Introduction
 Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s:
neglect of American Cities
 1990s resurgence of government and
public interest in general and in
policing
 Government Structure and Policing
Formal vs. Informal Social Control
Introduction
Principles of Federalism
Implications for the Police
1. Powers distributed
2. Institution decentralized
3. Dual Citizenship
4. Overlapping Jurisdictions
Introduction
Police and the Law
1. Legitimates Social Order
2. Regulates Behavior
3. Curtails and Defines Freedom
4. System of Dispute Resolution
Introduction
Forms of Law
1. Substantive
2. Procedural
3. Civil
4. Case Law
Introduction
Roles Performed by the Police
Status vs. Roles
1. Law Enforcement
2. Order Maintenance
3. Provision of Services
4. Convenience Norm Enforcement
Introduction
Police Activities: Research is
mixed and varied methodologically
More evidence of increased crime
or LE role in policing, but not a lot
Introduction
 Mgt of Discretion=Major concern for
supervisors
 Styles of Policing
1. Watchman
2. Legalistic
3. Service
Diversity of the Police: What do they
do?
Introduction
Federal Law Enforcement
Agencies
1. Justice Department: FBI, DEA,
USMS, INS
2. Treasury Department: BATF,
IRS, Customs, Secret Service
Introduction

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Justice Department: USMS: 5 Responsibilities
1. Seize property
2. Physical security for federal courtrooms, judges,
attys, jurors
3. Transportation of prisoners
4. Protects govt witnesses: Witness Security
Division; Federal Witness Relocation Program
5. Execute federal warrants
History of Policing
 Community Protection Before the Police
 Emergence of Police-Role of the Military
 In order for formal policing, 4 Themes
1. The development of a formal legal
system;
2. The emergence of social differentiation;
History of Policing
 Emergence of Police: 4 Themes
3. The production of a surplus of material
resources;
4. The emergence of the state as a form of
political organization.
History of Policing
 The Roman Empire’s Contribution to
Policing
Augustus Caesar’s Praetorian Guard
Corps of Vigils
 Removal of Praetorian Guards: more
violence and downfall of Rome
History of Policing
 Police Development in England
Public extremely resistant to
police.
 Medieval England: Frankpledge
System/Mutual Pledge System
Tithings, Hundreds, Shires
 King Henry 1116: Leges Henrici
History of Policing
 Leges Henrici:
Offenses against the crown
Judicial Districts
Felonies and Misdemeanors
Statutes to Control Vagrants
 Henry II
Juries
Record keeping
English Common Law
History of Policing
 The Watch and Ward System




why did it eventually fail?
In 1500, wool shortage led to crime,
poverty and overcrowding in cities
Charles II 1663, Highwayman Act
Why not change Watch and Ward?
Implications for rich and poor…
The Invention of Gin
History of Policing
 Henry Fielding’s Bow Street Runners
 The English Reformers
Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act 1829
Why paramilitary organization?
Was it effective?
 Policing in the U.S.
-Still didn’t prevent crime
-Didn’t like police either
History of Policing
 Boston, NYPD—Why not effective?
Why not public support?
 Why did departments come into
existence?
 1840s lots and lots of guns
 Political Entrenchment Era
Progressive Era
History of Policing
 Political Entrenchment Era
 Progressive Era: Efficiency,
professionalism, improved
technology
 Professionalism
August Vollmer, Cal Berkeley
Training of officers
History of Policing
 Back to Community Policing
 Toward Private Policing
Police Organization and
Management
 Organization, Management,
Administration: Defined
 Principles of Organization and
Police Administration:
Peel organized along military lines:
why?
Police Organization and
Management
 Classical Organizational
Principles
 Weber’s Bureaucracy
Hierarchy
Specialization
Procedural Guidelines
Organizational Documentation
Police Organization and
Management
 Weber’s Bureaucracy
Organizational Authority
Apptm’t Based on Qualification
 Problems with Classical Org.
Police Organization and
Management
 Human Relations Organiz. Theory
Hawthorne Studies
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
Theory X:
People must be directed and controlled.
Man is by nature lazy, lacks ambition,
dislikes responsibility, resistant to change,
self centered, not very bright.
Police Organization and
Management
 Theory Y:
- People are not resistant to org. needs—
they’ve been trained that way.
- Mgt needs to make it possible for people
to recognize the potential in all workers.
- Essential task of mgt is to make it so that
people can best achieve their own goals by
directing their efforts towards
organizational goals.
Police Organization and
Management
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Human Relations Theory and
Police Adminstration
Police Organization and
Management
 Human Relations Theory and
Police Administration
Participatory Mgt
Problem Solving Groups
Quality Circles
 Systems Theory and Police
Administration
Police Organization and
Management
 Systems Theory and Police
Administration
Open v. Closed System
Organizations as Systems
Management By Objectives MBO
Contingency Mgt
Total Quality Management TQM
Police Organization and
Management
 Systems Theory and Police
Administration
TQM: Culture, Customers and
Counting
Personnel Systems and the Police
 Establishing Minimum Standards
Residency Requirements
Education
Physical Agility
Assessment Centers
FTO Training: Does it Matter?
Personnel Systems and the Police
 Toward a Theory of Police Selection
 Affirmative Action and Police
Selection
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
Supreme Court Lessening of Title
VII
 Minorities in Policing
 Women in Policing
Personnel Systems and the Police
 Establishing Minimum Standards
Residency Requirements
Education
Physical Agility
Assessment Centers
FTO Training: Does it Matter?
Police Operations
 Police Patrol Strategies
Routine Preventive Patrol
Routine Preventive Patrol
Reconsidered
Reducing Patrol Time
Delayed Police Response
Differential Police
Response
Police Operations
 Police Patrol
Methods and Techniques of Patrol
Foot Patrol
Bicycle Patrol
Police Operations
 Police Patrol Strategies
 Routine Preventive Patrol
 Routine Preventive Patrol
Reconsidered
Reducing Patrol Time
Delayed Police Response
Differential Police Response
Police Operations
 Directed Patrol
 D-Runs
 Split Force
 Saturation Patrols/Crackdowns
 Suspect-Oriented Techniques
Police Operations
 Criminal Investigation
Preliminary Investigation
Follow up Investigation
Research on Effectiveness of
Investigation
 The Traffic Function
DUI Enforcement
The Police in the Modern
Community
 Evolved from the
Police/Community Relations
programs of the 1970s
 1970s and 1980s: rise in crime
leads to concern about prevention
 A Theory of Crime Prevention
The Police in the Modern
Community
 A Theory of Crime Prevention
Primary Crime Prevention
Secondary Crime Prevention
Tertiary Crime Prevention
 Primary Crime Prevention Techniques
and Programs
Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
The Police in the Modern
Community
 Primary Crime Prevention Techniques
and Programs
Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED)
Newman’s Defensible Space
Neighborhood Watch Programs
Guardian Angels: Kenney’s Study
Public Education: McGruff
The Police in the Modern
Community
 Newman’s Defensible Space
Neighborhood Watch Programs
Guardian Angels: Kenney’s Study
Public Education: Crime Stoppers,
McGruff the Crime Dog
Juvenile Curfews
 Community Policing
The Police in the Modern
Community
 Community Policing
Palermo, Sicily Example
 A Theoretical Foundation of
Community Policing
Kelling and Wilson’s Broken
Windows
Skogan’s Contagion Proposition
The Police in the Modern
Community
 A Theoretical Foundation of
Community Policing
Kelling and Wilson’s Broken
Windows
Skogan’s Contagion Proposition
Public Health Model of Crime
The Police in the Modern
Community
 1994 Crime Bill: 100k cops
 Community Partnerships and Problem
Solving
 Community Oriented vs. Problem
Oriented Policing
 The SARA Model: Scanning, Analysis,
Response, Assessment
The Police in the Modern
Community
 The SARA Model: Scanning, Analysis,
Response, Assessment
 Management Implications of
Community Policing
The Philosophical Dimension
The Strategic Dimension
The Programmatic Dimension
 Situational Crime Prevention
Routine Activities Theory
The Police in the Modern
Community
 Situational Crime Prevention
Routine Activities Theory
The Police and the Role of Law
 Procedural Law
 4th Amendment
Frisks and Searches
Terry v. Ohio
Frisks of Automobiles
Michigan v. Wong
The Police and the Role of Law
 Limits of Stop and Frisks
Florida v. Royer
US v. Place
Minnesota v. Dickinson
 The Exclusionary Rule
Mapp v. Ohio
Searches with Warrants
US v. Leon—Good Faith
Exception
The Police and the Role of Law
 Searches without Warrants
 Searches Incident to Arrest
Chimel v. California
US v. Robinson
US v. Chadwick
NY v. Belton
PA v. Labron
The Police and the Role of Law
 Searches with Voluntary Consent
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
US v. Matlock
US v. Watson
Florida v. Jimeno
The Police and the Role of Law
 Plain View Searches
Coolidge v. New Hampshire
Texas v. Brown
Horton v. California
 Searches of Automobiles
Carroll v. US
Chambers v. Maroney
Arkansas v. Sanders
Ross v. US
The Police and the Role of Law
 Open Fields/Abandoned Property
Hester v. US
California v. Ciraolo
 5th Amendment
Miranda Warning
Escobedo v. Illinois
 Erosion of Miranda
Rhode Island v. Innis
Public Safety Exception
Police Discretion
 Why the police don’t arrest for every
violation:
 Selective enforcement
Goldman’s study
Pilivan and Briar’s study
Robert Terry’s study
Donald Black and Albert Reiss’s
study
 Styles of Policing
Police Discretion
 Styles of Policing
Watchman
Legalistic
Service
 Based on…? Neighbor, Soldier,
Teacher

Police Discretion
 The Police Personality
Studies of Police Cynicism
Neiderhoffer’s Study
Robert Regoli’s Study
Police Discretion
 The Working Personality
Skolnick’s Study
 Predispositional Model
 Education and Attitudes
 Attitudes and Performance
Police and Terrorism
 The Threat of Terrorism
Gallup Polls
 Terrorism Defined
 Classification of Terrorist Acts
White Supremacists
Black Supremacists
The Militia Movement
Other Right Wing Extremists
Police and Terrorism
 Classification of Terrorist Acts
Why? Brady Bill, Ruby Ridge, Waco
Left Wing Extremists
Pro-Life Extremists
Animal Rights Activists
Environmental Extremists: EcoTerrorism
Police and Terrorism
 A Brief Chronology of Terrorism: Past
to Present
 Why did 9/11 Happen? Who Was
Responsible?
 The U.S. Response
Dept. of Homeland Security
The USA PATRIOT Act
Police and Terrorism
 Community Policing and Homeland
Security
 The Center for Food Protection and
Defense
Police and Terrorism
 Concerns Related to the War on
Terrorism
Civil Rights
Retaliation Against Middle Eastern
People
Second Exam Results
Average: 77.2
A=3 B=10 C=15 D=7 F=0
22 of 34 saw an increase in exam
grade from last exam.
Range: 37 (highest grade-lowest
grade 98-61)
Second Exam Results
Average: 77.3
A=3 B=7 C=7 D=5 F=1
14 of 22 saw an increase in exam
grade from last exam.
Range: 40 (highest grade-lowest
grade 93-53)