Bio - NOTES - Cell Respiration (from book)

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Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

Table of Contents

Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation

Section 2 Aerobic Respiration



ATB 1-28

• What organelle in humans is responsible for breaking down glucose? What is produced?

• Today:

– Begin cell respiration



Chapter 7 – Cellular

Respiration



Chapter 7

Section 1 Glycolysis and Fermentation

Objectives

• Identify the two major steps of cellular respiration.

• Describe the major events in glycolysis.

• Compare lactic acid fermentation with alcoholic fermentation.



Chapter 7


Harvesting Chemical Energy

• Cellular respiration –

– is the process by which cells break down organic compounds to produce ATP .

– Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration – use products of photosynthesis

– Oxygen and glucose

– Equation:

– 6O

2

+ C

6

H

12

O

6

 6CO

2

+ 6H

2

O + Energy (ATP)

– Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy



Redox Reactions

• One reactant is oxidized (loses electrons)

• Other reactant is reduced (gains electrons)



• Anaerobic respiration

– No oxygen present

– Glycoysis, Fermentation

• Aerobic respiration

– Oxygen present



Chapter 7


Photosynthesis-Cellular Respiration Cycle



Summary of photosynthesis and cell respiration



Chapter 7


Cellular Respiration



ATB 1-29

• What are the reactants for cell respiration? What are the products?

• Today:

– Discuss the two parts of cell respiration and where they occur

– Explain the process of glycolysis



Two Stages of Cellular respiration:

• Glycolysis –

– first stage

– Occurs in cytoplasm of cell

• Aerobic respiration.

– Occurs in mitochondria




Chapter 7

Glycolysis

• Using enzymes, one six-carbon glucose is oxidized to form two three-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.

– C

6

H

12

O

6

 using enzymes and 2 ATP

Acids + 4 ATP

 2 Pyruvic

• NET: 2 ATP produced for every 1 glucose in glycolysis



Chapter 7


Glycolysis



Chapter 7


• Glycolysis

Videos



Chapter 7


Oxygen Present?

• If oxygen present:

– 2 pryuvic acids go through aerobic respiration

• If no oxygen present:

– 2 pryuvic acids go through F

ERMENTATION

– Occurs in cytoplasm

– ATP not produced --- but NAD+ (electron acceptor) is regenerated

– Allows for continued ATP production in glycolysis



Chapter 7


Cellular Respiration Versus Fermentation



Cellular Respiration Versus Fermentation



ATB 2-1



How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?



Today:

 Discuss lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation




Chapter 7

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• Enzymes + Pyruvic acid  Lactic acid + NAD+

• (An enzyme converts pyruvic acid into another threecarbon compound, called lactic acid and NAD+)

– NAD+ is produced –accepts electrons, which keeps glycolysis going

• Microorganisms can ferment milk (spoils). We use these microorgs to ferment milk to other products

(like cheese, yogurt, sour cream)



Lactic Acid Fermentation cont’d

• When does your body go through lactic acid fermentation?

– When your muscle cells aren’t getting enough oxygen

– Cell respiration shuts down (process of producing ATP so cells can function)

• What happens?

• Your body is relying on glycolysis (no O

2

) to produce ATP

• The by product (lactic acid) builds up in your cells

• Scientists think this is what causes soreness / fatigue, etc

• Liver eventually breaks down the lactic acid



Chapter 7


Fermentation



Chapter 7


Alcoholic Fermentation

• Enyzmes + Pyruvic acid  Alcohol + CO

2

+ NAD+

• Process which some plants and unicellular organisms

(yeast) to convert pyruvic acid into alcohol and CO

2

• How is yeast used?

.

– Bread

• CO

2 makes bread rise / alcohol evaps

– Beers / Wines

• CO

2 is the carbonation



Chapter 7


Two Types of

Fermentation





ATB 2-2

• Under what type of conditions will fermentation occur? Which type of fermentation does our bodies use?

• Today:

– Summarize glycolysis and fermentation

– Discuss efficiency of glycolysis

– Book assignment.

– Alexis is a loser



Fermentation – Other Pathways





Chapter 7


Efficiency of Glycolysis

• About 2% of the energy available from glucose is captured as ATP. (not very efficient)

• Much of the energy originally contained in glucose is still held in pyruvic acid.

• This process IS important for keeping bacteria alive in environments with no oxygen (or your muscles working when you are in anaerobic exercise)



ATP USE



Your body uses about 1 million molecules of

ATP per cell per second.



Or about

100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules used each second in the body



Book Assignment

• Read pages 131-136

• Answer questions: #1-3, 5 and 7

• You have 20 minutes to complete – turn in when done. (homework otherwise)



ATB 2-3

• Look over your notes for your quiz

• Objectives:

– Take a quiz

– Begin aerobic respiration



ATB 2-4

• What is the efficiency of glycolysis? Where is the energy in the glucose still held?

• Objectives:

– Discuss aerobic respiration

– Go over your quizzes



Section 2 Aerobic Respiration

Chapter 7

Objectives

• Relate aerobic respiration to the structure of a mitochondrion.

• Summarize the events of the Krebs cycle.

• Summarize the events of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

• Contrast the roles of glycolysis and aerobic respiration in cellular respiration.



Mitochondria

• Where aerobic respiration occurs

• 2 pyruvates diffuse into the mitochondria

– Where did they come from?

• glycolysis

• Mitochondria has a inner and outer membrane

• Inner spaces is called the matrix




Chapter 7

Aerobic Respiration

• Occurs in the mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells)

• Only occurs if O

2

• Two parts: is present

– The Krebs cycle

• Occurs on mitochondrial matrix.

– The electron transport chain

• located on the inner membrane of the mito.

• “Squiggles” of membrane creates extra surface area for the reactions to occur



ATB 2-5

• Where does aerobic respiration occur in your body?

Where specifically does the Krebs cycle occur? The electron transport?

• Objectives:

– In your worksheet packet on cell respiration – complete page 35 (2 nd page) “Glycolysis and

Fermentation”

– Review the Krebs cycle

– Discus the function of chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain




Chapter 7

The Krebs Cycle

1. Pyruvic acid goes through a reaction – loses a

Carbon – enters the Krebs cycle as two carbons

2. The pyruvic acid is sequentially broken down and given off as CO

2 molecules

3.

As it’s broken down it loses electrons to NAD+ and FAD

– These turn into NADH and FADH

2

--electron carriers (important for electron transport chain)



The Krebs Cycle

• It takes two turns of the Krebs cycle to break down one glucose

– NET PRODUCTS:

• 4 CO

2

• 2 ATP

• Hydrogen atoms

• NADH and FADH

2 molecules.

• Glucose now gone – where is the ATP??

– Stored as high energy electrons in the NADH and FADH2

– The bulk of the energy released by the oxidation of glucose still has not been transferred to ATP (completed in electron transport chain).



Electron Acceptors

• NAD+  NADH What must it accept?

• An e- and a hydrogen (NAD+ + 2 e- + H  NADH

• FAD + 2H + 2e FADH

2





http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/intro.html



Chapter 7

Krebs Cycle




ATB 2-8

• What are the products of the Krebs cycle? What are the two electron carriers?

• Objectives:

– Describe chemiosmosis and its role in ATP production

– Discuss the electron transport chain




Chapter 7

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

• Chemiosmosis –

– Movement of protons (hydrogen ions) down a gradient used to create ATP

• NADH and FADH

2

– what was their job?

– High energy electron carriers

– Carry electrons to e- transport chain on inner mitochondria




Chapter 7

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis




Chapter 7

Electron Transport Chain and

Chemiosmosis, continued

• Protons (hydrogen ions, H + ) are also given up by

NADH and FADH

2

.

• The energy from the released e- is used to move protons across the mito. membrane

• This creates a concentration gradient in between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.




Chapter 7

Making the ATP!

• Hydrogen ions (protons) move through ATP synthase and down their concentration gradients, procuring

ATP

• Oxygen combines with the electrons and protons to form water.




Chapter 7

• The Importance of Oxygen

– Chemiosmosis stops if e- cannot continue along e- transport chain.

– Oxygen accepts the electrons from the last molecule in the electron transport chain, allowing additional electrons to pass along the chain.

– This keeps ATP production going



ATB 2-9

• Describe the role of NADH and FADH

2 chain.

• TEST / RS  Thursday in the electron

– Finish notes today

– Review Wednesday (if school)

• Objectives:

– Cell respiration packet – page 37 – define #1-4

– Discuss the efficiency of the ETC

– Discuss the importance of oxygen to the ETC

– Discuss how water is produced from the ETC.




Chapter 7

Efficiency of Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration can produce up to 38 ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose

– (Most eukaryotic cells produce about 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.)

• Cellular respiration is nearly 20 times more efficient than glycolysis alone.




Chapter 7

A Summary of Cellular Respiration

• Another Role of Cellular Respiration

– Providing cells with ATP is not the only important function of cellular respiration.

– Molecules formed at different steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are often used by cells to make compounds that are missing in food.




Chapter 7

Summary of Cellular Respiration



Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep

Multiple Choice

1. What is glucose converted into during glycolysis?

A. NADH

B. glucose

C. citric acid

D. pryuvic acid




Multiple Choice, continued

1. 1. What is glucose converted into during glycolysis?

A. NADH

B. glucose

C. citric acid

D. pryuvic acid





2. Which of the following occurs in lactic acid fermentation?

F. Oxygen is consumed.

G. Lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid.

H. NAD + is regenerated for use in glycolysis.

J. Electrons pass through the electron transport chain.





2. Which of the following occurs in lactic acid fermentation?

F. Oxygen is consumed.

G. Lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid.

H. NAD + is regenerated for use in glycolysis.

J. Electrons pass through the electron transport chain.





3. Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?

A. CO

2

B. ATP

C. FADH

2

D. ethyl alcohol





3. Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?

A. CO

2

B. ATP

C. FADH

2

D. ethyl alcohol





4. In which way is cellular respiration similar to photosynthesis?

F. They both use the products of the other.

G. They both involve ATP.

H. They both involve chemiosmosis.

J. all of the above





4. In which way is cellular respiration similar to photosynthesis?

F. They both use the products of the other.

G. They both involve ATP.

H. They both involve chemiosmosis.

J. all of the above





5. ATP is synthesized in chemiosmosis when which of the following moves across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A. NADH

B. oxygen

C. protons

D. citric acid





5. ATP is synthesized in chemiosmosis when which of the following moves across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A. NADH

B. oxygen

C. protons

D. citric acid





The illustration shows part of a biochemical pathway.

Use the illustration to answer the question that follows.

6. This reaction occurs during which of the following processes?

F. Krebs cycle

G. acetyl CoA formation

H. alcoholic fermentation

J. lactic acid fermentation





The illustration shows part of a biochemical pathway.

Use the illustration to answer the question that follows.

6. This reaction occurs during which of the following processes?

F. Krebs cycle

G. acetyl CoA formation

H. alcoholic fermentation

J. lactic acid fermentation





7. glycolysis : pyruvic acid :: Krebs cycle :

A. O

2

B. ATP

C. lactic acid

D. acetyl CoA





7. glycolysis : pyruvic acid :: Krebs cycle :

A. O

2

B. ATP

C. lactic acid

D. acetyl CoA





The illustration below shows some stages and reactants of cellular respiration. Use the illustration to answer the question that follows.

8. At which of the points is

ATP, the main energy currency of the cell, produced?

F. 1 only

G. 2 only

H. 1 and 3

J. 1, 2, and 3





The illustration below shows some stages and reactants of cellular respiration. Use the illustration to answer the question that follows.

8. At which of the points is

ATP, the main energy currency of the cell, produced?

F. 1 only

G. 2 only

H. 1 and 3

J. 1, 2, and 3




Short Response

The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded; these folds are called cristae.

How might cellular respiration be different if the inner mitochondrial membrane were not folded??




Short Response, continued

The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded; these folds are called cristae.

How might cellular respiration be different if the inner mitochondrial membrane were not folded?

Answer:

The cristae increase the surface area of the inner wall of the mitochondria, which allows more electron transport chain pathways and ATP synthase. Thus, the rate of cellular respiration is increased.




Extended Response

Oxygen is produced during the reactions of photosynthesis, and it is used in the reactions of cellular respiration.

Part A How does oxygen get into or out of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Part B What are the roles of oxygen in the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and how are the roles similar?




Extended Response, continued

Answer:

Part A Oxygen builds up inside chloroplasts as they produce oxygen, forming a concentration gradient —high oxygen concentration inside and low concentration outside. This causes

O

2 to diffuse out of the chloroplast. In mitochondria, as O

2 is used up, a favorable gradient for the inward diffusion of oxygen occurs.

Part B In photosynthesis, oxygen is formed when water is split during the light reactions. This byproduct of photosynthesis is released by cells and becomes available for aerobic respiration.

In aerobic respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of electron transport. When oxygen accepts these electrons (and protons), water is formed. Hence, water supplies oxygen for photosynthesis, and oxygen is used to form water in aerobic respiration.







Bio - NOTES - Cell Respiration (from book)

Resources

Chapter 7 – Cellular

Respiration

ERMENTATION

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

Today:

Fermentation – Other Pathways

ATP USE

Your body uses about 1 million molecules of

ATP per cell per second.

Or about

100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules used each second in the body

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Bio - NOTES - Cell Respiration (from book)

Resources

Chapter 7 – Cellular

Respiration

ERMENTATION

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

Today:

Fermentation – Other Pathways

ATP USE

Your body uses about 1 million molecules of

ATP per cell per second.

Or about

100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules used each second in the body

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