UNIT 2. ELECTRONICS PROJECT #1
In the table below, provide a definition as to the function of each of the listed electrical
components, as well as an image of what each component looks like. In addition,
include the schematic for the component, if available or appropriate.
1.
RESISTANCE (Ohm)
Definition:
Image
Schematic / Symbol
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
A material's opposition to the flow of electric
current; measured in ohms
How can electrical resistance be useful?
Electrical resistance impedes the flow of
electrical current
2.
CURRENT (Amperes)
Definition:
The time rate of flow of electric charge,
in the direction that a positive moving
charge would take and having
magnitude equal to the quantity of
charge per unit time measured in
amperes.
How can current be increased or decreased?
When voltage remains constant and
resistance increases the current in the
circuit will reduce.
Resistance is the degree of difficulty in
moving charge from one place to
another. If you increase that resistance,
it is harder to move the charge. Current
is rate of flow of that charge, hence
current goes down.
3.
VOLTAGE (Volts)
Definition:
The electrical force or pressure that
causes current to flow in a circuit.
Voltage is measured in volts
How can voltage be increased or decreased?
Usually when voltage increases current
increases too, but when it happens that
current decreases when voltage
increase to minimize lose of power.
What is the advantage of high voltage?
Allows the use of conductors of
practicable size. Economics (less volume
of copper). Rreduce voltage drop along
line. Reduce energy losses along line.
4.
POWER (Watts)
Definition:
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Power is the rate (energy amount per
time period) at which work is done or
energy converted. Measured in watts.
5.
SWITCH
Definition:
A device for making and breaking the
connection in an electric circuit
What are some different types of switches?
Toggle switch, pushbutton switch, selector switch,
joystick switch, lever actuator limit switch.
6.
SPDT SWITCH
Definition: In electronics, a switch is an
electrical component that can break an
electrical circuit.
What would you use a SPDT switch for?
If you are using the SPDT knife
switch, you have a "center off"
position, which an ordinary wall
switch would NOT have in which
case you will need to add an SPST
switch for shutting this circuit off.
7.
DPDT SWITCH
Definition: A six-terminal switch or relay
contact arrangement that simultaneously
connects one pair of terminals to either of
two other pairs of terminals. Abbreviated
dpdt switch.
What would you use a DPDT switch for?
Adding another pole to the SPDT creates a
double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) switch.
Basically two SPDT switches, which can
control two separate circuits, but are always
switched together by a single actuator.
DPDTs should have six terminals.
8.
INDUCTOR (COILS & RELAYS)
Definition:
A component in an electric or electronic
circuit that possesses inductance.
What can a coil be used for in a circuit?
An electromagnetic coil (or simply a
"coil") is formed when a conductor
(usually an insulated solid copper wire)
is wound around a core or form to
create an inductor or electromagnet.
When electricity is passed through a
coil, it generates a magnetic field.
Image
Schematic
What can a relay be used for in a circuit?
A relay is an electrically operated
switch. Many relays use an
electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other
operating principles are also used.
Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled
circuits), or where several circuits must
be controlled by one signal.
9.
RESISTOR
Definition:
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
A device having resistance to the
passage of an electric current
How does it change a current?
In a true series circuit with known
current, no, because Kirchoff's Current
Law says that the current at each point
in a series circuit is the same.
10.
TRANSISTOR
Definition:
A semiconductor device with three
connections, capable of amplification in
addition to rectification.
What does a transistor do in electrical circuit?
A transistor is a semiconductor device
used to amplify and switch electronic
signals and electrical power. It is
composed of semiconductor material
with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A
voltage or current applied to one pair of
the transistor's terminals changes the
current through another pair of
terminals.
11.
CAPACITOR
Definition:
A device used to store an electric charge,
consisting of one or more pairs of conductors
separated by an insulator.
What does a capacitor do in electrical circuit?
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is
a passive two-terminal electrical component used
to store energy electrostatically in an electric field.
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but
all contain at least two electrical conductors
separated by a dielectric (insulator).
12.
DIODE
Definition:
A semiconductor device with two terminals,
typically allowing the flow of current in one
direction only.
What does a diode do in electrical circuit?
They only allow current to flow in one direction.
Image
Schematic
13.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
Definition:
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a
semiconductor light source.
What does a LED do in electrical circuit?
In electronics, the basic LED circuit is
an electric power circuit used to power
a light-emitting diode or LED. There are
many ways to power a LED. This is not
straightforward, as a LED, being a
semiconductor, has peculiar
characteristics.
14.
CONDUCTOR
Definition:
Any material that conducts heat or electricity
(as opposed to an insulator, or
nonconductor).
15.
CIRCUIT
Definition:
A roughly circular line, route, or movement
that starts and finishes at the same place.
16.
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Definition:
A stationary electric charge, typically
produced by friction that causes sparks or
crackling or the attraction of dust or hair.
Where would you find static electricity?
A static electric charge is created
whenever two surfaces contact and
separate, and at least one of the
surfaces has a high resistance to
electrical current (and is therefore an
electrical insulator).
Why is static electricity a problem in electronics?
It seems like during the winter months, every time I
get out of my chair and walk away from my desk I
seem to get shocked when I touch something metal.
This is all too common, and truthfully it can be a
disaster for electronic equipment that isn't grounded
or if the circuits take a direct hit. In this hub, we will
be exploring the understanding of what static
electricity is and how it can make your computer
electronics into paper weights.
17.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Definition:
Image
Dynamic electricity: a flow of electric charge.
Schematic
No schematic
How is current electricity different than static?
Static electricity is the BUILT UP STORE of
electron charges [e-] between a pair of objects,
while current electricity is the FLOW of electrons
between these objects. Static electricity is a
transfer of charge from one static body to another,
resulting in an imbalance in positive and negative
charges, while electric current is the flow of
electrons, from one static body to another.
List several ways that current electricity is used.
?
18.
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
Definition:
Image
An electric current flowing in one direction
only.
Schematic
No schematic
In what equipment is DC current used?
Direct current is produced by sources such as
batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and
commutator-type electric machines of the
dynamo type.
What does DC Current look like?
19.
AC CURRENT
Definition:
Image
Schematic
In alternating current (AC, also ac) the
movement of electric charge periodically
reverses direction.
In what equipment is AC current used?
An electrical machine that functions as (1) a generator
used to produce alternating current, or (2) a motor that
converts electrical energy into mechanical work, or (3) a
converter that changes the voltage or frequency of an
electric current. AC machines are classified as synchronous
or asynchronous.
What does AC current look like?
?
No schematic
20.
THREE PHASE CURRENT (3-Phase)
Definition:
Image
Three-phase electric power is a common method
of alternating-current electric power generation,
transmission, and distribution.
Schematic
No schematic
In what equipment is 3-phase current used?
Transformers.
Why is it used?
Three-phase electric power is a common method
of electric power transmission. It is a type of
polyphase system mainly used to power motors
and many other devices. A three-phase system
uses less conductor material to transmit electric
power than equivalent single-phase, two-phase,
or direct-current systems at the same voltage.
21.
POLARITY
Definition:
Image
The relative orientation of poles; the direction of
a magnetic or electric field.
Schematic
No schematic
What happens when you reverse polarity?
????
22.
ANALOG SIGNAL
Definition:
An analog or analogue signal is any continuous
signal for which the time varying feature
(variable) of the signal is a representation of
some other time varying quantity
Where are analog signals used?
An analog signal can be used to measure changes in
some physical phenomena such as light, sound,
pressure, or temperature.
Image
Schematic
No schematic
23.
DIGITAL SIGNAL
Definition:
The term digital signal is used, to refer to
more than one concept.
Where are digital signals used?
?
Image
Schematic
No schematic
24.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)
Definition:
Image
An integrated circuit, or IC, is small chip that
Schematic
No schematic
can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer,
microprocessor, or even computer memory.
Where might an IC be used?
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a condition that results in
recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder and the
surrounding pelvic region.
What does it do?
?
25.
PHOTO-DIODE
Definition:
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
A semiconductor diode that, when exposed to
light, generates a potential difference or
changes its electrical resistance.
Where a photo-diode might be used?
A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable
of converting light into either current or voltage,
depending upon the mode of operation. The
common, traditional solar cell used to generate
electric solar power is a large area photodiode.
What does it do?
Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor
diodes except that they may be either exposed (to
detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a
window or optical fiber connection to allow light
to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many
diodes designed for use specifically as a
photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p-n
junction, to increase the speed of response.
26.
PHOTOCELL
Definition:
a transducer used to detect and measure light
and other radiations.
Where is a photo-cell used?
Well let’s see how many things work off of photocell
technology. Street lights, hand held calculators, low
voltage landscape lighting, automatic car head lights,
battery charges, automatic rest room controls. That's
just the easy stuff there is a whole array of power
producing photocells that provide backup power, or in
some cases supply all the power for an entire home.
The cheaper these cells get the more they will be
used, they are the future, clean, renewable energy.
What does it do?
27.
THERMISTOR
Definition:
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
An electrical resistor whose resistance is
greatly reduced by heating, used for
measurement and control.
How does it work?
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose
resistance varies significantly with temperature,
more so than in standard resistors. The word is a
portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors
are widely used as inrush current limiters,
temperature sensors, self-resetting over current
protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.
28.
THERMOCOUPLE
Definition:
A thermoelectric device used to measure temperatures
accurately, especially one consisting of two dissimilar
metals joined so that a potential difference generated
between the points of contact is a measure of the
temperature difference between the points.
How does it work?
A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring
device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that
contact each other at one or more spots. It
produces a voltage when the temperature of one of
the spots differs from the reference temperature at
other parts of the circuit. Thermocouples are a
widely used type of temperature sensor for
measurement and control and can also convert a
temperature gradient into electricity.
30.
ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER (ESC)
Definition:
An electronic speed control or ESC is an
electronic circuit with the purpose to vary an
electric motor's speed, its direction and possibly
also to act as a dynamic brake.
How does it work?
An ESC can be a stand-alone unit which plugs
into the receiver's throttle control channel or
incorporated into the receiver itself, as is the case
in most toy-grade R/C vehicles.
31.
SERVO CONTROLLER
Definition:
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Servo control from a radio control receiver to the
servos is done by sending each servo a PWM
(pulse width modulation) signal, a series of
repeating pulses of variable width.
How could you use a servo controller? (2 ways)
Small radio control servos are connected through
a standard three-wire connection: two wires for a
DC power supply and one for control, carrying the
pulses.
33.
SERIAL SIGNAL
Definition:
Serial means one event at a time. It is usually
contrasted with parallel, meaning more than one
event happening at a time.
No schematic
What does a serial signal look like?
How does it differ from a Parallel signal?
?
34.
USB SIGNAL
Definition:
Image
Schematic
No schematic
How is it different from serial and parallel?
35.
DC MOTOR
Definition:
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on
direct current (DC) electricity.
What could you use a DC motor for?
The introduction of DC motors to run machinery
eliminated the need for local steam or internal
combustion engines, and line shaft drive systems.
DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable
batteries, providing the motive power for the first
electric vehicles. Today DC motors are still found
in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or
in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and
paper machines.
How does a DC Motor work (think stator)
36.
SERVO MOTOR
Definition:
Where would you use a servo motor? (3 uses)
37.
STEPPER MOTOR
Definition:
What is the advantage of a stepper motor?
39.
TV VIDEO SIGNAL – COAX CABLE
Definition:
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
Image
Schematic
What does a video signal look like?
How many wires do you need to carry it?
How do the two formats differ (NTSC and PAL)?
40.
DIGITAL VIDEO (DV) SIGNAL
Definition:
How is this different than an analog video signal?
What are the advantages / disadvantages?
41.
HIGH DEFINITION (HD) VIDEO SIGNAL
Definition:
How is this different than a standard video signal?
What is the advantage, if any?
41.
PROGRESSIVE vs. INTERLACED VIDEO DISPLAY (TVs)
Definition: Progressive display
Definition: Interlaced Display
What is the advantage, if any, of these two
different display methods on a TV?
Image
Schematic
UNIT 2. ELECTRONICS PROJECT 1.2
Identify the components?
Using the information contained in your completed table, above, identify and describe each of
the electrical components contained in the display. Each one is identified with a letter. Place
the name of the component in the correct space number.
Component
E.g. Resistor
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
X
Y
Z
Specification of the component
15 KΩ (15 kilo-Ohms)