• adherence to respect for human dignity as the core value for building the political, economic and social order
• basic principles: freedom and responsibility, basic equality for all, justice, solidarity, and subsidiarity as keystones of society in which individuals can thrive in coexistence with others
Judaism Christianity Islam Ideologies
•

1919 – Don Luigi Sturzo founded the Partito Popolare
Italiano (PPI) in Italy, which was abolished by the
Fascist regime in 1925
1925 – A permanent Secretariat of the parties of
Christian-social inspiration was established in Paris by
Don Luigi Sturzo of Italy and George Bidault of France
1947 – The organization “Nouvelles Equipes
Internationales” was set up, including the European CD parties
Luigi Sturzo
1947 – The Christian Democratic Organization of America (ODCA) was set up, grouping the Christian Democratic parties of Latin America
1950 – The Christian Democratic Union of Central Europe (CDUCE) was formed by the Christian Democratic Parties of Central and East Europe who were prevented from working in their own countries
1961 – The Christian Democrat World Union (CDWU) was constituted in
Chile as a political international to create a Christian-inspired third way alternative
1962 – Foundation of the International Union of Young Christian Democrats
(IUYCD) including the Christian Democratic youth organizations of Europe,
Latin America and Africa
1965 – The “NEI” was converted into the European Christian Democratic
Union (ECDU)
1976 – The European People’s Party (EPP) was established as a federation of the CD parties of the European Community (EEC)
1978 – Foundation of the Christian Democratic Women’s World Union
(CDWWU)

– CDWU was renamed Christian Democratic
International (CDI) as the global international political group dedicated to the promotion of Christian
Democracy
– The CDI Asia-Pacific Office was set up in
Manila
– Christian Democratic International (CDI) was renamed Christian Democrat and People’s Parties
International (IDC-CDI) in recognition of the participation of political groups and movements of various faiths
– IDC-CDI was renamed Centrist Democrat
International

Declaration of
Rights of Man
rise of liberal and democratic ideas and massive shift of powers from feudal institutions to the state
technological and industrial progress whose social effects gave birth to trade unionism and socialism
Karl Marx
growth of Christian Democracy as a
Catholic social action movement to address misery of working classes and introduce principle of subsidiarity
Leo XIII

CENTRIST DEMOCRACY: CHURCH SOCIAL TEACHING
Social Teachings of the Popes
• Human Dignity
• Subsidiarity
• Solidarity
• Distributism
• Caritas
Pope Leo XIII
Rerum Novarum
Pope Pius XI
Quadragesimo Anno
Pope Pius XII
Social teachings
Pope John XXIII
Mater et Magistra
Pacem in Terris
Vatican II
Dignitatis Humanae
Gaudium et Spes
Pope Paul VI
Populorum Progressio
Pope John Paul II
Centesimus Annus
Laborem Exercens
Sollicitudo Rei Socialis
Pope Benedict XVI
Caritas in Veritate
General
Social Teachings of the Popes
Catholic social teaching
Subsidiarity
• Sanctity of human life and dignity of the person
• Call to family, community, and participation
• Rights and responsibilities
• Preferential option for the poor
• Dignity of work and the right of workers
• Solidarity
• Care for God’s creation

CENTRIST DEMOCRACY: RENEWAL
Pre 1940 Movement
common worldview was suspicion of modernity, distrust of democracy, opposition to individualism, and rejection of the legacy of the French Revolution
Mounier Gilson Maritain
Post WWII Ideological Ferment
renewal stimulated by intellectual ferment led by French philosophers Emmanuel Mounier, Etienne Gilson and
Jacques Maritain who gave new meaning to stand for freedom and justice, economic and social democracy, and human rights
Schuman Adenauer de Gasperi
New Generation of Leaders
a new generation of Christian Democratic leaders who advocated that the movement and party would be openly
Christian, but neither clerical nor strictly Catholic, and led a new CD era

CENTRIST DEMOCRACY: LEGACIES
Enduring Legacies of Christian Democracy
renewed ideological orientation and new generation of leaders laid the foundation for enduring legacies:
EU
European Union
creation of a democratic organization for Europe in order to establish a supranational structure that would promote lasting peace between
Member State based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms
UN Declaration
UN Declaration of Human Rights
adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly in December
1948, the UN Declaration has been considered as “largely identical” with the value system expressed in new
Christian Democratic worldview

CENTRIST DEMOCRACY: LEGACIES
Social Market Economy
political philosophy implemented in practice by Ludwig Erhard as the main economic model used in West Germany (and in reunited Germany) after World
War II
Erhard
Maastricht Treaty
Subsidiarity Principle
originated in Rerum Novarum was institutionalized in European Union
(EU) law by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 and is presently best known as a fundamental principle of
European Union law

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: BEGGININGS
Formation of Social Movements
Institute of Social Order
formally established in 1947 through the efforts of Fr. Walter Hogan, S.J. in concretizing the social teachings of the Catholic Church
ISO
FFW
Federation of Free Workers
founded in1950 by a group of young idealistic labor leaders led by Juan Tan, who were inspired by the Christian teachings of Walter Hogan, S.J., thus becoming the first labor federation which draws inspirations from the social doctrines and principles of Christianity
Federation of Free Farmers
was organized in 1953 by a group of
Catholic laymen soon after the break-up of the Communist-led revolutionary movement in the country during the term of President
Ramon Magsaysay
FFF

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: BEGGININGS
MANUEL MANAHAN (second from left) with RAUL
MANGLAPUS (extreme right)
Mirador Vision and the Christian Social Movement
in December 1967 Christian Democracy began to flourish in the
Philippines as a political movement, with the formation of the
Christian Social Movement (CSM) under the leadership of Raul
Manglapus and Manuel Manahan – political heirs of Ramon
Magsaysay
an offshoot of a conference convened by Francisco Araneta, S.J. in
Baguio to discuss Pope Paul VI’s papal encyclical Populorum
Progressio in the light of Philippine realities; guided by a dream for a just, human and progressive society dubbed the “Mirador Vision,” the CSM was formally launched in August 1968

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: BEGGININGS
Advocacies of the CSM
indicted the socio-political realities of the times, offering the establishment of a Christian humanist society based on truth, respect, justice, service, and love
– in the words of
Manglapus : “We believe in a truly and fully human society which is the ideal of Christianity as well as of all the great religions of the world.” And “such a Christian humanist society does not exist in the Philippines today.”
advocated the establishment of socio-political system based on Christian democracy and sought to provide an alternative to the growing influence of Communism and the failure of pure capitalist system to address the basic problems of the Filipino people
Helmut Kohl
Linkage with Christian Democrat
International
the CDWU in 1967 a young leader of the German Christian Democratic
Union (CDU) named Helmut Kohl of the Christian Democratic Union
(CDU) visited the Philippines with a delegation of European Christian
Democrats; the 1967 encounter was the beginning of very close fraternal relationship of the CSM with both the CDU and Helmut
Kohl, 1969

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: INFLUENCES
Events Influencing Early Development of CD in Philippines
First Quarter Storm of 1970: Student
Activism
period of civil unrest, composed of a series of heavy demonstrations, rallies, protests, and marches launched by radical and moderate student groups from
January to March 1970 heightened ideological debates
CPP
Christian
Socialism
Liberation
Theology
MNLF
Various Developments in National Scene
re-emergence of the Communist Party of the Philippines
(CPP) under the influence of the more revolutionary Mao Tse
Tung thought
movement that slowly emerged during the period “to
Christianize socialism” or “to Christianize Marxism” that inspired the trend of popularizing the term “Christian
Socialism”
popularity of the Latin American “Liberation Theology” which gained adherents among priests, bishops, nuns and seminarians
raging Muslim problems and conflict in southern Philippines

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: INITIATIVES
Various Forms of Christian-inspired Movements
the Young Christian Socialists of the
Philippines (YCSP), the youth arm of the
Christian Social Movement (CSM) organized in 1968 under the leadership of Arturo Valdez, collaborated and worked with more progressive or militant groups, known as the Christian Left
the Christians for National Liberation
(CNL) was organized in September
1971 by Edicio de la Torre, S.V.D. and was composed of churchmen who had been attracted to Marxism
the Nagkakaisang Partido Demokratiko
Socialista ng Pilipinas (NPDSP) was formed in May 1972 by Romeo Intengan,
S.J., with Hasik Kalayaan of Norberto
Gonzales as its core group – to advocate Democratic Socialism
other groups and movements such as the Lakasdiwa led by
Eduardo Garcia, S.J. and the KASAPI led by Jose Lina and
Jose Luis Alcuaz

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: INITIATIVES
Mastura
Initiatives on Coalition Building
in 1972, CSM with eight sectoral groups formed a
Christian Democracy coalition that led to the signing of a common ideological platform, towards formation of a new political party, situated left-of-center of the
Philippine political spectrum
during the 1971 Constitutional Convention, the progressive bloc led by Manglapus initiated the
“Mindanao Dialogue”, with the objective of drafting provisions granting more autonomy to Muslim communities, that crafted with then fellow ConCon delegate Michael Mastura a Muslim-Christian
Manifesto

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: DIASPORA
Declaration of Martial Law in 1972
Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in September 1972 and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists
leaders of CSM and other Christianinspired movements were arrested and detained; opposition leaders and those with “socialist” leanings either sought legal fronts, fled into exile, or were radicalized and went underground
Marcos
Movement for Free Philippines
exiled social activists in the U.S. founded in May 1973 the MFP under the leadership of Raul Manglapus and other CSM members, notably Bonifacio
Gillego, Gaston Ortigas, and Heherson
Alvarez, as U.S.-based protest movement
Legal Fronts, Underground, Critical Collaboration
great majority of Christian Democrats left behind either kept up their struggle within the framework of martial rule, by seeking refuge in some legal groups or sectoral organizations like the FFW, or else got recruited into the underground movement of the Extreme Left; a few
“collaborated critically” with the martial law regime -- but scattered though they were, still kept faith with Christian
Democratic ideals

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: RESURGENCE
Lifting of Martial Law in 1981
after hijacking the 1971 Constitutional Convention and inserting his amendments and transitory provisions allowing him to stay in power beyond 1973, Marcos lifted martial law in January 1981 thus allowing the emergence of political opposition groups
Ninoy Aquino Assassination in 1983
death of Ninoy Aquino in August 1983 transformed the Philippine opposition from a small isolated movement to a massive unified crusade, incorporating people from all walks of life
Ninoy Aquino: A Christian Socialist
before he returned to the Philippines, Ninoy Aquino,
Jr. articulated in his “A Christian Democratic Vision”:
“If I must be labeled, I think I will fit the label of
Christian Socialist best. My ideology flows from the mainstream of Christian Democratic Socialism as practiced in Austria, West Germany and the
Scandinavian countries.”

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: RESURGENCE
Pimentel
Pilipino Democratic Party (PDP)
first Christian Democratic group to resurface from the dormant CSM was the Pilipino Democratic Party (PDP), organized in February
1982 under the leadership of Aquilino Pimentel,Jr. and Luis Jose; in1984, however, PDP merged with the Laban Party of detained
Benigno Aquino, Jr. under the name PDP Laban
Christian Democratic Movement (CDM)
formed by some members of the CSM and the YCSP incarcerated during the martial law period under the leadership of Emmanuel
Cruz; later in 1983, the group organized the Christian Democratic
Party (CDP) inside the confines of the Bicutan Stockade
National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD)
in April 1984, the CSM was regrouped and renamed the National
Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) through the initiatives of
Amado Luis Lagdameo as founding President, Evelio Javier,
Rodolfo Buenavista, Ramon Tagle, a priest Jose Sunga

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: RESURGENCE
United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (UMDP)
a year after the launching of the NUCD, a group of young Muslim leaders led by Sanchez Ali held a series of meetings with Christian Democrat leaders to discuss the raging problems of Mindanao; the result was the establishment of a counterpart fraternal movement called the United Muslim Democrats of the
Philippines (UMDP), patterned after the ideals and objectives of the NUCD
Guingona
Bansang Nagkakaisa sa Diwa at Layunin (BANDILA)
in August 1985, another group that emerged which helped influence the growth and development of Christian Democracy in the Philippines was the
Bansang Nagkakaisa sa Diwa at Layunin (BANDILA), composed in part of
Christian Democratic groups like the FFF and FFW, under the leadership of
Teofisto Guingona, Agapito Aquino and Mar Canonigo
Concepcion
Christian Social Democratic Movement (CSDM)
t he Christian Social Democratic Movement (CSDM), which started locally as the
Kilusan ng mga Demokratikong Pilipino (KDP), was formed in November 1986 as a Christian democratic-inspired multi-sectoral movement chaired by Romebased sculptor-artist Tomas Concepcion

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: 1986 EDSA
Javier
February 1986 Snap Election and Javier Martyrdom
NUCD was one of nine coalition parties under the UNIDO which supported Cory Aquino as the common candidate in the 1986 snap presidential election against the monolith Kilusang Bagong
Lipunan (KBL) of Marcos
while protecting the votes of Cory Aquino, Evelio Javier was brutally murdered, and it is said that his death on 11 February delivered the final blow to the people’s resentment against the
Marcos’ dictatorship that ignited the People Power/Philippine
EDSA Revolution on 22-25 February Revolution -- that drove
Marcos into exile and placed Cory Aquino in the seat of power
NUCD-UMDP Merger
in November 1987, at the joint national convention in Cebu City, the NUCD and the
UMDP were merged into one political party that formally brought the Muslim and the
Christians together within a viable political framework, where the term “Christian and
Muslim” were used, not in a confessional, but in a cultural sense, while at the same time defining the fundamental source of their respective values

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: CORY
Aquino
1986 EDSA People Power as Christian Democratic
in December 1986, President Cory Aquino publicly acknowledge that, “with Ninoy, I believe in democracy and in the primacy of
Christian values.” And that “the revolution that restored freedom and dignity to our nation was both Christian and Democratic…”
Manglapus
NUCD-UMDP in Cory Administration
NUCD-UMDP vision was recognized by President Aquino who appointed to office a good number of men and women of Christian
Democratic ideological inspiration – Jose Concepcion, Jr., Aquilino
Pimentel, Jr., Bienvenido Tan, Bonifacio Gillego, all with original
CSM, as well as Jaime Ferrer
, of the CSM’s predecessor
Progressive Party of the Philippines, and Joey Lina of KASAPI;
Mary Concepcion Bautista was head of the Commission on Human
Rights; and Raul Manglapus served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: CORY
An Ideology in Support of Pres. Corazon C. Aquino
NUCD-UMDP mobilized in December 1986 Christian
Democrat International network hosted the CDI
Political Bureau Meeting in Manila, which issued a resolution of support for President Cory Aquino
NUCD-UMDP declared in August 1987 Christian-
Muslim Democracy as an Ideology in Support of
President Corazon C. Aquino
in June 1988, convened the first International
Conference of Newly Restored Democracies which signed The Manila Declaration of Democracy affirming support for democratic transitions to more stable constitutional democracy

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: PFVR
Ramos
Introduction of Fidel Ramos to Christian Democracy
during December 1986 CDI Political Bureau meeting in Manila then Chief of Staff General Fidel Ramos was invited to speak on
“civilian supremacy” and was first exposed to the Christian
Democracy
Act of Enosis in Support of Fidel Ramos
on 3 February 1992, nine (9) political parties signed a coalition agreement supporting the candidacy of Fidel Ramos for President: the National Union of Democrats-United Muslim Democrats of the
Philippines (NUCD-UMDP); the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
EDSA Wing (EDSA LDP); the Philippine Democratic Socialist Party
(PDSP); the Lakas Tao; Bicol Saro; Lapiang Manggagawa; Partido
Katutubo; and Ompia Party
on 6 February 1992, the NUCD-UMDP under Raul Manglapus,
PartidoLakas Tao under Edelmiro Amante, and the EDSA LDP
Party under Francisco Sumulong and Jose de Venecia, Jr. entered into a historic merger – called Act of Enosis
name of the party changed from NUCD-UMDP to Lakas NUCD-
UMDP

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: PFVR
Christian Democratic Program of
Government
– The Spirit of EDSA
political campaign as NUCD-
UMDP anchored on the issue of people empowerment, presenting a Christian Democratic Program of
Government -The Spirit of EDSA, as first genuine manifestation of
Christian-Muslim in the Philippines in its broadest and most pervasive sense
Distinct Features of Lakas NUCD-UMDP Ideology
in building a new social order based on the tenets, principles and values of Christianity and Islam
proclaimed adherence to distinct features dominant in the
Filipino people’s value system: as four founding pillars of envisioned new social order -- Maka-Diyos; Maka-Tao;
Maka-Bansa; and, Maka-Kalikasan
as three guiding principles for the attainment of new political, economic and socio-cultural order -- Subsidiarity,
Sustainable Development, and People Empowerment
as four operating policies to promote the guiding principles -
- Decentralization, Devolution, Deregulation, and
Democratization
basic strategy for development is People Empowerment

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: PFVR
Where I Stand and Philippines 2000
Fidel Ramos defined in his 1992 declaration Where I Stand his National
Development Agenda into five distinct, but interlinked and interdependent components, namely: political, economic, labor, social, and environmental incorporated in the 1993-1998 Medium
Term Development Plan, its Program of
Government was eventually dubbed
Philippines 2000, with its Five-Point
Program: Peace and Stability, Economic
Growth and Sustainable Development,
Energy and Power Generation,
Environmental Protection, and
Streamlined Bureaucracy
1995 Lakas-Laban Coalition
in order to advance the reform agenda, formed a coalition arrangement in 1995 with the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
(LDP) for the mid-term elections dubbed the
“Lakas-Laban
Coalition” Compact for Change, which won majority in both
Houses of Congress
Christian-Muslim Democratic Legacy of FVR
period of political stability and rapid economic growth and expansion, as a result of policies and programs designed to foster national reconciliation and unity, including major peace agreements with Muslim separatists, communist insurgents and military rebels, which renewed investor confidence in the
Philippine economy; and also aggressively pushed for the deregulation of the nation's major industries and the privatization of bad government assets
implemented the Social Reform Agenda and the Moral Recovery
Program

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: SJDV
De Venecia
Lakas NUCD-UMDP and Kampi Coalition
in January 1998, Lakas NUCD-UMDP and the KAMPI (Kabalikat ng
Malayang Pilipino) led by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed a pledge to form a union under the banner of the Lakas NUCD-UMDP-KAMPI
affirmed the common commitment to promote and strengthen a political culture that is Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Maka-Bayan, and Maka-Kalikasan, as well as shared belief in the fundamental principles of people empowerment, sustainable development, subsidiarity in the conduct of government, all stemming from the ideology of Christian and Islamic Democracy de Venecia, Jr. - Arroyo 1998 Tandem
party document entitled Where We Stand was issued in February 1998 -- as an integral party platform culled from the declarations Here I Stand of Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo and Continuity and Innovation of Jose De Venecia, Jr.
Legacy of Speaker Jose de Venecia, Jr .
took the lead in building rainbow coalitions in order to advance legislative agenda and policy reforms
initiated historic CDI-Rabitah Dialogue in March-April 1993 that set the foundation for the Global Interfaith Dialogue adopted by the United Nations in
2008
strengthened CDI presence by setting up CDI Asia-Pacific in Manila in 1995
launched the first series of International Conference of Asian Political Parties
(ICAPP) in September 2000

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: PGMA
Arroyo
New Politics and Good Governance
sworn in as President in 2001, with “New Politics and
Good Governance ” as her battle cry, founded on her four proclaimed core beliefs: 1) our national objective should be the elimination of poverty within this decade; 2) we need to improve moral standards in government and in society, in order to provide foundation for good governance; 3) we need to replace our politics of personality and patronage with new politics of party programs and process of consultation, in order to proved a foundation for true reforms; and 4) leadership by example that not only talks about Christian values, but also lives them
National Agenda: Strong Republic
defined her new National Agenda as: 1) commitment to the economic philosophy of free enterprise by the private sector; 2) balance aspirations to economic development with social and sectoral bias in favor of the poor; and 3) build a modernized agricultural sector founded on social equity

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: PGMA
Ten-Point Agenda: Beat the Odds
Arroyo's presidency after the 2004 elections was anchored on the 10-point agenda that she presented during her inaugural speech on 30 June 2004:







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 creation of six million jobs in six years through more opportunities given to entrepreneurs construction of new buildings, classrooms, provision of desks and chairs and books for students and scholarships to poor families balancing of the budget
"decentralization" of progress around the nation through the use of transportation networks like the roll-on, roll-off (RORO) and the digital infrastructure provision of electricity and water supply to barangays nationwide decongestion of Metro Manila by forming new cores of government and housing centers in Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao development of Clark and Subic as the best international service and logistic centers in the region automation of the electoral process just end to the peace process a fair closure to the divisiveness among the Edsa 1, 2 and, 3 forces

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: PGMA
Lakas CMD-led Coalitions
at the instance of Vice President Arroyo as titular head,
Lakas NUCD-UMDP was renamed Lakas-CMD (Lakas-
Christian Muslim Democrats) in 2001, particularly for the
2001 mid-term elections under the banner of the People
Power Coalition (PPC); However, the meaning of Lakas in the party name is usually now referred to as "Lakas ng
EDSA" than the original Lakas ng Tao
in the 2004 elections, the name Lakas -Christian Muslim
Democrats, or Lakas-CMD, was used when Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo ran for President under the K-4 Coalition
(Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan); she was elected to a full six-year presidential term in the controversial May 2004 Philippine elections, and was sworn in on 30 June 2004
and in 2007, Lakas CMD led TEAM Unity, the name of the pro-Arroyo coalition in the midterm elections; however, the coalition performed dismally in the senatorial race

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: PGMA
Lakas CMD and Kampi Merger
on 28 May 2009, Lakas CMD formally merged with KAMPI, to be known as Lakas Kampi; new party constitution was adopted, declaring adherence to seven principles for the development and advancement of the political, economic, and socio-cultural systems of Philippine society: good governance, globalization, people empowerment, sustainable development, social justice, and solidarity
moreover, former Speaker of the House Jose de Venecia, Jr. resigned his post as President of Lakas-CMD on 10 March
2009; on 9 August 2009, former House Speaker Jose de
Venecia, Jr. and former President Fidel V. Ramos led fifty members from the Lakas CMD in objecting to its merger with
Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI)
2010 National Elections
on 11 November 2009, Lakas Kampi CMD named Gilbert
Teodoro and Edu Manzano as official candidates for
President and Vice President respectively

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN PHILIPPINES: CHALLENGES
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