The Future of Automobiles:
Rolling Out the Next Generation of
Advanced Vehicles
May 17, 2001
World Environment Center Colloquium
Washington, DC
Thomas J. Gross
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Transportation Uses More Oil
Than Is Produced Domestically
Highway Carbon Emissions
(million metric tons)
14
12
Domestic Oil Production
1990 2000
325 384
2010
455
2020
507
Heavy Trucks
10
8
Light Trucks
6
4
2
Automobiles
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
Actual
2010
2020
Projected
Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 19, DOE/ORNL-6958, September 1999, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2000, DOE/EIA0383(2000), December 1999
2
Closing the Oil Gap
 Increase the Supply of Oil
AND
 Reduce the Demand for Oil
• Improve the Fuel Economy of Vehicles
•
•
(& other Oil Using Equipment)
Replace Oil with Alternative Fuels
(& Feedstocks)
Reduce the Amount of Travel
(& other Behavioral Changes)
3
Partnerships Are Key to Success
Bioenergy
Initiative
US AMP
Government-Industry
21st Century Truck Partnership
USABC
4
PNGV: A Historic Collaboration Between
Industry & Government
PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES
Daimler
Chrysler
Suppliers
Universities
Small Business
Federal Labs
Ford
GM
Capabilities
Prioritized Needs
USCAR
Resources
Technologies
Technologies
Government
Industry
Partnership
(PNGV)
Goal 1:
Adv. Manufacturing
DO
C
DOE
Technologies
Resources
DOT
NSF
Government
Agencies
(DOC Lead)
DOD
EPA
NASA
Goal 2:
Near-Term Vehicle
Improvements
Goal 3:
Triple Fuel Efficiency
(up to 80 mpg)
5
PNGV Technology Milestones
Completed on Schedule
PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES
1993
•
Hybrid Vehicles
•
Fuel Cells, Fuel Reformers
•
CIDI Engines, Turbines
•
•
Low Emissions Technologies
New Materials
•
Advanced Design Simulations
•
Efficient Electronics and
Electrical Devices
•
Advanced Batteries
Ultra-Capacitors and
Flywheels
•
Focus and Accelerate
Candidates for Development:
Technology Selection
Decisions Completed
1997
2000
Three
Concept
Cars
2004
Three
Production
Prototype
Cars
Technology
Concept Vehicles
6
Technology Portfolio
Continues to Evolve
PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES
Engine/Power Sources
• Advanced Heat Engines
– DI Engines
– HCCI
– VCR
• Combustion and
Aftertreatment
– Lean NOx Catalyst
– EGR
– Traps
• Fuel Cell
• Batteries
– NiMH Battery
– Lithium Battery
• Pneumatic/Hydraulic
Storage
• Power Electronics
– Invertors/Controllers
– Motors
– Ultracapacitors –
Electric
Systems Development
• Aerodynamics
• Rolling Resistance – Tires
• Accessory Loads – HVAC
• Powertrain Configuration
– Parallel HEV
– Series HEV
Most promising options
Other technologies
Fuels Utilization
• Gasoline
• Diesel Fuels and Blends
(<30 ppm sulfur)
• Natural Gas
• Methanol
• Fischer-Tropsch
• Dimethyl Ether
• Ethanol
• Hydrogen
Advanced Materials
• Lightweight Materials
– Aluminum/Composite BIW
– Composite BIW
• Propulsion Materials
7
2000 PNGV Concept Vehicles
PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES
Ford Prodigy
GM Precept
• Lightweight materials reduce
DaimlerChrysler ESX3
vehicle body structure weight
50%*
• Integrated starter/alternator*
• 33% reduction in aerodynamic
drag
• Advanced diesel engine with
35% efficiency improvement
projected to exceed 70 mpg
(gasoline equivalent)*
• Body system weighs 46% less*
• High-power battery *
• Efficient diesel engine, motor,
and battery projected at 72 mpg
(gasoline equivalent)*
• Cost penalty halved to $7500
•
•
•
•
Vehicle body weight reduced 45% *
World’s most energy efficient vehicle lighting system
Lowest drag coefficient ever recorded for a 5-p sedan
Dual-axle parallel hybrid achieves 79.6 mpg (gasoline
equivalent)
*Government supported technologies 8
Many Research Facilities and Firms
Are Working to Make PNGV a Success
19
2
2
5
17
8
1
1
6
22
79
10
34
35
21
53
89
26
343
36 10
13
124
1
82
30
65
2 15
1
15
9
7
51
2
4
1
3 4 10
RI 2
31
1
9
1
1,201 Projects at 622 Sites, including
51 Universities and 21 Federal Labs in 47 States
9
DOE Support of PNGV Is Focused
on Long-Range, High-Risk R&D
Research
2000
2004
2008
2012
Validation
Integration
Goal 3:
3X
Research
Production
Concept
Cars
DOE Support
of PNGV
Productio
n
Prototype
Vehicle
Program
s
Government & Industry
Industry
Next
Concept
Productio
n
10
Difficult, but Surmountable, Research
Challenges Remain to Achieve Very
High Fuel Economy
 Hybrid Systems:
 CIDI Engines:
Parallel configuration offers best option to meet 80 mpg.
Series configuration may be used with fuel cells. Cost,
weight, and packaging remain as challenges.
Mature technology with 44% efficiency, but Nox and
particulate emissions remain challenges.
 Fuel Cells:
Lowest onboard emissions and potential for highest efficiency,
but cost, systems integration, and fueling infrastructure are
major challenges.
 Energy Storage:
Considerable progress in developing high-power battery; focus
now on cost and cycle life.
 Power Electronics:
Progress on cost, power-to-weight ratios, and efficiencies
needed.
 Light Materials:
Significant weight reductions achieved. Major issues are cost,
manufacturability, joining, recycling, and repair.
 Fuels:
Fuel impacts on infrastructure must be addressed. Thorough
evaluation is needed of the effects of fuel composition and physical
properties on CIDI and fuel systems’ performance.
11
Technology Is Migrating into New
U.S. Vehicles
• Hybrid-electric drives scheduled for:
–
–
–
–
Dodge Durango in 2003
Ford Escape in 2003
Chevrolet Silverado in 2004
and Ford Explorer in 2005
• 412 pounds of lightweight aluminum
in the 2000 Lincoln LS
• Aluminum used for door, deck, and
hood panels for Cadillac, Oldsmobile,
and Chevrolet vehicles
• 50-pounds lighter composite pickup
truck box on the 2001 Chevrolet
Silverado
• Production of a new, lighter, recyclable
thermoplastic hardtop for the Jeep
Wrangler in 2001
12
21st Century Truck Partnership
DOE/EE/OTT
Heavy Vehicle
Department of Technologies R&D
Energy
Department of
Transportation
Intelligent Vehicle
and Highway
Safety R&D
S
S
ITED TATE
UN
E
N
NA
GEN CY
VI R ON M
General Motors
Honeywell
International Truck
and Engine
Mack Trucks
NovaBUS
Oshkosh Truck
PACCAR
Volvo Trucks North America
EN
Allison Transmission
BAE SYSTEMS Controls
Caterpillar
Cummins
DaimlerChrysler
Detroit Diesel
Eaton Corporation
Freightliner
Department of
Defense
TA
IO
Industry Participants
Army/TACOM
NAC Military
Vehicle R&D
L P ROT EC
T
Environmental
Protection Agency
Vehicle
Emissions
Regulations
13
21st Century Truck Partnership
Declaration of Intent
Develop production prototype vehicles that:
 Improve fuel efficiency, specifically, by 2010;
 Double the Class 8 long-haul truck fuel efficiency*;
 Triple the Class 2b and 6 truck (delivery van) fuel efficiency*;
and
 Triple the Class 8 transit bus fuel efficiency*;
Exceed expected emissions standards for 2010;
Meet or exceed motor carrier safety goal of reducing
truck fatalities by half in ten years; and
Enhance affordability, and maintain or enhance
performance.
* On a ton-mile per gallon basis
14
Many Federal Roles in Promoting
Advanced Vehicles
Area
•
•
•
•
•
Research & Development
Demonstration
Deployment
Incentives & Funding
Regulation
Example
•
•
•
•
•
PNGV
U.S. Postal Service
Energy Policy Act
TEA-21
Clean Air Act
15
Selected Transportation Policies
Policy
Year
Regulations
&
Standards
EPCA
(CAFE)
1975


AMFA
1988


EPACT
1992

ISTEA &
TEA-21
1991 & 1996
Financial
Incentives

Information


16
Selected Proposals to Promote
Clean and Efficient Vehicles
Types of Incentives/Inducements
Bill
S. 389
Murkowski
AFVS
EVs
Hybrids
Fuel Cells
Fuel
Use



Stations
HOV
Lanes
Federal
Agencies







S. 597
Bingaman
S. 760
Hatch




17
Federal Agencies Can Have A Role
• Number of vehicles in the Federal fleet – 578,000
• Number of alternative fuel vehicles – 55,000
• Estimated annual purchases – 55,000
 Sedans ~ 17,500
 Light trucks, vans, SUVs ~ 22,500
 Medium, heavy-duty vehicles ~ 15,000
• Average cost for Federal vehicles is low
 Compact sedans @ $12,000; light trucks @ $13,000
• Fleets are located all over the country, including rural areas
18
Executive Order 13149
April 2000
Goals and Requirements:
– 20% Petroleum Reduction in Covered
Federal Fleets in FY 2005 Compared to FY
1999 Baseline
– Use of Alternative Fuel in AFVs by FY 2005
– Increased Average Fuel Economy of New
Light Duty Vehicle Acquisitions
19
In Summary
Federal role
– Energy supply and demand are national issues
– Federal efforts can support industry marketing
– Testing and evaluation; consumer education; Clean Cities
– Federal agency demonstrations
Comprehensive program
– Multiple market segments (e.g., light and heavy duty)
– Multiple technology options and fuels
Coordination and partnership are critical
Long term commitment is necessary
20