6th Grade Science
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
© Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD, 6th Grade
Unit 6
Earth Systems and Structure
Chapter 17: The Restless Earth
Section 1: Inside the Earth
Section 2: Continents on the Move – Review only.
Section 3: Tectonic Forces
Section 4: Building Mountains
Chapter 18: The Flow of Fresh Water
Section 1: The Active River
Section 2: Stream and River Deposits
Section 3: Water Underground
Chapter 19: The Earth’s Atmosphere
Section 1: Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section 3: Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
What Do You Think?
How do we know what the
inside of the Earth looks like?
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
The outer layer of
the Earth in less
dense than the
inner layer.
Three main layers
of the Earth: crust,
mantle, core.
Cite: http://www.kidscosmos.org/kid-stuff/mars-trip-graphics/earth-interior-diagram.gif
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
The crust ranges from 5-100 km .
Continental crust is made of light
and less dense materials: silicon,
oxygen and aluminum.
Oceanic crust is made of heavy and
more dense materials: iron, calcium,
and magnesium.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://binky.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/images/struct.jpg
Inside the Earth
The mantle is
between the crust and
the core. It is very
thick and has the
most mass.
We infer what the
mantle looks like by
looking at the surface
of the Earth. The
mantle is made of iron
and magnesium.
Cite: http://www.greatbasinnaturalhistory.org/Geology/Images/Mantle%20Convection.gif
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
The core begins
at the bottom of
the mantle and
ends at the
center.
The core is
made of iron,
nickel , sulfur
and oxygen.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Cite: http://www.oup.co.uk/images/oxed/children/yoes/earth/earthcore.jpg
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
When we study the Earth we
look at the physical properties
of its layers:
Temperature, density and
ability to flow( viscosity)
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
– Lithosphere
– Asthenosphere
– Mesosphere
– Outer core
– Inner core
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/AskGeoImages/Earth.layers.image.gif
Inside the Earth
The lithosphere
is the crust and
the rigid upper
part of the
mantle.
It is divided into
pieces called
plates.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite:http://www.craigtutoring.com/earthscienceimages/lithosphere.gif
Inside the Earth
The
asthenosphere
is the soft layer
on which the
plates move.
It is solid rock,
flow very slowly.
Cite: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/curr2.JPG
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
The mesosphere
is the strong lower
part of the mantle.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://courses.eas.ualberta.ca/eas421/images/diagrams/0108earth.gif
Inside the Earth
The outer core is the
liquid layer that slowly
circulates.
Electrical currents
within it generate the
Earth’s magnetic field.
Every 100,000years
or so, the magnetic
field reverses itself.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2002/april24/gifs/earth_350.jpg
Inside the Earth
The inner core is a
solid, dense center.
Temperature is
around 4300 degrees
Celsius.
Scientist know this by
recreating pressures
like that of the core.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_activity_library/images/earths_interior.jpg
Inside the Earth
Earthquakes give us the answers about
the earth interior through seismic waves or
vibrations. They travel through the Earth
at different speeds.
For examples- Seismic wave through rock
travels faster than through liquid.
Seismographs measure the times at
which different waves arrive, and record
the speed.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
Seismograph in action
Cite: http://www.thetech.org/exhibits_events/online/quakes/seismo/images/seismograph.gif
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
Click here to view the interior of
the earth.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Inside the Earth
Activity
Build a model of the Earth using
peanut butter, jelly, chocolate
chips, dried milk and honey.
Relate each substance to each
layer of the Earth.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Pre-AP Extension
Take a journey to the center of the
Earth by creating a scale model of
the Earth. Along the way, explore
each layer and examine the
characteristics of each layer.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Let’s Review
1. Explain why seismic waves
travel more rapidly through the
mesosphere than through the
outer core.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Seismic waves travel more rapidly
through the mesosphere because
the mesosphere is solid and
densely packed, while the outer
core is liquid.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
2. What is the difference between
continental and oceanic crust?
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Oceanic crust is thinner and
denser than continental crust.
Continental crust is mostly silicon,
oxygen, and aluminum. Oceanic
crust is rich in magnesium, iron
and calcium.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
3. How is the lithosphere different
from the asthenosphere?
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
The lithosphere is rigid and is
divided into tectonic plates. The
asthenosphere is a layer of
mantle material that flows very
slowly.
Chapter 17 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
What Do You Think?
What causes mountains to
form?
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Stress is the amount of force per unit area
put on a given object.
Deformation is the rock changing due to
stress.
Three things determine how much stress a
rock can handle: composition, temperature
and amount of pressure.
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Compression is
when two plates
collide. (squeezing)
Tension is when
two plates pulling
away from each
other. (stretching)
Cite: http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-tectonics-1-wl.GIF
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Folding is the bending
of rock
Anticline are archshaped folds.
Syncline are troughshaped folds.
Monocline are rocks
that have vertical stress
and the ends are still
horizontal.
Anticline
Cite:http://www.salem.k12.va.us/staff/flester/lester/foldsandfaults/anticline.gif
Syncline
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://www.salem.k12.va.us/staff/flester/lester/syncline.gif
Tectonic Forces
Cite: http://www.nps.gov/brca/Geodetect/Photo%20book/LF%20pix/images/Monocline%20Cross%20Section%20_TIF.jpg
Monocline
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Cite: http://www.geosci.unc.edu/faculty/glazner/Images/Structure/Monocline.jpg
Monocline in the Mojave Desert, California
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
•
Cite: http://www-class.unl.edu/geol101i/images/structure%20images/anticline%20from%20Wind%20Rivers.jpg
Anticline in Wind Rivers, Wyoming
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Cite: http://users.ipfw.edu/isiorho/Syncline.JPG
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Faulting is breaking of rocks
Footwall is one side of the rock.
Hanging wall is the other side of the rock.
A normal fault is when the rocks pull
away from each other, the hanging wall
moves down.
A reverse fault is when rocks are pushed
together, the hanging wall is pushed up.
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Normal Fault
Cite: http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/struct/normal_animation.gif
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Reverse Fault
Cite: http://www.earthsci.org/struct/fault/reverse.gif
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Strike-slip Fault is when
the rock breaks and move
horizontally.
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Strike Slip Fault
Cite: http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~nfay/home/right_lateral_fault.gif
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Tectonic Forces
Activity
Using play dough, model the
layers of the Earth and see what
happens when the plates move.
See speaker notes for lab.
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
1. Name tow types of stress, and
describe how they affect the
Earth’s surface.
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Compression squeezes the crust
together and forms folds and
reverse faults. Tension pulls the
crust apart and forms mid-ocean
ridges and normal faults.
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
2. What is the difference between a
normal fault and a reverse fault?
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
A normal fault forms as a result of
tensional stress and the hanging wall
moves down relative to the footwall.
A reverse fault forms as a result of
compressional stress, and the
hanging wall moves up relative to the
footwall.
Chapter 17 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Building Mountains
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Building Mountains
What Do You Think?
Why are the Appalachian Mountains
in the middle of the North American
plate?
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Building Mountains
Most mountain ranges form
where plates collideconvergent boundary.
Uplift is the process by which
regions of the crust are raised
to a higher elevation.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Building Mountains
Cite: http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/plates/subduction.jpg
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Building Mountains
Folded Mountains are formed when rock
layers are squeezed together.
Appalachians
Fault - Block Mountains are formed
when faulting causes large blocks of the
crust to drop down. Tetons
Volcanic Mountains are formed when
molten rocks erupts onto the Earth’s
surface. Divergent boundary.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Building Mountains
Fault Block Mountains
Citehttp://cse.cosm.sc.edu/erth_sci/Metamorf/ue3588.jpg
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
:
Building Mountains
Folded Mountains in Canada
Cite: http://cse.cosm.sc.edu/erth_sci/Metamorf/ue1868.jpg
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Building Mountains
Volcanic Mountain
Cithttp://cse.cosm.sc.edu/erth_sci/Metamorf/ss5_3.jpge:
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Building Mountains
Activity
You are going to research a
mountain and find a photograph of
the mountain. We will place all the
different mountains around the room
and you will tour the museum.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Pre-AP Extension
It can takes millions of years for a
mountain to form or sometimes
just a few years. Research a
mountain and create a timeline on
the formation of the mountain.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Let’s Review
1. Name and describe the type of
tectonic stress that forms folded
mountains.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Folded mountains form when
compression pushes layers of
rock into huge folds.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
2. Name and describe the type of
tectonic stress that forms faultblock mountains.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Fault-block mountains form when
tension pulls rock apart and
causes a large number of normal
faults to form.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
3. Explain how volcanic mountains
change the surface of the Earth.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Volcanic mountains change the
surface of the Earth by adding
material to it.
Chapter 17 Section 4
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
What Do You Think?
What are the parts to the
water cycle?
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Erosion is the
removal and
transport of rock
and soil by the
flow of water and
by the action of
wind , ice and
gravity.
Cite:http://www.fotos-und-grafik.de/fichtel/natur/erosion/erosion.jpg
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
The water cycle is a continuous movement
of water.
Parts of the water cycle are:
1. Condensation is when water vapors
cool and change into liquid water droplets
that form clouds.
2. Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet or hail
that falls from the clouds to the Earth’s
surface.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
3. Evaporation takes place when liquid water from
the Earth’s surface changes into water vapor. Energy
from the sun causes evaporation.
4. Water vapor is also added to the air by plants
(transpiration).
Water gains energy during evaporationendothermic.
Water loses energy during condensation- exothermic.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Hydrological Cycle
Cite: http://www.tkp.edu.hk/~lscn/6a/hydrologic_cycle.gif
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Runoff is water that flows
across the land and enters
rivers and streams. It
eventually flows into lakes
and oceans.
Percolation is the downward
movement of water through
soil and rock due to gravity.
Tributaries are smaller
streams or rivers that flow
into larger ones.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
A watershed is the region of land drained by a
river system. Mississippi Watershed is the
largest in U.S.
Divides separated the watersheds.
A channel is the path that a stream follows.
Gradient is the measure of the change in
elevation over a certain distance.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Click here to watch a short
video on watersheds.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Discharge is the
amount of water that
a stream or river
carries in a given
amount of time.
Load is the materials
carried by a river or
stream.
Cite: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/images/yak_wq_images/dirty_ri.jpg
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Young- erodes channels deep, river flows
quickly and is straight.
Mature- erodes wider, meanders, gradient not
as steep as young river and has more
tributaries and discharge.
Old- has little gradient and little erosion.
Oxbow lakes and large amount of meanders.
Rejuvenated- land is raised due to plate
tectonics and river becomes steeper.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Activity
Get some pictures of different rivers and
see if the students can figure out the age
of the rivers based on the characteristics
of each river.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Explore a river system by
clicking here.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
The Active River
Activity
You will make a model of the
water cycle, and you will watch
water as it moves through the
model.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Let’s Review
1. Explain the interactions between
matter and energy in the water
cycle.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Liquid water gains energy form the
sun and evaporates. As water
evaporates, it changes into water
vapor. Water vapor rises and
condenses to form clouds. As the
water vapor condenses, it loses
energy, and water falls back to the
Earth as precipitation.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
2. Describe the differences
between a river system and a
watershed.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
A river system is a network of
streams and rivers. A watershed
is the region of land drained by a
river system. River systems are
mad up of smaller systems of
streams and tributaries.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
3. Describe the ways that youthful,
mature, old, and rejuvenated
rivers shape the Earth’s surface.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Youthful rivers erode deep channels.
Mature rivers erode wide channels.
Old rivers deposit sediment in their
channels and along their banks.
Rejuvenated rivers form terraces in
the river valley.
Chapter 18 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Stream and River Deposits
Chapter 18 Section 2
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Stream and River Deposits
What Do You Think?
Why are some farms located
near a river?
Chapter 18 Section 2
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Stream and River Deposits
Rivers erode and carry enormous amounts
of sediment.
When the river’s current slows down the
sediment is deposited.
Deposition is the process by which
material is dropped.
Chapter 18 Section 2
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Stream and River Deposits
Erosion happens on the outside
bank, where the current is faster.
Deposition happens along the inside
of the bank , where the current is
slower.
Cite:http://www.rcgroups.com/gallery/data/512/10591CO_River_1-19-03__4_.jpg
Chapter 18 Section 2
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Stream and River Deposits
A delta is formed where a river’s current
slows down and sediment is deposited in a
fan- shaped pattern. New land is built.
An alluvial fan is created when fast
moving water flows onto a flat plain and
sediment is deposited in a fan-shaped
pattern.
A flood plain is when a river overflows its
banks.
Chapter 18 Section 2
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Stream and River Deposits
Cite: http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/alluvial_fan_lg.jpeg
Cite: http://www.lizander.com/workforsale/images/patterns_river_delta.jpg
Alluvial Fan
Delta
Chapter 18 Section 2
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Flood Plains
Cite: http://www.wildlife-art.co.uk/new_site/graphics/earth_science/flood_plain.jpg
Let’s Review
1. Describe how river deposition
forms deltas, alluvial fans, and
flood plains.
Chapter 18 Section 2
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
A delta is formed where a river’s current
slows down and sediment is deposited in a
fan- shaped pattern. New land is built.
An alluvial fan is created when fast moving
water flows onto a flat plain and sediment is
deposited in a fan-shaped pattern.
A flood plain is when a river overflows its
banks.
Chapter 18 Section 2
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
What Do You Think?
Where does the water go
after it rains?
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Ground water is water that is
beneath the Earth’s surface.
97% of the world’s liquid fresh water is
stored here.
There are two zones underground:
1. Zone of aeration
2. Zone of saturation.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Zone of Aeration is the upper zone where
rain water passes.
Zone of Saturation is where water
collects.
Where these two zones meet is at the
water table.
Water table rises during wet years and
lowers during dry years.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Citehttp://www.geo.sunysb.edu/classes/oldclasses/cei542/notes/watertable.jpg:
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
An aquifer is a rock layer that stores
ground water and allows it to flow.
Porosity is the amount of space between
the particles that make up a rock.
Aquifers allow water to pass freely from
one pore to another.
Permeability is a rock’s ability to allow
water to pass through it.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Cite: http://www.dac.neu.edu/Earth/m.wizevich/GEO200/Week11/Porosity1.gif
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Cite:http://www.rw.ttu.edu/2302_butler/images/permeability.jpg
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Activity
Which substance has more
permeability sand or soil? Find out
how long it takes for water to travel
through each of these substances.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Water Underground
Best aquifers usually form in permeable
materials such as sandstone, limestone,
and layers of sand and gravel.
Recharge zone is the ground surface
where water enters an aquifer. (marked
by signs).
The size of the recharge zone depends on
the layer of rock.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Cite: http://pasture.ecn.purdue.edu/~epados/ground/images/recharge.gif
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Ground water movement depends on the
slope of the water table.
If the water table reaches the Earth’s
surface, water will flow out from the
ground and form a spring.
A well is a human-made hole that is
deeper than the level of the water table.
Water is filtered and purified as it travels
through an aquifer.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Cite: http://www.artesianwater.com/kids/Aquifer.jpg
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Most caves are formed as ground water
dissolves the limestone.
Stalactites are sharp- icicle shaped
features that are from deposits of calcium
carbonate.( Hang from the ceiling)
Stalagmites form when water falls to the
cave floor adds to cone- shaped features.
Drip stone column are stalagmites and
stalactites connected.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Water Underground
Cite: http://www.epidauros.freeserve.co.uk/slovenia/4stalagmites.jpg
Cite: http://www.sisutcliffe.co.uk/pix/spain_dec_03/stalagtites.jpg
Stalactites
Dripstone
Column
Stalagmites
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite:http://www.suite101.com/files/articles/93000/93687/carlsbad_column1.jpg
Water Underground
View maps of major and minor aquifers of
Texas by clicking here.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Pre-AP Extension
Porosity and permeability are
related terms used to describe
any rock or loose sediment. Both
of these properties are essential
to the formation of an aquifer.
Describe the porosity and
permeability in sand, gravel and
clay.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Let’s Review
1. What is the source of the water
in an aquifer?
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Surface water percolates down
through the recharge zone to
supply water to an aquifer.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
2. What are some of the features
formed by underground erosion
and deposition?
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Caves form by ground-water
erosion. Stalagmites, stalactites,
and dripstone columns form by
underground deposition.
Chapter 18 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
What Do You Think?
Why is the atmosphere so
important to the Earth?
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Atmosphere is a
mixture of gases
that surround the
Earth.
Protects you
from the sun and
has oxygen.
Cite: http://www.wsd1.org/PC_Science/Weather/atmosphere.jpg
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere
is made up of
gases, solids and
liquids.
Water is most
common liquid in
the atmosphere.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://www.birdlife.org.za/resources/sustainable/Air/atmosphere_bird.jpg
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Air pressure is
the measurement
of the force with
which air
particles push on
a surface.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is
held around the
Earth by gravity.
The gas particles
are pulled towards
the surface.
There are fewer
particles as you
move away from
the surface.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Altitude is the
height of an
object above the
Earth’s surface.
As altitude
increases, air
pressure
decreases.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Temperature
changes as you
move through the
atmosphere due to
the amount of
sun’s energy that is
absorbed by
gases.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite:http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/atmosphere-regions.jpg
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Troposphere
makes up 90% of
the mass of
atmosphere.
It is the densest
layer and the layer
in which you live.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://www.weatherquestions.com/troposphere.jpg
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Stratosphere is above
the troposphere
The air is very thin here
and there is very little
moisture.
The ozone is here that
absorbs some of the
sun’s harmful rays.
Temperature increases
with altitude here.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://www.policyalmanac.org/graphics/chartsn.gif
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
The mesosphere is
above the stratosphere
It is the coldest layer
and protects us from
meteoroids. It burns up
any substance that
enters our atmosphere.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Thermosphere is
a hot layer yet is
doesn’t feel hotbecause the
particles move
fast but are far
apart.
Cite: http://www.spaceflightnow.com/delta/d289/images/timed.jpg
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Ionosphere is the
upper part of
mesosphere and
lower part of
Ionosphere. This layer
absorbs the sun rays,
and the gas particles
become electrically
charged.
Cite:http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/Public/Images/aurora2.gif
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Activity
Use a scale to find the mass of a ball.
Record the mass of the empty ball. Pump
up the ball. Use a scale to find the mass of
the ball filled with air. Compare the two
masses. Does air have mass.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Review the layers of the atmosphere by
clicking here.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Pre-AP Extension
Some scientist believe the Earth is
warming up due to the greenhouse
effect.
Measure temperatures in a model
greenhouse and in a control as they
are heated. Calculate the resulting
temperature changes.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Let’s Review
1. What cause air pressure?
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
Air pressure is caused by gravity
pulling molecules in the atmosphere
toward the Earth.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
2. How can the thermosphere have
high temperature but not feel hot?
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
In the thermosphere, particles are
moving quickly, but because they are
few and far apart, they cannot
transfer much energy.
Chapter 19 Section 1
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
What Do You Think?
What causes the wind to
blow?
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Wind is the
movement of air as
a result of different
air pressures.
The greater the
pressure
difference, the
stronger the wind.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Wind is caused by
unequal heating of
the Earth.
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
The unequal heating of the Earth
makes pressure belts. The air
rises or sinks making circular
patterns on the Earth. These
patterns are called convection
cells.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/courses/eeb244/EEB244S02/Aphys4.gif
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
The way the wind blows depends
on the rotation of the Earth.
The wind blows in a curved path
due to the rotation of the Earth
called the coriolis effect.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://www.students.i.csbsju.edu/ijflenner/coriolis_effect.gif
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Cite: http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/arcticmet/images/factors/coriolis.gif
Winds in the
Northern
Hemisphere
curve to the
right.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Winds in the
Southern
Hemisphere
curve to the left.
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Cyclones are areas
of low pressure.
There is warm, less
dense air at the
center that rises.
Anticyclones are
areas of high
pressure. There is
colder, denser air at
the center that sinks.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Cite: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/3_cyclones.jpg
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Local winds generally move short
distances and can blow from any
direction.
Global winds are part of a pattern of
air flow that moves across the Earth.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Trade winds blow at 30* latitude to the
equator. (early sailors used the winds to
sail from Europe to America).
Doldrums are around the equator where
there is very little wind. (means foolish)
Horse Latitudes- are at 30*North and 30*
south latitudes. Air sinks and there is very
little air.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Westerlies are between 30* and
60* latitude. Flows towards the
poles and helped ships return to
Europe.
Polar Easterlies are between the
poles and 60* latitude and is
where cold air sinks.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Cite: http://www.esys.org/wetter/doldrums6.jpg
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Jet stream is a
narrow belt of highspeed winds that
blow in the upper
troposphere and
lower stratosphere.
The jet stream
controls how storms
move.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Cite: http://www.fishusa.com/FishErie/Captain/images/adams-jet-stream.jpg
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Activity
Chapter 19 Section 3
Fill a large, clear plastic container with
cold water. Tie the end of a string
around the neck of a small bottle.
Fill the small bottle with hot water. Add
a few drops of red food coloring until the
water has changed color.
Without tipping the small bottle, lower it
into the plastic container until it touches
the bottom of the container. Observe
what happens.
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
See speaker notes for lab.
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Explore the movement of the jet stream by
clicking here.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
1. How does the Coriolis effect
affect the way wind moves?
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
The Coriolis effect prevents winds
from blowing in a straight path.
Because of the Coriolis effect,
winds in the Northern Hemisphere
curve to the right and winds in the
Southern Hemisphere curve to
the left.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Let’s Review
2. How do winds affect the
weather?
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD
Answer
The warm, rising air in a low
pressure area brings clouds and
rain. The cool, sinking air in a
high pressure area brings dry,
clear weather.
Chapter 19 Section 3
Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD