4-Temperature
Question 13
• The thermometer is has to be hung up in the shade.
If you put a thermometer in the sun, the glass will heat up and will
reach a much higher temperature than it really is.
Question 14
a1- about 1.5 m above ground level in open grasslands. The temperature on the ground
can be quite different from the temperature of the weather station.
2- The wind should be able to blow along the thermometer, but sunshine and precipitation
shouldn’t be able to penetrate the instruments.
b- KNMI= Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut
Question 15
Rays of the sun with a vertical angle of incidence give more heat than diagonal rays
of the sun because ….
1- Diagonal sun rays warm up a bigger surface than vertical sun rays. The warmth of
diagonal sun rays is distributed over a bigger surface, so less heat per square metre.
2- Diagonal sun rays take longer to travel through the atmosphere, so they hit more
clouds and dust along the way and are reflected back into the cosmos.
Question 17
a- December
b- June
b- There are vertical sun rays between the parallels Tropic of Cancer
(23.5˚N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5˚S)
c- They are called solstices because the vertical sun rays move between
these 2 parallels. When the vertical sun rays reach a tropic, they return to
the Equator.
d- On 66.5˚N the night lasts 24 hour. The earths axis has an angle of 66.5˚
in comparison to the vertical sun rays. This makes that this part of the earth
gets no light for 24 hours (polar night)
e- on 90˚S it is day for 24 hours. Here it is polar day. The sun rays reach the
south pole 24 hours a day.
It doesn’t become very warm here because the sun rays are diagonal so the
heat is distributed over a bigger surface and the rays take longer to travel
through the atmosphere.
f-
4: vertical rays on tropic
of Capricorn
3: vertical rays on equator
2: vertical rays on tropic of Cancer
1: vertical rays on equator
Question 18
GG 83 Altitude belts
►Altitude belt = A natural zone on a mountain.
● Altitude belts have evolved through differences in temperature. It is warmest at the
bottom and coldest at the top of a mountain.
 Deciduous forest belt
summer temperature higher than 15˚C
 Coniferous forest belt summer temperature maximum 15˚C
Can be compared with natural zone: taiga
Tree line = the point (line) where trees can no longer grow (10˚C)

Alpine meadows
summer temperature maximum 10˚C
Can be compared with natural zone: tundra
 Rocky belt
above 2,500 metres
 Zone of perpetual snow where snow never melts
Can be compared with natural zone: polar region
Question 19
a-
b- You find coniferous trees in cooler areas. If coniferous trees grow at sea level, than
this area must be at high latitude (far from the equator).
Question 20
Question 21
a1- degree of penetration (Sun rays only warm up a few centimetres of land. Sun rays
penetrate water more easily and warm up a bigger surface- more than 1 metre)
2- Amount of movement
b- Water is always in motion, so warm water from the surface is mixed with cold water
from deeper parts.
Question 22
a-In summer land is warmer than sea. An onshore wind brings relatively cool sea air
towards the shore. Further inland it is warmer than along the shore.
In winter land is colder than sea. An onshore wind brings then relatively warm sea air
to the shore. Further inland it is colder than along the shore.
b- see figure 23
Figure 23: moderating influence of the sea
Question 23
Climate zones
The moderate maritime climate north of San
Francisco and the desert climate east of San
Francisco.
The moderate maritime climate in the valley
of the Danube river and the continental
climate (warm summers / cold winters) east
of this valley.
The moderate maritime climate in the
western part of Patagonia and the dry
climates in the eastern part of Patagonia.
Mountain ranges
Sierra Nevada
Carpathians
Andes
Question 24
a- Egmond aan Zee has 6-8 ice days and Coevorden more than 12. This
difference is caused by the distance to the sea.
The sea is moderating the temperature along the coastline, but of less
influence more inland.
- The average year temperature temperature in Breskens is 10.5-10.8˚C and in
Delfzijl 9.3-9.6˚C
This difference is caused by difference in latitude.
b- (map 47E and 47F in 53e edition  map 40A2 and 40E in 54th edition)
The areas with most sun hours are not the same as the areas with the highest
temperature.
In summer most sunshine is along the coastline, but the sea moderates the
temperature. So you don’t see highest temperatures here!
Question 25
a- The average temperature in July in Stavanger is 10-15ºC and
in Telemark below 10ºC
This difference is caused by differences in altitude.
b- Despite the difference in latitude, Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris all have about the
same temperature. The isotherm of 17.5⁰C (isotherm = line that connects places with
the same temperature) runs from north to south along these places.
These places having almost the same average temperature, despite the difference in
latitude, is caused by the moderating influence of the sea and the prevailing
westerly winds causing a rising temperature from west (coastline) to east.
Question 26
- In the Netherlands the wind is usually coming from the southwest
- Strong winds in the Netherlands come mostly from the southwest
Question 27
Quote
Right or wrong?
In the mountains the sunny side of the mountain is warmer
than the shadow side and therefore less suitable for
agriculture.
On Earth, the highest and also the lowest temperatures are on
the continents.
Continents warm up more quickly than water, because the
sun’s rays only warm up the top layer of the continents. In the
water the sun’s rays can penetrate much deeper and therefore
have to warm up a much bigger surface.
Seawater doesn’t warm up quickly because it is constantly in
movement and the ocean currents carry down the heat and
bring up the colder water from the deep.
In summer land is cooler than the sea.
In summer land is warmer than the sea.
The Earth’s climates are mostly determined by ocean currents
Ocean currents bring cold water from the north to the south.
wrong
right
right
right
wrong
right
right
sometimes, not always