CHAPTER 17:
RENAI S S ANCE AND
REFORMATI ON
AGENDA
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Quiz on Chapter 15
Notes on Chapter 17
Luther exercise
Homework- Turn in Research outline to Turn it in
outline by 9 a.m. and read Spirits Chapters due
11/20
RENAISSANCE
• Roman Catholic Church
• Church became
engaged in politics
• Lay investiture challenged
by Gregory VII (10731085), said that only he
could carry out God’s will
• Led to conflict with Henry
IV, showed supremacy of
the Pope, but did not
really settle the question
RENAISSANCE
• Church Ascendant
• Concordat of Worms
allowed Pope to appoint
the Bishop, who then paid
homage to the king
• Innocent III (1198-1216)
brought the church to its
height
• New orders such as the
Franciscans (service)
and Dominicans were
created (anti-heretical,
Inquisition)
RENAISSANCE
• Renaissance Popes
• Renaissance Popes were very corrupt
• Sixtus IV(1471-84)- nepotism
• Alexander VI (Borgia Pope,1484-1503)- affairs, incest
& nepotism
• Leo X (1513-21) focused on wealth
• Julius II (1503-13)- “Warrior Pope”, patron of arts,
built St. Peter’s
• Leo X (1513-21) focused on wealth
View from the Top – St.
Peter’s Square and Rome
Front of St. Peter’s
Basilica
RENAISSANCE
• Rebirth of classical learning
• Product of wealthy, urban society &
reintroduction of ideas from the Middle
East
• Began in Italy as it was wealthy, on trade
routes, and had Roman legacy
• Church & other patrons sponsored
• Set the trend for questioning traditional ideas,
followed by Reformation, etc.
• Society was divided into 3 estates
• Ideals of nobility set forth in Castiglione’s Book
of the Courtier
• Commoners still primarily rural, but in towns
subdivisions arose
The Duomo in
Florence designed by
Filippo Brunolleschi
RENAISSANCE
• Renaissance Humanism
• Focused on education in the
classics and liberal studies
• Vernacular literature
developed (Dante, later
Chaucer)
• Gutenberg’s printing press
(c. 1450) allows for rapid
spread of ideas
• Printing spread rapidly
through Europe
Gutenberg’s press
RENAISSANCE
• Art
• More realism, use of new
techniques, and inclusion
of non-religious topics
• Leonardo, Raphael &
Michelangelo
• Northern Renaissance
• Van Eyck & Durer
Jan Van Eyck was a famous painter of
the Northern Renaissance.
REFORMATION
• Background
• Shift of Power from Church to State
• Catholic Church was excessively powerful
and corrupt in the late Middle Ages
• Began as a movement to reform, but ended as
a schism
• Humanists focused on reason and education
to improve oneself
• Christian humanists believed in individual
understanding of the Bible and God
REFORMATION
•Christian Humanism
•Erasmus, others,
criticized aspects of
Catholicism such as the
sacraments, in favor of
a personal piousness
•The Praise of Folly
humorously criticized
aspects of the church
Erasmus
REFORMATION
• Martin Luther
• Monk/professor of
theology at Wittenberg
• Developed idea of
Justification by Faith as
the means to salvation,
belief in the Bible as the
only source of religious
authority
• Offended by the sale of
indulgences, he posted
his 95 Theses
Martin Luther statue in
Wittenberg, Germany
REFORMATION
• Excommunicated in 1521,
called before the Diet of
Worms by HRE Charles V
• Luther was outlawed, but
protected by the elector of
Saxony and other German
princes
• State-sanctioned Lutheran
churches developed, but
dissension occurred among
converts
• Lutheranism allowed for
vernacular church services,
focusing on the scriptures,
allowed marriage of clergy,
etc.
REFORMATION
• Lutheranism
• Opposed by H.R.E Charles V, who was,
but was unable to focus on the issue
due to external threats and internal
dissension
• Peace of Augsburg (1555) recognized
Lutheranism in “Germany”, allowed
rulers to decide what religion they
wanted to practice
REFORMATION
• Calvinism
• John Calvin agreed with Luther’s basic
ideas, but also believed in Predestination
• Formed theocracy in Geneva
• Followers formed the Huguenot Church in
France, Presbyterian in Scotland, Puritans in
America
REFORMATION
• Formation of the Church of
England
6 Wives of Henry VIII
• Henry VIII wanted to divorce his
wife, Catherine of Aragon, but his
request was denied by the Pope
who did not want to anger her
nephew, Charles V, the Holy
Roman Emperor
• Henry created Church of
England, with few differences
from Catholicism
• Act of Supremacy (1534) made
monarch head of Church of
England
REFORMATION
• Reformation
• Son Edward (1547-53)
rules briefly
• Mary, the daughter of
Catherine came to
power (with husband
Philip II of Spain, son of
Charles V)
• Tried to restore
Catholicism, burned 300
Protestant ‘heretics”,
earning nickname
“Bloody Mary”
REFORMATION
• Elizabethan Policies
• Mary was deposed and
replaced by Elizabeth (I), who
was more tolerant and
mitigated religious conflict
• Anabaptists arose as group
that felt religion was voluntary,
believed in adult baptism, lay
ministry, separation of church
and state
• Protestantism led to focus on
personal worship and Sunday
church services, efforts to curb
pubs, etc.
COUNTER-REFORMATION
• The Catholic Response
• Efforts were made to win back converts & stop people
from leaving Catholicism
• Founding of Jesuit society- missionaries, absolutely
loyal to Pope, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540,
schools, etc.
COUNTER-REFORMATION
• Reforms of PapacyPaul III (1534-49)
took power back
from bishops, etc.
• Council of Trent1545-1563, 3
sessions, reformed
church, but
reaffirmed Catholic
practices
RELIGIOUS WARS
• Limited Monarchy in England
• Stuart dynasty under James I (cousin) replaces
Tudors after Elizabeth
• Petition of Right (1628) limited Charles I’s power to
tax
• English Revolution (1642-48) results in temporary
Commonwealth, then restoration of the Charles II
of the Stuart dynasty in 1660
• Charles succeeded by his brother James II, who
was eventually deposed in favor of William and
Mary in 1688 in what became known as the
Glorious Revolution because it asserted the power
of parliament over the monarchs
• Bill of Rights in 1689 protected the rights of
individuals and limited the power of monarchs
RELIGIOUS WARS
• France
• French wars of Religion (15621598)- Nobility was 40%
Huguenot (Protestant), House
of Valois was Catholic, towns
and provinces resisted central
authority
• Eventually Bourbons came to
power, Henry IV converted to
Catholicism, but issued Edict
of Nantes in 1598 which
granted tolerance and
toleration to the Huguenots
Huguenot Cross
RELIGIOUS WARS
• Absolutism
• Defined as total authority for the
ruler with no checks (e.g.
Parliament), linked with Divine
Right
• Louis XIV (1643-1715), with Mazarin
as a regent, after Louis XIII/Richlieu
• Took over at age 23 upon
Mazarin’s death, centralized
authority
RELIGIOUS WARS
• Louis XIV
• Quintessential absolute monarch
• Built Versailles to control nobility by occupying
them with court concerns rather than politics
• Louis XIV Repealed the Edict of Nantes
• Assisted by his finance minister Colbert, who
adhered to a mercantilist philosophy
• Fought numerous wars, such as the War of the
Spanish Succession, etc.
Louis
XIV
PALACE AT VERSAILLES
PALACE AT VERSAILLES
Royal Bedrooms
THE PALACE AT VERSAILLES
The view from the back terrace
THE PALACE AT VERSAILLES
Marie Antoinette’s fake peasant village
RELIGIOUS WARS
• Germany
• 30-Years War 1618-1648
in Germany ended with
the Treaty of
Westphalia which
allowed each ruler to
choose the religion of
his
kingdom/principality,
in general northern
Germany (e.g. Prussia)
became Lutheran,
southern (e.g. Bavaria &
Austria) remained
Catholic
RELIGIOUS WARS
• Prussia and Austria emerged
as the dominant powers after
30 Years’ War
• Prussia centralized by
Hohenzollerns
• Frederick William the Great
Elector (1640-1688) built
standing army and centralized
authority
• Succeeded by Frederick I,
made Brandenburg-Prussia
into Prussia
RELIGIOUS WARS
• Austria
• Hapsburgs in
Austria
retained the
title Holy
Roman
Emperors
• Germany still
consisted of
many
disparate
territories
PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ABOUT
MONARCHY
Pictorial representation of Hobbes’ Leviathan
• Hobbes (Leviathan)
supported strong
monarchy in late
1500s
• Locke (Two Treatises
on Government)
proposed the right
to revolution in
defense of the
Glorious Revolution