VISUALIZING
Prepared By: Ralph Hofmann,
Durham College
Chapter 2
Neuroscience,
Evolution and the
Biology of
Behaviour
Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd
2
Lecture Outline
•
•
•
•
Our Genetic Inheritance
Neural Bases of Behaviour
Organization of the Nervous System
A Tour through the Brain
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
3
Our Genetic
Inheritance
1. Summarize how genetic material passes
from one generation to the next.
2. Understand the various approaches that
scientists take to explore human
inheritance.
3. Describe how natural selection and
genetic mutations help explain behaviour.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
4
Our Genetic Inheritance
• Behavioural genetics
– Study of the relative contributions of genetic
influences and environmental factors on
behaviour and mental processes
• Evolutionary psychology
– A branch of psychology that studies the ways in
which natural selection and evolution can help
to explain behaviour and mental processes
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
5
Behavioural Genetics
• Neuroscience
– An interdisciplinary field that studies how
biological processes interact with behaviour
and mental processes
• Biopsychology
– The scientific study of the biology of behaviour
and mental processes
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
6
Genetics and Heredity
• Chromosomes
– Each human cell nucleus contains 46
chromosomes
– 23 pairs contributed by each parent
– Contain genes
• Genes
– Arranged in pairs (one from each parent)
– Traits determined single or multiple pairs
– Gene pair may be dominant or recessive
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
7
Hereditary Code
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
8
Traits
• Most determined by multiple gene pairs
– Polygenic traits
– Many also determined by environmental and
social factors (complex traits)
• Complex traits
– e.g. aggressiveness, intelligence and sociability
– Researchers must use indirect lines of inquiry
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
9
Lines of Inquiry
•
•
•
•
Twin studies
Family studies
Adoption studies
Genetic abnormalities
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
10
Twin Studies
• Identical twins (monozygotic)
– Share 100% of same genes
• Fraternal twins (dizygotic)
– Share an average of 50% of same genes
• Opportunity for a natural experiment
– Tease apart genetic and environmental factors
– IQ studies
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
11
Identical and
Fraternal Twins
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
12
Family Studies
• Family studies
– Trait similarity
– Closer versus distant relatives
– Intelligence, sociability, some psychological
disorders (e.g. depression)
• Adoption studies
– Biologic versus adoptive families
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
13
Behavioural Genetics
• Explores disorders and diseases that occur when
genes malfunction
• May identify
– Individual gene or chromosomal abnormalities
• Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia
– Sequencing abnormalities
• Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis
• Heritability
– Degree to which individual differences are a
result of genetic, inherited factors
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
14
Evolutionary Psychology
• Based on premise that many behaviours emerged
and remain because they helped our ancestors
survive
• Stems from the writings of Charles Darwin
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
15
Natural Selection
• Mechanism by which those genetically linked
traits that confer a survival or reproductive
advantage for an organism will increase in a
population
• Not necessarily the “fittest”, more influenced
by those who can:
– Adapt to an environment
– Make the greatest genetic contributions
• What matters is reproduction
– Survival of the genome (entire genetic
complement)
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
16
Studying Natural
Selection
• Focus on anatomy
– Behavioural influences more difficult
• Universal behaviours
– Present in all cultures
– Adaptive genetic basis
• Genetic mutations
– Help explain evolution of behaviour
– Rarely confers a behavioural advantage
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
17
Natural Bases
of Behaviour
1. Describe how neurons communicate
throughout the body.
2. Explain the role of neurotransmitters.
3. Compare and contrast the functions of
neurotransmitters and hormones.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
18
Neural Bases of
Behaviour
• Neuron
– A nervous system cell that receives and
conducts electrochemical impulses
• Nerve
– Large bundle of axons outside the brain and
spinal cord
• Glial cell
– A nervous system cell that supports, nourishes,
insulates and protects neurons
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
19
Neurons
• No two are alike but they all share three
basic features
• Dendrites
• Cell body
• Axon
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
20
Structure of a Neuron
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
21
Communication
• Action potential
– Voltage change across an axon when an
impulse is transmitted
• Myelin sheath
– Fatty insulation that segmentally wraps a axon
– Speed neural transmission
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
22
Communication within
the Neuron
• Resting potential
– Polarized state
– Selectively permeable
• Action potential initiation
– Stimulated by sufficiently strong signal
– Depolarization
• Spreading of the action potential and
repolarization
– Stimulates adjacent ions and spread of the action
potential
– Repolarization
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
23
Communication within
the Neuron
• Resting potential
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
24
Communication within
the Neuron
• Action potential initiation
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
25
Communication within
the Neuron
• Spreading of the action potential and
repolarization
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
26
Communication within
the Neuron
• Overall summary
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
27
Communication between
Neurons
• Sending a chemical signal
– Action potential reaches axon terminal
buttons
– Triggers release of neurotransmitters
– Bind to receptors
• Receiving a chemical signal
– Excitatory or inhibitory messages
– Message passed if excitatory > inhibitory
• Reuptake or degradation
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
28
Communication between
Neurons
• Sending a chemical signal
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
29
Communication between
Neurons
• Receiving a chemical signal
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
30
Communication between
Neurons
• Dealing with the leftovers
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
31
Neurotransmitters
• Released by neuron at synaptic cleft in
response to an action potential
• Transmits messages from one neuron to
another
• May be inhibitory or excitatory
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
32
Receptor Sites
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
33
Common
Neurotransmitters
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Serotonin (5-HT)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Epinephrine
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Endorphine
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
34
Endocrine System
• Utilizes hormones secreted into blood to carry
messages
• Controlled by the hypothalamus
• Functions
– Helps regulate long term bodily processes
– Maintain ongoing bodily processes
– Help control body’s response to an emergency
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
35
Endocrine System
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
36
O r g a n i z a t i o n o f
t h e N e r v o u s S y s t e m
1. Identify the major components of the nervous
system.
2. Explain how the spinal cord initiates reflexes.
3. Explain why research investigating
neuroplasticity and neurogenesis are
important.
4. Describe the opposing roles of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
37
Organization of the
Nervous System
• Central nervous system (CNS)
– Brain, spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
– All nerves outside brain and spinal cord
– Carries messages to and from CNS to the
periphery of the body
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
38
The Nervous System
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
39
Central Nervous System
• Neuroplasticity
– Brains malleability to reorganize and change its
structure and function across the lifespan
• Neurogenesis
– The process by which new neurons are
generated
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
40
Neuroplasticity
• Brain capable of changing structure
(anatomy) and function (physiology)
• Lifelong capacity to reorganize
– Response to new experience
– Compensate for lost function after damage
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
41
Research Findings
• Mechanism by which brain can structurally and
functionally reorganize after a stroke
• Modifications in response to trauma and
experience
• Healthy life style (diet and exercise) can induce
neuroplasticity
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
42
Donald Hebb
• Canadian researcher
• Described how brain and neural signals are
associated with higher functions
• Consciousness could be described in terms of
neural patterns
• Neurons that are simultaneously active become
associated with each other
– Repeated stimulation strengthens synapses
and allows us to acquire new skills
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
43
Neurogenesis
• Lost cells continually replaced by new ones
• Stem cells
– Precursors that can develop into any type of
new specialized cells
– Can also copy themselves
– Fate depends on the chemical signals they
recieve
– Originate deep within brain and migrate
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
44
Research Opportunities
• Potential in treating neural disease and
spinal cord injury
– Neurogenesis limited in the spinal cord
– Potential for embryonic stem cell
transplantation
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
45
Research
• Neurogenesis appears to occur in to areas
– Hippocampus
– Specialized area lining the lateral ventricles
• Most of these neurons die but some continue to
grow and integrate
• Reduced by aging and stress
• Increased by exercise, stimulating experience and
some antidepressant medications
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
46
Spinal Cord
• Begins at base off brain and travels down middle
of back
• Relays messages
• Can initiate some autonomic behaviours
– Reflex or reflex arcs
– Most fade over time
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
47
Reflexes
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
48
Peripheral Nervous
System
• Somatic nervous system (SNS)
– Carries sensory information to the CNS
– Carries messages from the CNS to skeletal
muscle
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
– Controls involuntary functions of tissues,
organs and glands
– Sympathetic nervous system
– Parasympathetic nervous system
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
49
Sensory versus Motor
Neurons
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
50
Sympathetic Nervous
System
• Mobilizes body resources to respond to a stressor
• Fight or flight response
– Increased heart rate, respiration and blood
pressure
– Decreased digestive and eliminative processes
– Release stress hormones into blood
– Result is more oxygenated blood to skeletal
muscle
• Adaptive, evolutionary advantage
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
51
Parasympathetic Nervous
System
• Responsible for returning the body to normal
functioning
• Rest and digest
– Slow heart rate, lower blood pressure
– Increase digestive and eliminative processes
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
52
Autonomic Nervous
System
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
53
A Tour Through
the Brain
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identify the major structures of the hindbrain, midbrain,
and forebrain, and of the cerebral cortex.
Summarize the major roles of the lobes of the cerebral
cortex.
Describe what scientists have learned from split-brain
research.
Explain why it’s a mistake to believe that the right
brain is usually “neglected.”
Describe some examples of localization of function in
the brain.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
54
A Tour Through The Brain
• Lower-level brain structures
– Hindbrain, midbrain, parts of the forebrain
• Midbrain
• Forebrain
– Thalamus, limbic system, hypothalamus
• Cerebral cortex
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
55
The Human Brain
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
56
Hindbrain
• Medulla
– Effectively an extension of the top of the spinal
cord
– Controls many essential autonomic functions
– e.g. respiration and heart rate
• Pons
– Involved in respiration, movement,
sleeping/waking/dreaming
– Role in relaying sensory information to higher
brain structures
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
57
Hindbrain
• Cerebellum
– Located at the back of the brain
– Coordinates fine muscle movement and balance
– Takes complex sequences of movement and packages
them as a single automatic output
• With practice
• Frees higher brain regions to to more complex tasks
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
58
Midbrain
• Helps orient eye and body movements to
visual and auditory stimuli
• Works with pons
– Help control sleep, temperature regulation and
level of arousal
• Reticular formation (RF)
– Network of neurons running through core of
hindbrain, midbrain and brainstem
– Filters sensory information and alerts higher
brain centres
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
59
Forebrain
• Largest and most prominent part of the human
brain
•
•
•
•
•
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
60
Thalamus
• Receives sensory input and directs it appropriate
cortical regions
• May have a role in learning and memory
• Damage linked to schizophrenia, sensory
processing and perception
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
61
Hypothalamus
• Located beneath the thalamus
• Controls autonomic nervous system
– Control centre for many essential survival
behaviours
• Controls endocrine system
– Regulates internal environment
– Influences pituitary gland
• Direct neural communication
• Releasing hormones into blood to pituitary
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
62
Limbic System
• Located roughly on border between cerebral
cortex and lower-level brain structures
• Responsible for emotions, learning and memory
– Tempered by cerebral cortex
• Amygdala
– Pleasure and reward
– Aggression and fear
• Hippocampus
– Long term memory and spatial navigation
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
63
Structures of the
Forebrain
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
64
Neuroanatomy of
Support
• Meninges
– Three layers of membranes that align closely
with the brain and spinal cord
– Structural support and protection
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
– Circulates around CNS and fills ventricles
– Protection and cushioning
– Constantly made, circulated and removed
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
65
Supporting and Protective
Structures
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
66
Cerebral Cortex
• Thin surface layer on cerebral hemispheres
• Regulates most complex behaviour
• Plays vital role in our sense of self and subjective
experience
• Convolutions allow it to maximize surface area
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
67
Cerebral Hemispheres
•
•
•
•
Fissure marks the left and right hemispheres
Make up about 80% of weight
Gets signals and controls opposite side of body
Divided into eight lobes
– Four on each side
– Each specialized into specific tasks
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
68
Lobes of the Brain
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
69
Frontal Lobes
• Coordinate messages received from other three
lobes
• Motor cortex initiates all voluntary movement
• Broca’s area
– Located in lower left frontal lobe
– Speech formation
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
70
Specialized Brain
Functions
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
71
Parietal Lobes
• Interpret bodily sensations
– Pressure, pain, touch, temperature, location of
body parts
• Somatosensory cortex
– Thin band of cortical tissue on front of parietal
lobe
– Receives information about touch and other
skin and visceral senses
– Mapped by Wilder Penfield while developing
surgical treatment for epilepsy
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
72
Motor and
Somatosensory Cortex
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
73
Temporal Lobes
• Responsible for hearing, language
comprehension, memory and some emotions
• Auditory cortex
– Processes sound
– Processes incoming sensory information and
sends it parietal lobes
• Wernicke’s area
– Language comprehension
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
74
Occipital Lobes
• Responsible primarily for vision and visual
perception
• Damage can produce blindness
– Eyes and neural connection to brain may be
perfectly functional
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
75
Association Areas
• Three quarters of cortex remains uncommitted
• Originally thought to be unused
– Clearly involved in interpretation, integration
and acting on information processed in other
parts of the brain
• Association areas
– Associate or connect various areas and
functions of the brain
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
76
Cerebral Hemispheres
•
•
•
•
Control opposite sides of the body
Each has some separate areas of specialization
Primarily connected via corpus callosum
Left hemisphere
– Language and analytical functions
• Right hemisphere
– Non-verbal activities such as art and music
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
77
Split Brain Research
• In some severe cases of epilepsy, the corpus
callosum is severed
– Stops spread of seizures
• Major communication link severed
– Reveals what each hemisphere can do in
isolation of the other
– Subtle changes that appear only on specialized
testing
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
78
Split Brain Research
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
79
Split Brain Research
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
80
Functions of the Left
and Right Hemispheres
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
81
Multimedia
Web links
Photo 51
Meet the unsung heroine of behind the discovery of
DNA’s double Helix
How Cells Divide
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Cracking the Code of Life
This two-hour special, hosted by ABC "Nightline"
correspondent Robert Krulwich, chronicles the
fiercely competitive race to capture one of the
biggest scientific prizes ever: the complete letter-byletter sequence of genetic information that defines
human life—the human genome.
Build a Family Tree (Men Only)
The Y chromosome is the keeper of family history on
the male side.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
A Theory in Crisis
Mirror Neurons
Why do sports fans feel so emotionally invested in
the game, reacting almost as if they were part of the
game themselves? According to provocative
discoveries in brain imaging, inside our heads we
constantly "act out" and imitate whatever activity
we're observing. As this video reveals, our so-called
"mirror neurons" help us understand the actions of
others and prime us to imitate what we see.
How Your Brain Works
Your brain is made of approximately 100 billion nerve
cells, called neurons. Neurons have the amazing
ability to gather and transmit electrochemical signals
-- think of them like the gates and wires in a
computer.
The Structure and Function of Neurons
Movement and activity depend upon the
coordination of many cells. The nervous system is
what produces this coordination and messages are
passed to the brain for response
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
82
Multimedia
Web links
Neurons and the Action Potential
Whether neurons are sensory or motor, big or small,
they all have in common that their activity is both
electrical and chemical.
Neuroscience for Kids
This page describes how neurons work.
Nervous System – Nerve Cells and Nerves
Your nervous system contains millions of nerve cells,
called neurons. Neurons are highly specialised to
transmit messages from one part of your body to
another.
Neurological Control
Communication between neurons is made possible
by synapses.
What is the Action Potential of a Neuron
Neurons allow the brain to communicate with the
rest of the body through the propagation of waves of
depolarization, known as action potentials, along the
axon membrane.
What is the Resting Potential of a Neuron
Neurons are cells specialized to allow our brains to
communicate with the rest of the body. The resting
potential prepares neurons to send the messages.
Psychology Class Notes
Biological Psychology (Psychobiology)
Neuroscience for Kids
The Synapse
Neurological Control
The Synaptic Signal
Younger Brains
Neuroscientists may have found why the brain slows
down in old age.
Ecstasy Slideshow
This slideshow starts off with some fairly basic
information and concepts and gets more complex as
it goes along. Don't get all freaked out by the
technical terms; it's all explained as we go along.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
83
Multimedia
Web links
MDMA At Work (and Play)
This simple animation demonstrates how MDMA
actually causes serotonin to be released.
Neurological Control
Neurotransmitters
How Stuff Works
All About the Human Body
Central Nervous System – The Brain and Spinal Cord
The brain and spinal column (CNS) are the control
center and communications network for the body.
Injuries to these organs can result in serious longterm effects.
Nervous System – Peripheral Nervous System
All the nerves and nerve cells outside your central
nervous system make up your peripheral nervous
system. Its task is to relay information from your
brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body and
from your body to your brain and spinal cord.
Neuroscience for Kids
Autonomic Nervous System
Stroke Brain Re-Growth
Damage to the brain from a stroke often causes loss of
arm and leg movement. As this ScienCentral News video
reports, brain researchers have found a way to make
damaged nerve cells in the brain re-grow after a stroke,
and restore movement to paralyzed limbs.
Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Skills Training
Neuroplasticity is defined as the capacity of nerve cells in
the brain to modify their activity in response to
environmental stimulation. This is the process that
occurs in response to cognitive skills training at Brain
Power Learning Center.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
84
Multimedia
Web links
New Neurons in Neocortex? New Study Says No!
This month scientists backed away from previous
conclusions about neurogenesis -- that is, growth of
new nerve cells -- when they found that nerve cells
do not grow in the neocortex of adult primates. The
study, done by Drs. David Kornack and Pasko Rakic,
used a combination of techniques to look at cells in
the neocortex, the brain's specialized outer layer
where complex functions such as planning,
reasoning, and language take place. The "neo" in
neocortex means "new," signifying that this area
evolved later and is not as primitive as other cortical
areas (such as the "older" hippocampus).
What are Stem Cells?
Stem cells are very special, powerful cells found in
both humans and non-human animals. They have
been called the centrepieces of regenerative
medicine – medicine that involves growing new cells,
tissues and organs to replace or repair those
damaged by injury, disease or aging.
Nervous System – Spinal Cord
Your spinal cord is a glistening white bundle of
nerves, which runs from your brain down a canal in
your backbone. It's roughly 40cm long and about as
wide as your thumb for most of its length.
Brain Atlas
Spinal Cord
Neuroscience for Kids
Divisions of the Nervous System
Sheep Brain Dissection
The Anatomy of Memory
Human Brain
“Fly-Through”
The Brain
The brain has the size and appearance of a small
cauliflower. But thanks to its 100 billion nerve cells
(as many as there are stars in our galaxy!), we can
think, plan, talk, imagine, and so much more.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
85
Multimedia
Web links
Your Brain
You're trying to make something that looks like this.
First place the palms of your hands together. Now
bring your elbows together and curl in your fingers to
create two fists. Have a friend place a golf ball or
table tennis ball in between your fists.
Neuroscience For Kids
Do We Use Only 10% of Our Brains?
Brain Atlas
Hindbrain
Brain Atlas
Midbrain
Brain Atlas
Forebrain
How Stuff Works
Videos Page
Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is the layer of the brain often
referred to as gray matter. The cortex (thin layer of
tissue) is gray because nerves in this area lack the
insulation that makes most other parts of the brain
appear to be white. The cortex covers the outer
portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum and
cerebellum. The portion of the cortex that covers the
cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex.
Secrets of the Mind
A Map of the Motor Cortex
Mind Bluff
Left Brain vs. Right Brain
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
86
Multimedia
Videos
Y’s-Guys (1:37)
Geneticists are announcing that they have
sequenced the male sex chromosome. As this
ScienCentral News video reports, while sequencing
its genes hasn't yet revealed the secret to male
channel surfing, it is giving scientists new insight into
why a guy is a guy.
Wiring the Brain (1:18)
Interested in continuing education? Here's some
good news. As this ScienCentral News video reports,
brain researchers have uncovered one mechanism
that controls how our brains make new connections.
Chocolate on the Brain (1:59)
For the chocolate industry, Valentine’s Day is one of
the most wonderful times of the year, as Cupid’s
arrow strikes romantics squarely in the sweet tooth.
But are all those calories empty ones? New nutrition
research may help take the guilt out of chocoholics’
guilty pleasure.
Lifespan Genes (1:36)
We all know that diet and exercise can help us live
longer and healthier. For many of us that’s easier said
than done. Will there ever be a drug that can help us
stay young longer? This ScienCentral News video
reports that there is hope, and some scientists say
the key to a long life may be a single gene.
Bird Brain Genes (1:23)
Human speech and bird song may have more in
common than we know, according to scientists at
Duke University. As this ScienCentral News video
reports, the research could lead to new progress for
people with genetic speech disorders.
Watching Live Brains (1:30)
For the first time, scientists can watch individual
brain cells in living animals for long periods of time.
But as this ScienCentral News video reports, they've
come to different conclusions about what it tells us
about our brains.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
87
Multimedia
Web links
Your Brain on Drugs (2:09)
It goes by many names, but whether it’s called
"speed," "ice," "chalk," "crystal" or "glass,"
methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant.
And while the problems associated with drug abuse
are familiar to most people, new research has added
to the list. Scientists are now able to look directly at
the brain of drug users and have found that
methamphetamine damages the brain, and its
effects continue long after people stop using it.
Maternal Separation (1:17)
There's no substitute for a mother's love. As this
ScienCentral News video reports, neuroscientists
have found that when kids are deprived of this love,
it could affect the way their brains are wired and
make them more prone to abuse drugs as adults.
Stem Cell Shakes (1:34)
The good news about stem cells is that they can
develop into any kind of cell or tissue. The bad news
is that scientists have had trouble making them grow
into the kinds of cells they want. This ScienCentral
News video reports that brain scientists have found a
solution, at least when it comes to nerve cells
Alzheimer’s Scans (1:29)
A new 3-D time-lapse video technique is helping
neuroscientists see the progression of Alzheimer’s
disease in patients’ brains for the first time. As this
ScienCentral News video reports, it will help in early
diagnosis and intervention.
Meditation Changes Brains (1:40)
Trying to juggle a busy work and family life can be
stressful. As this ScienCentral News video reports,
neuroscientists have new evidence that meditation
could help.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
88
Multimedia
Animations
Alcohol, Neurotransmitters, and Your Brain
Have you ever wondered why some sobriety tests
ask a suspect to touch a finger to his or her nose and
to walk a straight line? To understand, what alcohol
does to these abilities, we need to look at what
alcohol does to your brain.
The Brain
Biological Bases of Behaviour
Author Podcast
Chapter 2 Podcast
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd
89
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights
reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing
Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be
addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons
Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or
her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and
the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or
damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of
the information contained herein.
Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
90