptic ulcers, which are located in the digestive tracts
(stomach and duodenum). It is usually occurs in people with an infection caused by the
Helicobacter pylori bacterium. Smoking has been seen to increase the incidence of infection by
6
this bacterium. Research has shown that smokers have a greater incidence of ulcers. Not only
this, their ulcers do not heal easily and can be fatal more than in non smokers.
7
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter is comprises of three parts that mentioned about the participants, instruments used
for the data collection as well as data analysis procedure. This study is basically used two types
of data collecting instruments that are questionnaire and interview.
3.2 SAMPLING METHODS
This research is conducted among UMP students. There are all together 60 respondents who are
smoker, from any faculty and year. These respondents are asked to answer the questionnaire
given and about five respondents were interviewed. Table 3.1 below shows the summary of
participants who involved with this study.
Table 3.1
GENDER
FACULTY
FKKSA
FKASA
FKM
FKEE
FIST
OSH
FSKKP
MALE
Year 1
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
Year 2
5
0
0
0
5
0
2
Year 3
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
Year 4
0
0
0
10
0
12
0
FEMALE
Year 1 Year 2
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
Year 3
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
Year 4
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
3.3 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
In completing this research, we use two data collection instruments which are survey
questionnaire and interview.
8
3.3.1 Survey Questionnaire
Our survey questionnaires are divided into three sections which are section A, B and C. The
questions in each section play different role in order to get the data needed. First three questions
required the respondents to fill in their relevant information. In addition, section A is to obtain
people opinions about smoking, section B is to find out the smoking habits among UMP students
and last but not least section C is to investigate the effects of smoking on health. This data
collection instruments, acts as our primary source of data as it holds majority of our respondent
points of view. It helps to obtain a lot of different opinions among our respondents regarding the
issue.
3.3.2 Interview
Interview instrument are more focus to personal or individual opinion. The objective of the
interview is to obtain deep information as well as people clearer point of view regarding the
smoking habit. Five respondents were randomly selected in this interview session and they were
to answer ten questions that we have prepared earlier. It was a face to face interview session with
our selected respondents. All information or data obtained whether verbal or non-verbal
communication from this interview was recorded for our data analysis purpose.
3.4 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
Both qualitative and quantitative data were used in this study. All the data obtained from the
survey questionnaire as well as from the interview session were analyzed. The data then was
tabulated in form of chart as well as statistic analysis.
9
3.4.1 Analyzing data from Questionnaire
All the feedback from the respondents was analysed. The data is analysed according to the
responses toward each section in survey questionnaire. The data is then presented in form chart
and statistic analysis by the following steps:
Step 1:
The data obtained from survey questionnaire is analysed.
Step 2:
The data obtained from the dichotomous and multiple questions are counted for the
frequency and percentage from the data collected.
Step 3:
The data obtained from ranking question is recorded using bar chart.
Step 4:
All the data is then summarized.
3.4.2 Interview
For the interview, first, we have to prepare the list of questions needed. The interview session
objective is to gain deep understanding and information of our respondents regarding this
smoking issue. The respondents were asked only those questions and were interview by our
group members. Feedbacks from our respondents were recorded and it acts as our secondary
form of data.
3.5 SUMMARY
As a conclusion, this chapter comprises of all methods used in completing our research about the
‘Smoking Habits among UMP Students’. These methods are very useful since we can gain a lot
of information and data needed for the final report.
10
CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE SMOKING HABITS AMONG UMP STUDENTS
This chapter will explain further about the data analysis get from the research done. The
data that related to the research questions are used in order to achieve the objective of this
study. All the data obtained is illustrates in form of pie and bar chart.
4.2 WHAT IS THE OPINION OF THE SMOKERS AMONG UMP STUDENTS
TOWARDS SMOKING?
The aim of the research question is to investigate the opinion and point of view of the
smokers among UMP students towards smoking. The data gain from the survey
questionnaires related to this research question is then used and tabulated in form of pie
chart as shown in the figure 4.1 below.
Opinion about smoking
28%
47%
1
25%
2
3
1- affect the environment
2-makes people around you feel unconfortable
3-makes you appear mature, self confident and
Figure 4.1 : Opinion of The Smokers Towards Smoking.
11
The graph above indicates the opinion of the smokers among UMP students regarding
smoking. The graph illustrates that the opinion on smoking will makes you appear mature,
self-confident and independence has the highest percentage whereas smoking will makes
people around you feel uncomfortable has the least percentage. There are about 47%
percent smokers are definitely agree that smoking makes them appear mature, selfconfidence and independence follow by 28%percent smokers share the same opinion that
smoking will affects the environment. The remaining of 25% percent smokers agrees that
smoking makes people around them feel uncomfortable. Therefore, it can be concludes
that probably people smoke because they feel that smoking has become a new trend in the
society. Apart from that they also want to be a part of the certain group of people and
believe that smoking is a most essential ingredient in order to boost their self-esteem.
4.3 WHAT IS THE SMOKING HABITS AMONG UMP STUDENTS?
4.3.1 How many cigarette smoke do UMP students needs per day.
Number of respondents
Cigarettes smoke per day
25
22
20
20
14
15
10
4
5
0
below 5
5-10
10-15
more than 15
Number of cigarette per day
Figure 4.2 Graph bar of cigarette smoke per day
12
The graph (See Figure 4.3) illustrates the number of respondents on how many cigarettes
smoke do they take per day. As shown in the bar chart, many of the respondents take below
than 5 cigarette smoke which is about 20 respondents. Meanwhile the respondents who take
more than 15 are 4 respondents. 22 respondents smoking about 5 to 10 and the left, 14
respondents smoke about 10 to 15. The graph shows that respondents mostly not too much
smoking per day. It can be concluded that respondents knows the health problems that
related to smoking habits.
4.3.2 How much money do UMP students spend on cigarettes per week
Money spend on cigarettes per week
35
Respondents
30
29
26
25
20
15
10
5
5
0
0
less than RM30
RM30-RM60
RM60-RM90
above RM90
Money spend on cigarettes
Figure 4.3 : The graph bar of number of respondents on how much they spend
The graph (See Figure 4.3) indicates the number of respondents on how many much do they spend
on cigarette per week. Illustrated by the chart, mostly of the respondents spend about RM30 to
RM60 on cigarette smoke per week which is about 29 respondents. Meanwhile the
respondents at least spend around RM60 to RM90 is 5 respondents. No respondents spend above
RM90 and the remaining spends less than RM30. The graph shows that respondents mostly
13
spend more for cigarettes. It can be concluded that probably respondents not really well-
known the long-term effect if they continue this habits and maybe because they does not
matter as long as they satisfied they smoking.
4.4 DO SMOKERS AMONG UMP STUDENTS KNOW THE EFFECTS OF
SMOKING?
The aim of this research question is to investigate whether the smokers among UMP
students knows the effects of smoking towards their health and also people around them.
The data gain from the survey questionnaires related to this research question is then used
and tabulated in form of pie chart as shown in the figure 4.4 below.
Number of person
Health effects related to smoking
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes
Type of diseases
Figure 4.4 : The health effects related to smoking
The graph (See Figure 4.4) illustrates the health effects related to smoking based on the
opinion of smokers among UMP students. According to the graph, Influenza has the
highest voted while cancer has the least voted by the smokers among UMP students. There
are more than half people which is 47 person has voted Influenza followed by Peptic ulcers
14
which is 40 vote while Periodontitis collected 38 vote. 33 people has voted heart attack, 32
people has voted for Bronchitis and 23 people has voted for coronary heart diseases.
Emphysema collected 20 votes, followed by Asthma which is 17 votes and the least one is
Cancer which collects only 15 votes. The graph shows that. It can be concluded that the
smokers among UMP students still have the lower level of awareness of the effect of
smoking towards their own health. Based on a research, the major effects of smoking are
smokers have a high risk on getting coronary heart disease, emphysema and cancer,
Perodontitis, gum diseases and also peptic ulcer. Influenza has nothing to do when someone
smoke.
From interview section, we found that they were well-known the effect of smoking.
But they still wants to continue smoke, one of them say that it not to easy to quit. So it
proves that the smokers among UMP have a low level of awareness.
4.5 CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that respondents knows the health problems that related to smoking
habits but probably respondents not really well-known the long-term effect if they continue
this habits and maybe because they does not matter as long as they satisfied they can
smoke. Besides, the smokers among the students of UMP have a low level of awareness of
the effects of smoking habits. Therefore, it can be concludes that probably people smoke
because they feel that smoking has become a new trend in the society. Apart from that they
also want to be a part of the certain group of people and believe that smoking is a most
essential ingredient in order to boost their self-esteem.
15
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This section provides the overall conclusion from every research question. It summaries the
information and data gained from the survey questionnaires. Besides that, this section also
gives suggestions and recommendations to the problems faced by smokers among UMP
students relating to their smoking habits. It is hoped that the recommendations that are
suggested will completely decrease the number of smokers among UMP students.
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.2.1 WHAT ARE THE OPINIONS OF THE SMOKERS AMONG UMP
STUDENTS TOWARDS SMOKING?
From the first research question, it shows that almost half of the smokers share the same
opinion, that smoking makes them appear mature, self confident and independence. Perhaps
this is due to smoking has become a new trend in the society. Instead of want to be a part of
the certain group of people they also believe that smoking is a most essential ingredient in
order to boost their self-esteem. Probably, a life as a student in such a busy and hectic
schedule, give them pressure and cigarette smoke being the best thing ever in releasing it
anyway.
16
5.2.2 WHAT IS THE SMOKING HABITS AMONG UMP STUDENTS?
The second research question reveals that almost half of respondents were not too much
smoke per day. Maybe this is due to their knowledge on the effects when they are smoking
and their incomes are not enough for them to buy more. It can be concluded that
respondents knows the health problems that related to smoking habits and probably almost
half of respondents not really well-known the long-term effect if they continue this habits.
5.2.3 DO SMOKERS AMONG UMP STUDENTS KNOW THE EFFECTS OF
SMOKING?
A majority of smokers among the UMP students still have a lower level of awareness on
the effects of smoking towards their health and also people around them. This could be
because of the lack of information about the effects of smoking. They might not care about
the effects of smoking and does not want to know the effects of smoking. This also could
be due to the less reading materials whether books, articles, journals or reports about the
effects of smoking towards their health and also the people around them.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
Based on the researched done, there are several recommendations that can be applied to
reduce the smoking habits among UMP students. First of all, educate the students by held a
campaign such as talk, motivation and distribute the pamphlets about smoking. The
targeted audiences that had been suggested are youngsters and teenagers because they are
easy to get influent. Moreover, media should take part in this effort to expose more about
17
the disadvantages and consequences that smokers will face in the future. Next, university
authorities should form one organization that can help smokers to quit smoking as for some
smokers already have the intention to do so. Last but not least, for smokers to stop smoking
it should come with their own. Smokers should think wisely whether smoking behavior
bring good or harm to their own health.
5.4CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objectives of the research are achieved. Majority of the respondents share
the same opinion that smoking make them appear matured, self-confident and independent.
This shows that level of thinking of smokers among UMP students are still low since they
do not really care about their health but focused more on their appearance. Next, most of
respondents smoke less than five cigarettes per day. Probably as they are students they have
to manage their money well. Lastly, it can be conclude that level of awareness of smokers
among UMP students are still low because they do not really know about the health effects
related to smoking habit.
18
REFERENCES
Evan.A et.al. (2003). Effects of smoking cigarettes on general health. Retrieved July 20,
2010,http://www.jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/nsfall00/ProposalArticles/EffectsosSmo
kingCigarrete.html
Jesicca Taylor-Caysan (2007). How Smoking Affects our Environment. How smoking
affects our environment. Retrieved July 20, 2010, from
http://www.howsmokingaffectsourenvironment.com
Julie Ackendorf (2008). Dangers of Smoking During Pregnancy. Potential harm through
baby when pregnant woman smokes. Retrieve July 20, 2010, from
http://www.dangersofsmokingduringpregnancy.htm
K. Shamsuddin, M. Abdul Haris (2000). Family influence on current smoking habits among
secondary school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.Volume 41(4): 167-17,
Retrieved July 20, 2010, from http://www.sciencedirect.com
T.Martin (2004). Health effects of smoking. About.com Guide, September 2004. Retrieved
July 20, 2010, from
http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/tobaccorelateddiseases/a/smokingrisks.htm
Vanessa Higgins (1998). Young Teenagers and Smoking (1998). Retrieved July 20, 2010,
from http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/smoking.pdf
19
APPENDICES
SURVEY ON SMOKING HABITS AMONG UMP STUDENTS
SURVEY QUESTION
Dear respondent, this survey is conducted to find out the prevalence of smoking and to describe the habits,
attitudes related to smoking among UMP students. We hope you can give cooperation in answering this
question. Thank you.
Faculty
: ________________
Gender
:
Male
Year
:
1
Female
2
3
4
Section A :
This section is to find out opinion about smoking. ( Please choose ONE answer )
1.
As a student, do you think smoking is essential to your life?
Yes
No
2.
When did you start smoking?
Below 15
15 – 17
17 – 20
3.
Smoking :
i.
Affect the environment
ii.
Makes people around feel uncomfortable
iii.
Makes you appear mature, self-confident and independent
Section B
This section is to find out the smoking habits among UMP students.
4.
How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
Below 5
10 – 15
5 – 10
more than 15
20
5.
6.
7.
How much you spend on cigarettes per week ?
Less than RM30
RM60 – RM90
RM30 – RM60
Above RM90
Why do you smoke?
Reduce stress
Curiosity
Peer Pressure
Make you cool
Who introduced the first cigarette to you?
Friends
Parents
Siblings
8.
Does smoking will help you to get good grades in examination?
Yes
9.
No
Smoking will lead you to : (Please RANK FROM 1 TO 5 according to your opinion. 1 is the MOST
and 5 is the LEAST)
1
2
3
4
5
Drug abuse
Less focus on class
Having difficulties in breathing.
Having difficulties in sleeping
Stinks mouth
Section C :
This section is to find out the effect of smoking on health.
10. Are you aware the effect of smoking ? (Please tick YES or NO )
Yes
No
21
11. What are the health effects that related to smoking? (You may tick MORE THAN ONE answer )
Coronary heart diseases
Heart attack
Emphysema (illness that slowly rots your lung)
Asthma
Bronchitis
Cancer
Influenza
Periodontitis (serious gum diseases)
Peptic Ulcers
12. What are the effects of smoking towards passive smoker (people who are always around people who
smoke) ? ( You may tick MORE THAN ONE answer)
Coronary heart diseases
Heart attack
Emphysema (illness that slowly rots your lung)
Asthma
Bronchitis
Cancer
Influenza
Periodontitis (serious gum diseases)
Peptic Ulcers
13. Do you have any intention to quit smoking ? (Please tick either YES or NO)
Yes
No
-THANK YOU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION-
22
INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Remember First time you smoked? yes or no If yes, where did you first smoke?
2. how old were you?
3. How long were you smoking regularly?
4. Why did you first start smoking?
5. How many cigarettes do you smoke each day?
6. Time day you smoke most?
7. What brand you smoke?
8. How many packs you smoke a day?
9. How much money you spend on cigarettes you spend in one week?
10. Are you aware of health hazards as result of smoking?
11. Any negative effects? if so, please explain
12. Tried quit smoking? yes or no if so, how many times?
23
SURVEY ON SMOKING HABITS AMONG UMP STUDENTS
This survey is conducted to find out the prevalence of smoking and to describe the habits as well as the attitudes
related to smoking among UMP students. We hope you can give your cooperation in answering this question. Thank
you.
V1
Faculty : ________________
1-FKKSA
2-FKASA
3-FKM
4-FKEE
5-FIST
6-FSKKP
7-OSH
V2
Gender :
V3
Year
1- Male
:
2- Female
1-1
2-2
3-3
4-4
Section A :
Please (√) ONE answer.
V4 1. As a student, do you think smoking is essential to your life?
1
Yes
2
No
V5 2. When did you start smoking ?
1
Below 15
2
15 – 17
3
17 – 20
V6 3. Smoking :
iv.
affects the environment
1
1
v.
makes people around you feel unconfortable
2
2
vi.
makes you appear mature, self-confident and independent
3
3
24
Section B
Please (√) ONE answer.
V7 4. How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
1-
Below 5
3-
10 – 15
2-
5 – 10
4-
more than 15
V8 5. How much you spend on cigarettes per week ?
1-
Less than RM30
3-
RM60 – RM90
2-
RM30 – RM60
4-
Above RM90
V9 6. Why do you smoke?
1-
Reduce stress
3-
Curiosity
2-
Peer Pressure
4-
Makes you look cool
V10 7. Who introduced the first cigarette to you?
1-
Friends
2-
Parents
3-
Siblings
4-
Others, please specify______________________
V11 8. Does smoking help you to get good grades in examination?
1-
Yes
2-
No
Please RANK FROM 1 TO 5 according to your opinion. 1 is for the MOST and 5 is for the LEAST
POSSIBILITY
9. Smoking will lead you to :
Drug abuse
Less focus in class
Having difficulties in breathing.
Having difficulties in sleeping
Stinks your mouth
Leads to health problems
Face financial problems
Face discipline problems
V12
V13
V14
V15
V16
V17
V18
V19
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
25
Section C :
Please (√) ONE answer.
V20 10.
Are you aware the effect of smoking ?
1-
Yes
2-
No
You may (√) MORE THAN ONE answer
1 - (√)
0- X
11. What are the health effects related to smoking?
V21
Coronary heart diseases
V22
Heart attack
V23
Emphysema (illness that slowly rots your lung)
V24
Asthma
V25
Bronchitis
V26
Cancer
V27
Influenza
V28
Periodontitis (serious gum diseases)
V29
Peptic Ulcers
You may (√) MORE THAN ONE answer
1 - (√)
0- X
12. What are the effects of smoking towards passive smokers (people who are always around people who
smoke) ?
V30
Coronary heart diseases
V31
Heart attack
V32
Emphysema (illness that slowly rots your lung)
V33
Asthma
V34
Bronchitis
V35
Cancer
V36
Influenza
V37
Periodontitis (serious gum diseases)
V38
Peptic Ulcers
26
Please (√) ONE answer.
V39
13. Do you have any intention to quit smoking ?
1-
Yes
2-
No
-THANK YOU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION-
27
Variable 1 : Faculty
FKKSA
FKASA
FKM
FKEE
FIST
FSKKP
FKPPT
13
6
9
11
7
8
6
Faculty
FKKSA
10%
13%
22%
FKASA
10%
12%
FKEE
15%
18%
FKM
FIST
FSKKP
Variable 2 : Gender
Male
Female
43
17
Gender
17
Male
43
Female
Variable 3 : Year
1
2
3
4
7
22
21
10
Year
40%
10%
20%
1
2
30%
3
4
28
Variable 4 : As a student, do you think smoking is essential to your life?
Yes
No
36
24
As student, smoking is essential to
your life
40%
Yes
60%
No
Variable 5: When did you start smoking ?
Below
15
15-17
17-20
14
22
24
Age when start smoking
40%
23%
37%
Below 15
15-17
17-20
29
Variable 6: Smoking :
1 - affect the environment
2 - makes people around you feel unconfortable
3 - makes you appear mature, self-confident and independence
17
15
28
Opinion about smoking
28%
47%
1
2
25%
3
1- affect the environment
2-makes people around you feel unconfortable
3-makes you appear mature, self confident and indepedence
Variable 7 : How many cigrettes do you smoke per day?
Below 5
5 to 10
10 to 15
more than 15
22
20
14
4
Cigarettes smoke per day
14
4
20
1
2
22
3
4
30
Variable 8 : How much you spend on Cigarettes per week?
Less than RM30
RM30 - RM60
RM60 - RM 90
Above RM90
26
29
5
0
Money spend on cigarettes per
week
0
5
26
29
Variable 9 : Why do you smoke?
Reduce stress
Peer Pressure
Curiosity
Makes you looks good
27
12
8
13
Reasons on why people
smoking
12
1
27
8
13
2
3
4
Variable 10 : Who introduced the first cigarette to you?
Friends
Parents
Siblings
Others
44
8
7
1
Persons who inroduced cigarette to
smokers
7
1
Friends
8
Parents
44
Siblings
Others
31
Variable 11 : Does smoking help you to get good grades in examination?
1) Yes
2) No
29
31
Opinion related to smoking
29
31
1) Yes
2) No
Variables 12 to 19 : Smoking will lead you to :
Variable
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Effects
Drug abuse
Less focus in class
Having difficulties in breathing
Having difficulties in sleeping
Stinks your mouth
Leads to health problems
Face financial problems
Face discipline problems
1
24
8
9
10
6
20
5
7
2
10
18
19
11
16
10
19
9
3
15
18
21
26
16
13
19
17
4
8
9
7
9
16
12
9
10
5
3
7
4
4
6
5
8
17
Effects of smoking to the smokers
30
25
Series1
20
Series2
15
Series3
10
Series4
Series5
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
32
Variables 20 : Are you aware of the effects smoking?
1) Yes
2) No
56
4
Awareness about smoking
4
1) Yes
56
2) No
Variables 21 to 29 : What are the health effects related to smoking?
Variable
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Health problems
Coronary heart diseases
Heart attact
Emphysema
Asthma
Bronchitis
Cancer
Influenza
Periodontitis (serious gum diseases)
Peptic ulser
1
23
33
20
17
32
15
47
38
40
0
37
27
40
43
28
45
13
22
20
Health effects of smoking
50
40
30
20
10
0
Series4
Series5
33
Variables 30 to 38 : What are the efects of smoking towards passive smokers?
Variable
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Health problems
Coronary heart diseases
Heart attact
Emphysema
Asthma
Bronchitis
Cancer
Influenza
Periodontitis (serious gum diseases)
Peptic ulser
1
43
44
24
14
28
24
45
51
50
0
17
16
26
46
32
36
15
9
10
Effects of smoking towards passive smokers
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
Series5
Variable 39 : Do you have any intention to quit smoking?
1) Yes
2) No
44
16
Intention to quit smoking
16
1) Yes
44
2) No
34