Tour of the Cell 1
AP Biology
2007-2008
Collins I
 6 lines
 Choose any two organelles done in
yesterdays class assignment and
explain how they work together to
perform a specific function
AP Biology
Agenda
 Discuss Collins
 Worksheet
 Chapter 4 should be read
 Chapter 5 due on Friday with notes
AP Biology
Types of cells
Prokaryote
bacteria cells
- no organelles
- organelles
Eukaryote
animal cells
AP Biology
Eukaryote
plant cells
Why organelles?
 Specialized structures

specialized functions
mitochondria
 cilia or flagella for locomotion
 Containers


partition cell into compartments
create different local environments
chloroplast
 separate pH, or concentration of materials

distinct & incompatible functions
 lysosome & its digestive enzymes
 Membranes as sites for chemical reactions


unique combinations of lipids & proteins
embedded enzymes & reaction centers
Golgi
 chloroplasts & mitochondria
AP Biology
ER
Cells gotta work to live!
 What jobs do cells have to do?

make proteins
 proteins control every
cell function

make energy
 for daily life
 for growth

make more cells
 growth
 repair
 renewal
AP Biology
Building Proteins
AP Biology
2007-2008
Proteins do all the work!
proteins
cells
DNA
AP Biology
organism
Repeat after me…
Proteins do all the work!
Cells functions
 Building proteins
read DNA instructions
 build proteins
 process proteins

 folding
 modifying
 removing amino acids
 adding other molecules


AP Biology
e.g, making glycoproteins
for cell membrane
address & transport proteins
Building Proteins
 Organelles involved
nucleus
 ribosomes
 endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
 Golgi apparatus
 vesicles

The Protein Assembly Line
nucleus
AP Biology
ribosome
ER
Golgi
apparatus
vesicles
Nucleus
DNA
 Function
chromosome
protects DNA
Structure



histone protein
nuclear envelope
 double membrane
 membrane fused in spots to create pores
 allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear
pores
What kind of
molecules need to
pass through?
AP Biology
nuclear
pore
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
1
nuclear
membrane
production of mRNA
from DNA in nucleus
DNA
Nucleus
mRNA
2
nuclear pore
mRNA travels from
nucleus to ribosome
in cytoplasm through
nuclear pore
AP Biology
small
ribosomal
subunit
mRNA
large
ribosomal
subunit
cytoplasm
AP Biology
Nucleolus
 Function

ribosome production
 build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
 exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
large subunit
small
subunit
AP Biology
rRNA &
proteins
ribosome
nucleolus
large
subunit
Ribosomes
 Function

small
subunit
protein production
 Structure


rRNA & protein
2 subunits combine
0.08mm
Ribosomes
Rough
ER
Smooth
ER
AP Biology
Types of Ribosomes
 Free ribosomes


suspended in cytosol
synthesize proteins that
function in cytosol
 Bound ribosomes


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attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
synthesize proteins
for export or
for membranes
membrane proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function



processes proteins
manufactures membranes
synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
 Structure

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membrane connected to nuclear envelope &
extends throughout cell
Types of ER
rough
AP Biology
smooth
Smooth ER function
 Membrane production
 Many metabolic processes

synthesis
 synthesize lipids
 oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones

hydrolysis
 hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
 in liver
 detoxify drugs & poisons
 in liver
 ex. alcohol & barbiturates
AP Biology
Membrane Factory
 Build new
membrane

synthesize
phospholipids
 builds membranes

ER membrane
expands
 bud off & transfer
to other parts of
cell that need
membranes
AP Biology
Rough ER function
 Produce proteins for export out of cell
protein secreting cells
 packaged into transport vesicles for export

Which cells
have lot of
rough ER?
AP Biology
Synthesizing proteins
cisternal
space
polypeptide
signal
sequence
ribosome
ribosome
mRNA
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membrane of
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
 Function

finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products
 like “UPS shipping department”

ships products in vesicles
 membrane sacs
Which cells
have lots
of Golgi?
AP Biology
 “UPS trucks”
secretory
vesicles
transport vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
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Vesicle transport
protein
vesicle
budding
from rough
ER
ribosome
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migrating
transport
vesicle
fusion
of vesicle
with Golgi
apparatus
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
Regents Biology
Collins I
 As many lines as it takes!
 Describe the endomembrane system
 Explain how it functions in the
production of a protein from start to
finish
Regents Biology
Agenda
 Vocabulary list
 Get lab books
 Discuss lab
 Where do we go from here
Regents Biology
Putting it together…
nucleus
cell
Making proteins
nuclear pore
membrane
protein secreted
rough ER
ribosome
vesicle
proteins
smooth ER
AP Biology
transport
vesicle
cytoplasm
Golgi
apparatus
nucleus
nuclear pore
cell
membrane
protein secreted
rough ER
ribosome
vesicle
proteins
smooth ER
AP Biology
transport
vesicle
cytoplasm
Golgi
apparatus
AP Biology
AP Biology
Any Questions!!
AP Biology
2007-2008