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Microsoft FrontPage
Microsoft FrontPage (full name Microsoft
Office FrontPage) is a discontinued
WYSIWYG HTML editor and Web site
administration tool from Microsoft for the
Microsoft Windows line of Operating
Systems. It was branded as part of the
Microsoft Office suite from 1997 to 2003.
Microsoft FrontPage has since been replaced
by Microsoft Expression Web and Sharepoint
Designer, which were first released in
December 2006 alongside Microsoft Office
2007.
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Microsoft FrontPage History
FrontPage was initially created by the
Cambridge, Massachusetts company
Vermeer Technologies, Incorporated,
evidence of which can be easily spotted in file
names and directories prefixed _vti_ in Web
sites created using FrontPage. Vermeer was
acquired by Microsoft in January 1996
specifically so that Microsoft could add
FrontPage to its product line-up allowing
them to gain an advantage in the browser
wars, as FrontPage was designed to create
web pages for their own browser, Internet
Explorer.
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Microsoft FrontPage History
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As a "WYSIWYG" (What You See Is What
You Get) editor, FrontPage is designed to
hide the details of pages' HTML code from
the user, making it possible for novices to
create Web pages and Web sites easily.
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Microsoft FrontPage History
1
With FrontPage 2000,
both programs were
merged into the Editor.
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Microsoft FrontPage History
1
FrontPage 2003 can also be used
with Windows SharePoint
Services.
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Microsoft FrontPage History
1
A version for Mac OS was released in
1998; however, it had fewer than the
Windows product and Microsoft has
never updated it.
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Microsoft FrontPage History
In 2006, Microsoft announced that
FrontPage would eventually be
superseded by two products. Microsoft
SharePoint Designer would allow business
professionals to design SharePoint-based
applications. Microsoft Expression Web is
targeted at the Web design professional
for the creation of feature-rich Web sites.
Microsoft discontinued Microsoft
FrontPage in December 2006.
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Microsoft FrontPage Features
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Some of the features in the last
version of FrontPage include:
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Microsoft FrontPage Features
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FrontPage 2003 consists of a Split View
option to allow the user to code in Code
View and preview in Design View without
the hassle of switching from the Design
and Code View tabs for each review.
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Microsoft FrontPage Features
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Dynamic Web Templates (DWT) were
included for the first time in FrontPage
2003 allowing users to create a single
template that could be used across
multiple pages and even the whole Web
site.
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Microsoft FrontPage Features
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Interactive Buttons give users a new
easy way to create Web graphics for
navigation and links, eliminating the
need for a complicated image-editing
package such as Adobe Photoshop.
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Microsoft FrontPage Features
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The accessibility checker gives the user
the ability to check if their code is
standards-compliant and that their Web
site is easily accessible for people with
disabilities. An HTML optimizer is included
to aid in optimizing code to make it legible
and quicker to process.
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Microsoft FrontPage Features
Intellisense, which is a form of
autocompletion, is a key feature in
FrontPage 2003 that assists the user while
typing in Code View
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Microsoft FrontPage Features
Code Snippets give users the
advantage of creating snippets of their
commonly used pieces of code
allowing them to store it for easy
access whenever it is next needed.
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Microsoft FrontPage Features
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FrontPage 2003 includes support for
programming in ASP.NET a serverside scripting language that adds
interactivity to Web sites and Web
pages.
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Microsoft FrontPage Versions
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1997 — Microsoft FrontPage Express 2.0
(free stripped-down version came with
Internet Explorer 4 and 5, and could be
found online from numerous shareware
Web sites
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Microsoft FrontPage Versions
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1999 — Microsoft FrontPage 2000 (version 9):
Included in Office 2000 Premium and Developer
editions
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Microsoft FrontPage Versions
2001 — Microsoft FrontPage 2002
(version 10): Included in Office XP
Professional with FrontPage (volume
license only), Office XP Professional
Special Edition and Office XP
Developer edition.
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Microsoft FrontPage Versions
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2003 — Microsoft Office FrontPage 2003
(version 11): Not included in any of the
Office 2003 editions, sold separately. It
was included with Windows Small
Business Server 2003.
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Microsoft FrontPage Versions
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Note: There is no official version 4 to 8,
because after FrontPage was included in
some Office editions, the FrontPage
version numbers followed their Office
version numbers. Nonetheless, version
numbers may appear in the meta tags of
HTML code generated by these versions
of FrontPage.
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Java (programming language) JavaServer Pages
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JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side
Java EE components that generate
responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP
requests from clients. JSPs embed Java
code in an HTML page by using the
special delimiters <% and %>. A JSP is
compiled to a Java servlet, a Java
application in its own right, the first time it
is accessed. After that, the generated
servlet creates the response.
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Google Search PageRank
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In addition to PageRank, Google, over the
years, has added many other secret
criteria for determining the ranking of
pages on result lists, reported to be over
250 different indicators, the specifics of
which are kept secret to keep spammers
at bay and help Google maintain an edge
over its competitors globally.
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JavaScript Use in web pages
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The most common use of JavaScript is to
write functions that are embedded in or
included from HTML pages and that
interact with the Document Object Model
(DOM) of the page. Some simple
examples of this usage are:
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JavaScript Use in web pages
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Loading new page content or submitting
data to the server via AJAX without
reloading the page (for example, a social
network might allow the user to post status
updates without leaving the page)
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JavaScript Use in web pages
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Animation of page elements, fading them in and
out, resizing them, moving them, etc.
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JavaScript Use in web pages
1
Interactive content, for
example games, and
playing audio and video
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JavaScript Use in web pages
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Validating input values of a web form
to make sure that they are acceptable
before being submitted to the server.
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JavaScript Use in web pages
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Transmitting information about the user's
reading habits and browsing activities to
various websites. Web pages frequently
do this for web analytics, ad tracking,
personalization or other purposes.
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JavaScript Use in web pages
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Because JavaScript code can run locally
in a user's browser (rather than on a
remote server), the browser can respond
to user actions quickly, making an
application more responsive
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JavaScript Use in web pages
A JavaScript engine (also known as
JavaScript interpreter or JavaScript
implementation) is an interpreter that
interprets JavaScript source code and
executes the script accordingly
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JavaScript Use in web pages
1
A web browser is by far the most common
host environment for JavaScript. Web
browsers typically create "host objects"
to represent the Document Object Model
(DOM) in JavaScript. The web server is
another common host environment. A
JavaScript webserver would typically
expose host objects representing HTTP
request and response objects, which a
JavaScript program could then
interrogate and manipulate to dynamically
generate web pages.
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JavaScript Use in web pages
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Because JavaScript is the only language
that the most popular browsers share
support for, it has become a target
language for many frameworks in other
languages, even though JavaScript was
never intended to be such a language.
Despite the performance limitations
inherent to its dynamic nature, the
increasing speed of JavaScript engines
has made the language a surprisingly
feasible compilation target.
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JavaScript Uses outside web pages
In addition to web browsers and
servers, JavaScript interpreters are
embedded in a number of tools. Each
of these applications provides its own
object model which provides access to
the host environment. The core
JavaScript language remains mostly
the same in each application.
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Brand page
1
A brand page (also known as a page or fan
page), in online social networking parlance, is
a profile on a social networking website which
is considered distinct from an actual User
profile in that it is created and managed by at
least one other registered user as a
representation of a non-personal online
identity. This feature is most used to
represent the brands of organizations
associated with, properties owned by, or
general interests favored by a user of the
hosting network.
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Brand page
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While also being potentially manageable
by more than one registered user, pages
are distinguished from groups in that
pages are usually designed for the
managers to direct messages and posts to
subscribing users (akin to a newsletter or
blog) and promote a brand, while groups
are usually and historically formed for
discussion purposes.
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Brand page History
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This approach, however, is not explicitly
controlled by artists or music groups
because of the automatic nature of artist
pages; pages, for example, could be
created from erroneous misspellings and
miscredits of works which are accepted
as-is by the Audioscrobbler
recommendation service used by Last.fm
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Brand page History
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On 8 December, Twitter announced that it
would roll out "brand pages" as part of a
major user interface redesign in 2012.
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Brand page Features
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Increasingly, brand pages make
use of the following features:
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Brand page Features
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The ability to administer multiple
pages
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Brand page Features
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Maps (including physical
location of the page)
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Brand page Features
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Twitter made use of header banners in
their launch of brand pages, and
Facebook made use of "cover photos" in
their re-design of brand pages in March
2011.
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Brand page Uses
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Organizations and brands regularly
make use of pages in order to
syndicate news and upcoming events,
especially off-site blog posts, to
subscribing users. Page subscription
numbers can also be used as a metric
of trust or interest in the associated
brand.
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Brand page Uses
Interests can also be indexed as
pages, and are often the basis for the
formation of mass social movements
(i.e., the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall
Street).
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Brand page Newsroom accounts
A newsroom account refers to any
microblogging or social networking account
branded by or owned by a publishing or
broadcasting organization which is dedicated
solely to syndicating content from a particular
category of content as published on the
original website of the organization. Such
accounts have come into increased usage by
news organizations as means by which:
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Brand page Newsroom accounts
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A news organization can specialize content
syndication to selective users who wish to
subscribe
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Brand page Newsroom accounts
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News organizations who make use of
multiple newsroom accounts typically
allow for either online editors or
multiple employed authors to edit and
update the syndications of newsroom
content. Such accounts are typically
marked by graphic icons which make
use of the brand symbol combined
with distinct colors assigned to each
account.
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Brand page Newsroom accounts
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Examples of newsroom accounts and
pages include the Facebook pages for
both The Guardian and the
newspaper's Technology newsroom.
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Brand page Pseudonyms
The usage of pseudonyms on social
networking services, long considered a
preserve of user privacy, has been
partially affected by the promotion of
pseudonyms, as social networking
services have encouraged users to create
pages for pseudonyms and implemented
legal name requirements for user profile
registration (i.e., New York resident
Stefani Germanotta keeping a separate
personal user profile under her legal
name while maintaining a fan page under
her stage name and pseudonym Lady
Gaga).
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Brand page Interest-based connections
As pages can be created to represent
interests, the number of attempts to create
vertical social networking services (i.e.,
Ning) has leveled off in the 2010s. Social
network advertising can also be targeted
to users based upon their page
subscriptions.
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Character encoding Character sets, code pages, and character maps
In computer science, the terms
character encoding, character map,
character set or code page were
historically synonymous, as the same
standard would specify a repertoire of
characters and how they were to be
encoded into a stream of code units –
usually with a single character per
code unit
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Character encoding Character sets, code pages, and character maps
A code page usually means a byte
oriented encoding, but with regard to
some suite of encodings (covering
different scripts), where many characters
share the same codes in most or all those
code pages. Well known code page suites
are "Windows" (based on Windows-1252)
and "IBM"/"DOS" (based on code page
437), see Windows code page for details.
Most, but not all, encodings referred to as
code pages are single-byte encodings
(but see octet on byte size.)
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Character encoding Character sets, code pages, and character maps
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IBM's Character Data Representation
Architecture (CDRA) designates with
coded character set identifiers
(CCSIDs) and each of which is
variously called a charset, character
set, code page, or CHARMAP.
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Character encoding Character sets, code pages, and character maps
The term code page does not occur in
Unix or Linux where charmap is preferred,
usually in the larger context of locales.
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Character encoding Character sets, code pages, and character maps
Contrasted to CCS above, a character
encoding is a map from abstract
characters to code words. A character set
in HTTP (and MIME) parlance is the same
as a character encoding (but not the same
as CCS).
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Character encoding Character sets, code pages, and character maps
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All Windows code pages are usually
referred to as legacy, both because
they antedate Unicode and because
they are unable to represent all 221
possible Unicode code points.
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Pinterest Business pages
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Business pages can include prices of products,
ratings of movies or ingredients for recipes
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Big5 Microsoft code pages
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Microsoft (微軟) created its own version of
Big5 extension as Code page 950 for use
with Microsoft Windows, which supports
ETEN's extensions, but only the F9D6F9FE code points. In Windows ME, the
euro currency symbol was mapped to Big5 code point A3E1, but not in later
versions of the Operating System.
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Big5 Microsoft code pages
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After installing Microsoft's HKSCS patch
on top of traditional Chinese Windows (or
any version of Windows 2000 and above
with proper language pack), applications
using code page 950 automatically use a
hidden code page 951 table. The table
supports all code points in HKSCS-2001,
except for the compatibility code points
specified by the standard.
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Big5 Microsoft code pages
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Code page 950 used by Windows 2000
and Windows XP maps hiragana and
katakana characters to Unicode
private use area block when exporting
to Unicode, but to the proper hiragana
and katakana Unicode blocks in
Windows Vista.
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ANSEL Code page layout
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The following table shows ANSI/NISO
Z39.47-1993 (R2003). Each character is
shown with its Unicode equivalent.
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CCSID Difference between a code page and a CCSID
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The terms code page and CCSID are
often used interchangeably, even
though they are not synonymous. A
code page may be only part of what
makes up a CCSID. The following
definitions, from IBM, help to
illustrate this point, from glyph to
CCSID and everything in between.
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CCSID Difference between a code page and a CCSID
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A glyph is the actual physical pattern of pixels or ink
that shows up on a display or printout.
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CCSID Difference between a code page and a CCSID
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A character is a concept that covers all
glyphs associated with a certain
symbol. For instance, "F", "F", "F",
"F", "F", and "F" are all different
glyphs, but use the same character.
The various modifiers (bold, italic,
underline, color, and font) do not
change the F's essential F-ness.
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CCSID Difference between a code page and a CCSID
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A character set contains the characters
necessary to allow a particular human to
carry on a meaningful interaction with
the computer. It does not specify how
those characters are represented in a
computer. This level is the first one to
separate characters into various
alphabets (Latin, Arabic, Hebrew,
Cyrillic, and so on) or ideographic
groups (Chinese, Korean, and so on). It
corresponds to a "character repertoire"
in the Unicode encoding model.
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CCSID Difference between a code page and a CCSID
1
Certain character sets can be adequately
represented with single-byte code pages
(which have a maximum 256 code points,
hence a maximum of 256 characters), but
many require more than that
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CCSID Difference between a code page and a CCSID
1
An encoding scheme is the byte format
of a code page. It maps code point
values to sequences of one or more
byte values in a computer. For example,
UTF-8 and UTF-16BE are two
encodings of the same Unicode code
page. In IBM's CDRA, this is typically
represented with an ESID (Encoding
Scheme IDentifier). EUC and ISO-2022
are other of encoding schemes.
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CCSID Difference between a code page and a CCSID
1
This information always includes at
least one code page, but may include
multiple code pages of differing bytelengths
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APL (codepage)
1
The APL code page is an EBCDICbased code page used specifically to
write programs written in the APL
programming language.
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APL (codepage) Character set
1
APL has always been criticized for its choice of a
unique, non-standard character set
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APL (codepage) Character set
1
From a user's standpoint, the additional
characters can give APL a special
elegance and concision not possible in
other languages, using symbols visually
mnemonic of the functions they
represent. On the other hand, it can lead
to a ridiculous degree of complexity and
unreadability, particularly when the
symbols are strung together into a single
mass without any comments. It can be
unreasonably difficult and time
consuming to enter and edit such APL
statements.
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APL (codepage) Character set
Most APL symbols are present in
Unicode, in the Miscellaneous
Technical range, although some APL
products may not yet feature Unicode,
and some APL symbols may be
unused or unavailable in a given
vendor's implementation. Missing
from Unicode are the underscored
alphabetic characters. Usage of
underscored APL alphabetic
characters has been eliminated in at
least one APL implementation and
1
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APL (codepage) Keyboard layout
1
Note the mnemonics associating an APL
character with a letter: question mark on
Q, power on P, rho on R, base value on B,
eNcode on N, modulus on M and so on.
This makes it easier for an Englishlanguage speaker to type APL on a nonAPL keyboard, providing one has visual
feedback on one's screen. Also, decals
have been produced for attachment to
standard keyboards, either on the front of
the keys or on the top of them.
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APL (codepage) Keyboard layout
1
A more up-to-date keyboard diagram,
applicable for APL2 and other modern
implementations, is available: Union
layout for windows at the Wayback
Machine.
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APL (codepage) Keyboard layout
1
Additional APL characters were available
by overstriking one character with another.
For example, the log symbol was formed
by overstriking shift-P with shift-O. This
complicated correcting mistakes and
editing program lines. This may have
ultimately been the reason for early APL
programs to have a certain dense style—
they were difficult to edit.
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APL (codepage) Keyboard layout
1
Many overstrikes, although
appealing, are not actually
used
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APL (codepage) Keyboard layout
1
Later IBM terminals, notably the IBM 3270
display stations, had an alternate
keyboard arrangement which is the basis
for some of the modern APL keyboard
layouts in use today. Better terminals,
namely display devices instead of printers,
encouraged the development of better fullscreen editors, which had a measurable
improvement in productivity and program
readability.
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Daily News and Analysis - Getting rid of the edit page
1
In an announcement on its front page on 1
February 2010, editor-in-chief Aditya Sinha
announced that DNA would drop its "edit
page," the section containing editorials,
analysis and opinion. DNA's decision was
considered bold and attracted much
criticism in the field. DNA subsequently
began providing, where appropriate,
expert opinion and comments in different
pages of the newspaper.
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The New York Times Magazine - The Funny Pages
In the September 18, 2005, issue of the
magazine, an editors' note announced the
addition of The Funny Pages, a literary
section of the magazine intended to "engage
our readers in some ways we haven't yet
tried—and to acknowledge that it takes many
different types of writing to tell the story of
our time." The Funny Pages is made up of
three parts: the Strip (a multipart graphic
novel that spans weeks), the Sunday Serial (a
genre fiction serial novel that also spans
weeks), and True-Life Tales (a humorous
personal essay, by a different author each
week.) On July 8, 2007, the magazine stopped
printing True-Life Tales.
1
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The New York Times Magazine - The Funny Pages
1
The section has been criticized for being
unfunny, sometimes nonsensical, and
excessively highbrow; in a 2006 poll
conducted by Gawker.com asking, "Do
you now find—or have you ever found—
The Funny Pages funny?", 92% of 1824
voters answered "No."
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The New York Times Magazine - The Funny Pages
1
The Funny Pages are
no longer published
in the magazine.
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The Independent - Front pages
In 2008 however, as he was stepping
down as editor, he stated that it was
possible to "overdo the formula" and that
the style of the paper's front pages
perhaps needed "reinvention".
1
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The Independent - Front pages
Under the former editorship of Chris
Blackhurst, the campaigning, poster-style
front pages were scaled back in favour of
more conventional news stories.
1
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Memory protection - Paged virtual memory
1
Paged virtual memory
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Memory protection - Paged virtual memory
1
In paging, the memory address space is
divided into equal, small pieces, called
pages. Using a virtual memory
mechanism, each page can be made to
reside in any location of the physical
memory, or be flagged as being protected.
Virtual memory makes it possible to have
a linear virtual memory address space and
to use it to access blocks fragmented over
physical memory address space.
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Memory protection - Paged virtual memory
1
Most computer architectures based on
pages, most notably x86 architecture,
also use pages for memory protection.
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Memory protection - Paged virtual memory
1
A page table is used for mapping virtual
memory to physical memory. The page
table is usually invisible to the process.
Page tables make it easier to allocate new
memory, as each new page can be
allocated from anywhere in physical
memory.
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Memory protection - Paged virtual memory
1
By such design, it is impossible for an
application to access a page that has
not been explicitly allocated to it,
simply because any memory address,
even a completely random one, that
application may decide to use, either
points to a page allocated to that
application, or generates a page fault
(PF). Unallocated pages, and pages
allocated to any other application,
simply do not have any addresses
from the application point of view.
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Memory protection - Paged virtual memory
1
This way, the application receives
the memory page as needed
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Memory protection - Paged virtual memory
1
On some systems, the page fault mechanism is also
used for executable space protection such as W^X.
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The Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
1
The Journal won its first two Pulitzer
Prizes for editorial writing in 1947 and
1953. Subsequent Pulitzer Prizes have
been awarded for editorial writing to
Robert L. Bartley in 1980 and Joseph
Rago in 2011; for criticism to Manuela
Hoelterhoff in 1983 and Joe
Morgenstern in 2005; and for
commentary to Vermont Royster in
1984, Paul Gigot in 2000, Dorothy
Rabinowitz in 2001, and Bret Stephens
in 2013.
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The Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
1
Two summaries published in 1995 by the
progressive blog Fairness and Accuracy in
Reporting, and in 1996 by the Columbia
Journalism Review criticized the Journal's
editorial page for inaccuracy during the
1980s and 1990s.
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The Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
The Journal
describes the history
of its editorials:
1
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The Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
They are united by the mantra "free
markets and free people", the principles, if
you will, marked in the watershed year of
1776 by Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of
Independence and Adam Smith's Wealth
of Nations
1
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The Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
1
Its historical position was much the same. As former
editor William H. Grimes wrote in 1951:
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The Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
1
On our editorial page we make no pretense of
walking down the middle of the road
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The Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
1
Every Thanksgiving the editorial page
prints two famous articles that have
appeared there since 1961. The first is
titled The Desolate Wilderness, and
describes what the Pilgrims saw when
they arrived at the Plymouth Colony. The
second is titled And the Fair Land, and
describes the bounty of America. It was
written by a former editor, Vermont C.
Royster, whose Christmas article In Hoc
Anno Domini, has appeared every
December 25 since 1949.
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Metadata - Web pages
1
Web pages often include metadata in
the form of meta tags. Description and
keywords meta tags are commonly
used to describe the Web page's
content. Most search engines use these
data when adding pages to their search
index.
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EBCDIC - Codepage layout
1
Unassigned codes are typically filled with
international or region-specific characters
in the various EBCDIC code page
variants.
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EBCDIC - Codepage layout
1
In each table cell below, the first row
is an abbreviation for a control code or
(for printable characters) the
character itself; the second row is the
Unicode code; and the third row is
decimal value of the EBCDIC code.
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Web page
Web browsers coordinate web
resources centered around the written
web page, such as style sheets, scripts
and images, to present the web page.
1
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Web page
1
On a network, a web browser can retrieve
a web page from a remote web server. On
a higher level, the web server may restrict
access to only a private network such as a
corporate intranet or it provide access to
the World Wide Web. On a lower level, the
web browser uses the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) to make such requests.
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Web page
1
A static web page is delivered exactly
as stored, as web content in the web
server's file system, while a dynamic
web page is generated by a web
application that is driven by serverside software or client-side scripting.
Dynamic web pages help the browser
(the client) to enhance the web page
through user input to the server.
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Web page - Colour, typography, illustration, and interaction
1
Web pages usually include information as
to the colours of text and backgrounds and
very often also contain links to images and
sometimes other types of media to be
included in the final view
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Web page - Colour, typography, illustration, and interaction
Images are stored on the web server as
separate files, but again HTTP allows for the
fact that once a web page is downloaded to a
browser, it is quite likely that related files such
as images and stylesheets will be requested
as it is processed. An HTTP 1.1 web server
will maintain a connection with the browser
until all related resources have been
requested and provided. Web browsers
usually render images along with the text and
other material on the displayed web page.
1
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Web page - Dynamic behavior
Client-side computer code such as
JavaScript or code implementing Ajax
techniques can be provided either
embedded in the HTML of a web page or,
like CSS stylesheets, as separate, linked
downloads specified in the HTML. These
scripts may run on the client computer, if
the user allows.
1
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Web page - Browsers
1
A web browser can have a Graphical User
Interface, like Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Chrome and Opera, or can be
text-based, like Lynx or Links.
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Web page - Browsers
Web users with disabilities often use
assistive technologies and adaptive
strategies to access web pages."How
People with Disabilities Use the Web".
W3C. 5 May 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Users may be color-blind, may or may not
want to use a mouse perhaps due to
repetitive stress injury or motor-neurone
problems, may be deaf and require audio
to be captioned, may be blind and using a
screen reader or braille display, may need
screen magnification, etc.
1
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Web page - Browsers
1
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
and Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)
recommend that all web pages should be
designed with all of these options in mind.
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Web page - Elements
1
A web page, as an information set, can
contain numerous types of
information, which is able to be seen,
heard or interact by the end user:
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Web page - Elements
1
Textual information:
with diverse render
variations.
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Web page - Elements
1
Non-textual information:
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Web page - Elements
1
Static images may be raster graphics,
typically GIF, JPEG or PNG; or vector
formats such as SVG or Flash.
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Web page - Elements
Animated images typically Animated GIF and
SVG, but also may be Flash, Shockwave, or Java
applet.
1
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Web page - Elements
1
Audio, typically MP3,
ogg or various
proprietary formats.
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Web page - Elements
1
Video, WMV (Windows), RM (RealMedia), FLV
(Flash Video), MPG, MOV (QuickTime)
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Web page - Elements
1
Interactive illustrations: ranging from
"click to play" images to games,
typically using script orchestration,
Flash, Java applets, SVG, or
Shockwave.
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Web page - Elements
1
Buttons: forms providing alternative
interface, typically for use with script
orchestration and DHTML.
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Web page - Elements
1
Metadata with semantic meta-information, Charset
information, Document Type Definition (DTD), etc.
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Web page - Elements
1
Diagramation and style information:
information about rendered items
(like image size attributes) and visual
specifications, as Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS).
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Web page - Elements
1
Scripts, usually JavaScript,
complement interactivity
and functionality.
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Web page - Elements
1
Note: on server-side the web page may also have
"Processing Instruction Information Items".
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Web page - Elements
1
The web page can also contain dynamically
adapted information elements, dependent
upon the rendering browser or end-user
location (through the use of IP address
tracking and/or "cookie" information). From a
more general/wide point of view, some
information (grouped) elements, like a
navigation bar, are uniform for all website
pages, like a standard. These kind of
"website standard information" are supplied
by technologies like web template systems.
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Web page - Rendering
1
When web pages are stored in a common
directory of a web server, they become a
website.
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Web page - Rendering
1
A web page can either be a single HTML
file, or made up of several HTML files
using frames or Server Side Includes
(SSIs).
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Web page - Rendering
1
Retrieved 2009-05-01.Both frames and
SSIs allow certain content which
appears on many pages, such as page
navigation or page headers, to be
repeated without duplicating the
HTML in many files
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Web page - Rendering
1
A properly coded web page is going to be
accessible to many different browsers old
and new alike, display resolutions, as well
as those users with audio or visual
impairments.
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Web page - Viewing
1
In order to graphically display a web
page, a web browser is needed. This is
a type of software that can retrieve
web pages from the Internet. Most
current web browsers include the
ability to view the source code.
Viewing a web page in a text editor
will also display the source code.
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Web page - Creation
1
To create a web page, a text editor or a
specialized HTML editor is needed. In
order to upload the created web page to a
web server, traditionally an FTP client is
needed.
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Web page - Creation
1
These options allow for quick and easy creation
of a web page which is typically dynamic.
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Web page - Saving
1
While one is viewing a web page, a copy
of it is saved locally; this is what is being
viewed. Depending on the browser
settings, this copy may be deleted at any
time, or stored indefinitely, sometimes
without the user realizing it. Most GUI
browsers provide options for saving a web
page more permanently. These may
include:
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Web page - Saving
1
Save the rendered text without formatting or images,
with hyperlinks reduced to plain text
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Web page - Saving
1
Save the HTML as it was served — Overall structure
preserved, but some links may be broken
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Web page - Saving
1
Save the HTML with relative links changed to
absolute ones so that hyperlinks are preserved
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Web page - Saving
1
Save the entire web page — All images
and other resources including stylesheets
and scripts are downloaded and saved in
a new folder alongside the HTML, with
links to them altered to refer to the local
copies. Other relative links changed to
absolute
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Web page - Saving
1
Save the HTML as well as all images and
other resources into a single MHTML file.
This is supported by Internet Explorer and
Opera. Santambrogio, Claudio (10. March
2006). "…and one more weekly!". Opera
Software. Retrieved 2009-05-15. Other
browsers may support this if a suitable
plugin has been installed.
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Web page - Saving
1
Web page designers may specify in
CSS that non-functional menus,
navigational blocks and other items
may simply be absent from the
printed version.
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Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language - Embedding SMIL files into XHTML web
pages
A SMIL file must be embedded, then
opened using a plug-in such as Apple's
QuickTime or Microsoft's Windows Media
Player to be viewed by a browser that
doesn't support SMIL.
1
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Visual FoxPro - Microsoft pages
1
Main Visual FoxPro
Microsoft page
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Visual FoxPro - Other pages
1
Visual FoxPro Wiki A
repository of FoxPro
information (written in
VFP)
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Visual FoxPro - Other pages
1
VFPx A Visual FoxPro Community effort to create
open source add-ons for VFP 9.0
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ISO/IEC 8859-8 - Codepage layout
1
FD is left-to-right mark (U+200E) and FE
is right-to-left mark (U+200F), as
specified in a newer amendment as
ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999.
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Java applet - Embedding into a web page
Object and embed tags can also
download and install Java virtual
machine (if required) or at least lead
to the plugin page
1
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Java applet - Embedding into a web page
However, despite object being
officially a recommended tag, as of
2010, the support of the object tag was
not yet consistent among browsers
and Sun kept recommending the older
applet tag for deploying in
multibrowser environments, as it
remained the only tag consistently
supported by the most popular
browsers
1
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iWork - Pages
Pages was a word processing
application with page layout features.
Besides basic word processing
functionality, Pages 4.3 included 140
templates designed by Apple that allow
users to create various types of
documents, including newsletters,
invitations, stationery, and résumés,
along with a number of educationthemed templates (such as reports and
1
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iWork - Pages
Pages includes support for entering
complex equations with MathType 6 and
for reference citing using EndNote X2.
1
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iWork - Pages
1
The Pages application can open and
edit Microsoft Word documents
(including DOC and Office Open XML
files),and plain text documents. Pages
5 can no longer read or export rich
text format documents. Pages can also
export documents in the DOC, PDF,
and ePub formats. However it cannot
read or write OpenDocument file
formats.
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iWork - Pages
As a word-processing application
targeted towards creating attractive
documents for a range of applications
such as lesson plans and newsletters,
Pages competes with Microsoft Word,
Microsoft Publisher (never ported to
OS X), Apple's own free PDF and ebook authoring application, iBooks
Author, and Adobe's much more
expensive professional-market
desktop publishing application
InDesign.
1
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ISO/IEC 8859-2 - Code page layout
1
In the following table characters are shown
together with their corresponding Unicode
code points. Note that code values 00-1F,
7F, and 80-9F are not assigned to
characters by ISO/IEC 8859-2. Code 20 is
the regular SPACE character, and A0 is
the NON-BREAKING SPACE. Code AD is
a SOFT HYPHEN, which even in isolation
may not appear at all in compliant web
browsers.
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Web Slice - PageSlices
1
Pageslices is a Firefox addon too. It allows
you to not only store parts of websites but
organize them by adding on custom
pages. Web site of the project:
http://pageslices.net.
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ISO/IEC 646 - Codepage layout
The following table shows the ISO/IEC
646 character set. Each character is
shown with the hex code of its Unicode
equivalent and the decimal value of the
ISO/IEC 646 code. Grey shaded cells
indicate code points with character glyphs
that vary from region to region. These are
discussed in detail below.
1
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ISO/IEC 8859-11 - Code page layout
1
Code values D1, D4-DA, E7-EE are
for combining characters.
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ISO/IEC 8859-11 - Code page 874
1
Code page 874, which is also known as
windows-874, CP874, MS874, x-windows874, and x-IBM874, used by Microsoft
Windows differs from ISO/IEC 8859-11
only nine symbols as shown in the
following table:
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World Wide Web - Dynamic updates of web pages
1
Web pages may also regularly poll the server to
check whether new information is available.
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ISO/IEC 8859-6 - Codepage layout
1
Code values 0xEB–0xF2
are assigned to
combining characters.
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Dave Winer - Edit This Page
1
In December 1999, Winer became the
"proprietor of a growing free blog
service" at EditThisPage.com,
hosting "approximately 20,000 sites"
in February 2001. The service closed
in December 2005.
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Graphic design - Page layout
Beginning from early illuminated
pages in hand-copied books of the
Middle Ages and proceeding down to
intricate modern magazine and
catalogue layouts, structured page
design has long been a consideration
in printed material
1
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UTF-8 - Codepage layout
Legend: Yellow cells are control
characters, blue cells are punctuation,
purple cells are digits and green cells are
ASCII letters.
1
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UTF-8 - Codepage layout
Orange cells with a large dot are
continuation bytes. The hexadecimal
number shown after a "+" plus sign is
the value of the 6 bits they add.
1
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UTF-8 - Codepage layout
1
White cells are the start bytes for a sequence
of multiple bytes, the length shown at the left
edge of the row. The text shows the Unicode
blocks encoded by sequences starting with
this byte, and the hexadecimal code point
shown in the cell is the lowest character
value encoded using that start byte. When a
start byte could form both overlong and valid
encodings, the lowest non-overlong-encoded
code point is shown, marked by an asterisk
"*".
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UTF-8 - Codepage layout
1
Red cells must never appear in a
valid UTF-8 sequence
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SCSI log pages
1
SCSI target devices provide a number of
SCSI log pages. These can be
interrogated by a Log Sense command
and in some cases can be set by a Log
Select command. The Log Sense and Log
Select commands include a 6-bit address
field, allowing for 64 possible log pages.
There is a standard map of log page
addresses below. Note that any given
SCSI device type will only support a
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SCSI diagnostic pages
1
SCSI target devices provide a number
of SCSI diagnostic pages. These can be
used by a Send Diagnostic command
to tell a target device to run a
specialised self-test. The Receive
Diagnostic Results command is used
where the results from the self-test
operation are non-trivial.
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SCSI diagnostic pages
1
Most of the common SCSI devices such
as disk-drives support only one or two
diagnostic pages. SES devices can
support many diagnostic pages.
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SCSI diagnostic pages - List of SCSI diagnostic pages
1
SCSI uses a one byte addressing scheme
for diagnostic pages, allowing for a total
256 possible pages. There is a standard
map of diagnostic page addresses shown
below. Note that any given SCSI device
type will only support a subset of these
diagnostic pages.
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SCSI diagnostic pages - List of SCSI diagnostic pages
1
Some diagnostic pages have two different
meanings depending on whether they are
being used for control purposes (Send
Diagnostic command) or to interrogate
status (Receive Diagnostic Results
command). Those cases are shown as
double entries in the table below using this
convention: "control definition / status
definition".
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SCSI diagnostic pages - List of SCSI diagnostic pages
1
00h - list of supported
diagnostic pages
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SCSI diagnostic pages - List of SCSI diagnostic pages
1
01h - SES - configuration
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SCSI diagnostic pages - List of SCSI diagnostic pages
1
0Dh - SES - supported SES
diagnostic pages
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SCSI diagnostic pages - List of SCSI diagnostic pages
0Eh - SES - download
microcode control / SES
download microcode status
1
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SCSI diagnostic pages - List of SCSI diagnostic pages
0Fh - SES subenclosure
nickname control / SES
subenclosure
nickname status
1
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SCSI diagnostic pages - List of SCSI diagnostic pages
1
3Fh - used by the SCSI transport
layer
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SCSI mode pages
1
Note that any given SCSI device type will
only support a subset of the possible page
codes, and some page codes may have
different meanings for different devices.
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
Page/Subpage Code
Description
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
02h/00h Disconnect-Reconnect - allows the
initiator to tune SCSI bus performance
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
0Ah/00h Control - tagged queuing,
extended contingent allegiance,
asynchronous event notification, and error
logging
1
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
0Ah/01h Control Extension timestamp, asymmetric logical unit
access, initial command priority,
maximum sense data length
1
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
0Eh/00h CDROM Audio
Control
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
0Eh/01h Target Device
(Automation/Drive Interface)
1
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
0Eh/02h DT Device Primary Port parameters
(Automation/Drive Interface devices)
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
0Eh/03h Logical Unit parameters
(Automation/Drive Interface
devices)
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
0Eh/04h Target Device Serial
Number (Automation/Drive
Interface devices)
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
10h/00hDevice Configuration
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
11h/00h Medium
Partition (1)
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
14h/00h Enclosure
Services Management
1
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
18h/00h Protocol-Specific Logical
Unit
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
1
3Fh/xxh return all pages and/or subpages (valid
only for a MODE SENSE command)
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SCSI mode pages - List of SCSI mode page codes
xxh/FFh return all
subpages (valid only for a
MODE SENSE command)
1
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The Australian - Editorial and opinion pages
1
Editor-in-chief Chris Mitchell has said
that the editorial and op-ed pages of
the newspaper are centre-right,
"comfortable with a mainstream
Labor prime minister Kevin Rudd,
just as it was quite comfortable with
John Howard." According to other
commentators, however, the
newspaper "is generally conservative
in tone and heavily oriented toward
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The Australian - Editorial and opinion pages
1
The Australian presents varying views
on climate change, including giving
space to articles and authors who
agree with the scientific consensus,
such as Tim Flannery, those who
agree with the cause but who disagree
with the methods of coping with it,
such as Bjørn Lomborg, through to
those who disagree that the causes or
even presence of global warming are
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The Australian - Editorial and opinion pages
1
In September 2010, the ABC's Media
Watch presenter Paul Barry, accused
The Australian of waging a campaign
against the Australian Greens, and the
Green's federal leader Bob Brown
wrote that The Australian has "stepped
out of the fourth estate by seeing itself
as a determinant of democracy in
Australia"
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Microsoft SharePoint 2010 - Pages
SharePoint has three primary page
content-types: Wiki pages, Web-part
pages, and Publishing Pages. Unlike
prior versions of SharePoint, the
default page type is a 'Wiki Page',
which enables free-form editing based
on the ribbon toolbar. It is possible to
insert Web-parts into any page type.
1
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Firefly (website) - Homepages
The Firefly website had distinctive
design and graphics. Early designs
featured bright colors and a fun and
eclectic look. Later redesigns
reflected the company's push towards
corporate customers and desire to deemphasize the Firefly community
website.
1
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300-page iPhone bill
1
A '300-page iPhone bill' from ATT Mobility
mailed in a box was the subject of a viral
video made by YouTube personality
iJustine which became an Internet meme
in August 2007
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300-page iPhone bill
Ten days later, after the video had
been viewed more than 3 million
times on the Internet, and had
received international news coverage,
ATT sent iPhone users a text message
outlining changes in its billing
practices. The information technology
magazine Computerworld included
this incident in its list of Technology's
10 Most Mortifying Moments.
1
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300-page iPhone bill - Background
1
Apple released the iPhone in the United
States with a software SIM lock|lock so it
could only be used on the ATT Mobility
Wireless network|network
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300-page iPhone bill - Background
One of the first to attract wider
attention was from Ben Kuchera,
gaming editor for the technologyrelated website Ars Technica, who
described his 34-sheet, double-sided
bill and another 104-page bill sent to a
colleague, writing, While many of us
have had smart-phones for some time,
we’ve never seen a bill like this
1
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300-page iPhone bill - Video
1
Ezarik, then a 23-year-old Pittsburgh-area
graphic designer, Sketch comedy|sketch
comedian, and blogger, received her 300page bill on Saturday, August 11, 2007,
and decided to use it as a theatrical
property|prop for a self-produced video
shot in a coffee shop
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300-page iPhone bill - Video
Portions of the video were also
televised along with one-on-one
interviews with Ezarik by several
national and local news programs in
the United States, including CNN, Fox
News Channel, WTAE-TV, and WPXITV. ABC News Now also included
independent reporting by an ABC
News Radio reporter in their video
interview.
1
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300-page iPhone bill - Video
The rest of the video, set to the
distinctive music used in American
iPhone television commercials, shows
her opening the box and flipping
through the pages in fast motion
1
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300-page iPhone bill - Video
1
Ezarik is a heavy user who typically sends
and receives tens of thousands of text
messages a month, which generated an
exceptionally long bill–300 double-sided
pages that had to be sent in a box with
postage charges of $7
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300-page iPhone bill - Video
She had no complaints about the
iPhone itself, saying, I made the video
only to point out the comical aspect of
my phone bill being delivered in a box.
As for the iPhone? I love it.
1
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300-page iPhone bill - Company
1
ATT Mobility, the mobile phone service
provider for the iPhone, said through
spokesman Mark Siegel that the size of
this bill was exceptional. We're not
sending lots of boxed bills to customers,
he told the USA Today reporter. The
billing is the same for all ATT mobile
users, but the popularity and
functionality of the iPhone has given it
new visibility. It's no different than with
any other bill for any other device or any
other service that we offer, Siegel said.
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300-page iPhone bill - Company
Later, on August 18, ATT issued a
statement saying: Our customers have the
option of receiving a bill that is detail-free
1
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300-page iPhone bill - Industry
ATT may not have anticipated the
downstream effects of iPhone customers'
high data usage. Instead, ATT call centers
were flooded with complaints about the
size of the bills.
1
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300-page iPhone bill - Industry
1
Internet reporter Dana Blankenhorn stated
that the size of the bill illustrated a problem
with the telephone company|telephone
companies' event based or connectionoriented business model, and used it to
argue for open spectrum in a radio
frequency spectrum auction in the U.S.
scheduled for 2008. He contrasted how in
telephone billing every action is a
separately billable event, while the Internet
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300-page iPhone bill - Environmental
1
The USA Today story was also titled
How many trees did your iPhone bill
kill? According to blogger
Muhammad Saleem, Apple's aim to
have 10 million iPhone users by the
end of 2008 would require the logging
of about 74,535 trees annually,
assuming an average 100 page
monthly bill
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300-page iPhone bill - Security
1
The original Ars Technica blog posting, on
the other hand, dismissed privacy
concerns, showing that the detail pages do
not contain sensitive information.
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300-page iPhone bill - Other outsized iPhone bills
1
Press accounts of this story
also included related details
and comments:
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300-page iPhone bill - Other outsized iPhone bills
1
* The founder of a Tampa, Florida think
tank received a 42-page bill, and told a
reporter, It's ridiculous.
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300-page iPhone bill - Other outsized iPhone bills
1
* A partner of a Macintosh consulting firm called his
bill 60 pages of nothingness.
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300-page iPhone bill - Other outsized iPhone bills
1
* A business consultant from Virginia
received a 62-page bill and asked a
reporter, Why would you send bills that
large?
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300-page iPhone bill - Other outsized iPhone bills
* A software company owner near
Seattle, Washington posted on his blog
a picture of a Maltese (dog)|Maltese
dog sitting on his 127-page bill spread
out on the floor. and asked, Has
anyone on the Apple Environmental
Team seen an ATT bill?
1
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300-page iPhone bill - Other outsized iPhone bills
* The Packet Rat columnist wrote in
Government Computer News that his
wife received a 150-page boxed iPhone
bill, and commented, OK, how many
trees did they have to kill to send out
the first month's bills?
1
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Pages (word processor)
On October 23, 2013, apple
redesigned the whole pages
experience with pages 5.0, and made
it free for anyone with an iOS device.
1
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Pages (word processor)
A number of Apple-designed
templates comprising different
themes (such as letters, résumés,
posters, and outlines), are included
with Pages
1
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Pages (word processor) - Features
When Pages is first opened, users are
presented with a Template Chooser which
allows them to start with a blank document
or with a predesigned template – including
a résumé, outline, school report, flyer, or
envelope – that contains placeholder text
and images which can be replaced by
dragging and dropping photos from the
Media Browser.
1
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Pages (word processor) - Features
1
Each document window contains a
toolbar, which gives one-click access
to commonly used functions such as
inserting objects (text boxes, shapes,
tables, charts, and comments),
uploading the document to
iWork.com, and inserting additional
pages
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Pages (word processor) - Features
1
In page layout mode, users have complete control
over the position of objects on the page
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Pages (word processor) - Features
1
The Media Browser provides quick
access to media of iTunes, iMovie,
iPhoto, and Aperture (photography
software)|Aperture. Users can drag
and drop music, movies, and photos
directly into Pages documents from
the Media Browser window.
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Pages (word processor) - Features
1
Pages used to feature a number of
other advanced writing tools
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Pages (word processor) - Features
1
Pages can import some AppleWorks
word processing documents and
Microsoft Word documents (including
Word 2007's Office Open XML format).
Previous version could also export
documents to Rich Text Format|rich
text, but that feature has also been
removed. Pages 5 can still export to
PDF, EPUB and Microsoft Word DOC
(computing)|DOC
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Pages (word processor) - Features
1
Simple and complex mathematical
equations can be written for a Pages
document with Mac OS X's Grapher,
offering similar capabilities to
Microsoft Equation Editor (plus 2D
and 3D rendering tools only Grapher
can use).
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Pages (word processor) - Compatibility
1
As of November 2012, Pages does not
support OpenDocument Document
file format|file format. The only
known software other than Pages
which can open its files is the Google
Docs Viewer. It can view the files, and
save them as PDF via the Print
function, but not edit them.
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Pages (word processor) - Compatibility
1
This process can also be used for users of
the 2008 version of Pages to open
documents saved in the 2009 version of
Pages, which are not backwards
compatible.
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Pages (word processor) - Compatibility
1
Pages can also export documents into
a number of formats; formatting is
generally retained during the export
process.
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Google Page Creator
1
'Google Page Creator' was a website
creation and Web hosting
service|hosting service by Google. It
was a tool for basic website design,
requiring no HTML knowledge.
During development, it was
codenamed Trogdor, a reference to
the popular Homestar Runner website.
As of August 2008, Google Pages had
over 3 million users according to
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Google Page Creator
In September 2008, Google announced
that it would not accept new sign-ups to
Page Creator, instead encouraging users
to use Google Sites. The service had been
shut down in 2009, while existing
published pages migrated to Google Sites.
Google Sites have URLs now such as
http://sites.google.com/site/example/
1
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ARMv7 - No-execute page protection
As of ARMv6, the ARM architecture
supports NX bit|no-execute page
protection, which is referred to as XN,
for eXecute Never.APX and XN (execute
never) bits have been added in VMSAv6
, . Retrieved 2009/12/01.
1
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Google Chrome - Automatic web page translation
Starting with Google Chrome 4.1 the
application added a built-in translation
bar using Google Translate. Translation
is currently available for 52 languages.
1
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Dynamic HTML - Structure of a web page
Typically a web page
using DHTML is set up in
the following way:
1
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Webpage
Web browsers coordinate web
resources centered around the written
web page, such as Cascading Style
Sheets|style sheets, client-side
scripting|scripts and images, to
present the web page.
1
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Webpage - Colour, typography, illustration, and interaction
1
Web pages usually include information as
to the colours of text and backgrounds and
very often also contain links to images and
sometimes other types of
Hypermedia|media to be included in the
final view
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Webpage - Dynamic behavior
Client-side computer code such as
JavaScript or code implementing Ajax
(programming)|Ajax techniques can be
provided either embedded in the HTML of
a web page or, like CSS stylesheets, as
separate, linked downloads specified in
the HTML. These scripts may run on the
client computer, if the user allows.
1
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Webpage - Browsers
1
A web browser can have a Graphical User
Interface, like Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Google Chrome|Chrome and
Opera (web browser)|Opera, or can be
Command Line Interface|text-based, like
Lynx (web browser)|Lynx or Links (web
browser)|Links.
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Webpage - Browsers
Web users with disabilities often use
assistive technologies and adaptive
strategies to Web accessibility|access web
pages. Users may be color-blind, may or
may not want to use a mouse perhaps due
to repetitive stress injury or motor-neurone
problems, may be deaf and require audio
to be captioned, may be blind and using a
screen reader or braille display, may need
screen magnification, etc.
1
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Webpage - Browsers
The World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) and Web Accessibility Initiative
(WAI) recommend that all web pages
should be designed with all of these
options in mind.
1
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Webpage - Elements
1
:*Textual information:
with diverse render
variations.
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Webpage - Elements
1
:*Non-textual
information:
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Webpage - Elements
:** Static images may be raster
graphics, typically Graphics
Interchange Format|GIF, JPEG or
Portable Network Graphics|PNG; or
Vector graphics|vector formats such
as Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG or
Adobe Flash|Flash.
1
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Webpage - Elements
1
:** Animated images typically Animated
gif|Animated GIF and Scalable Vector
Graphics|SVG, but also may be Adobe
Flash|Flash, Adobe
Shockwave|Shockwave, or Java applet.
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Webpage - Elements
1
:** Audio frequency|Audio, typically MP3, ogg or
various proprietary formats.
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Webpage - Elements
1
:**Video, WMV (Windows), RM (RealMedia),
FLV (Flash Video), MPG, MOV (QuickTime)
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Webpage - Elements
1
:*** Interactive illustrations: ranging
from click to play images to Browser
game|games, typically using script
orchestration, Adobe Flash|Flash,
Java applets, Scalable Vector
Graphics|SVG, or Adobe
Shockwave|Shockwave.
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Webpage - Elements
1
:*** Buttons: forms providing alternative
interface, typically for use with script
orchestration and DHTML.
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Webpage - Elements
1
:* Metadata with Meta tags|semantic metainformation, Charset information,
Document Type Definition (DTD), etc.
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Webpage - Elements
:* Diagramation and style information:
information about rendered items (like
image size attributes) and visual
specifications, as Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS).
1
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Webpage - Elements
1
:* Scripts, usually
JavaScript,
complement
interactivity and
functionality.
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Webpage - Elements
1
:Note: on server-side the web page may also
have Processing Instruction Information
Items.
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Webpage - Elements
1
The web page can also contain dynamically
adapted information elements, dependent
upon the rendering browser or end-user
location (through the use of IP address
tracking and/or cookie information). From a
more general/wide point of view, some
information (grouped) elements, like a
navigation bar, are uniform for all website
pages, like a standard. These kind of website
standard information are supplied by
technologies like web template systems.
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Webpage - Rendering
A web page can either be a single
HTML file, or made up of several HTML
files using framing (World Wide
Web)|frames or Server Side Includes
(SSIs).
1
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Webpage - Rendering
Frames have been known to cause
problems with web accessibility, copyright,
navigation, printing and search engine
rankings[http://www.itc.virginia.edu/deskto
p/web/frames_problems.html], and are
now less often used than they were in the
1990s.
1
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Webpage - Rendering
1
Both frames and SSIs allow certain content
which appears on many pages, such as page
navigation or page headers, to be repeated
without duplicating the HTML in many files.
Frames and the W3C recommended
alternative of 2000, the HTML
element#Images and objects|lt;objectgt; tag,
also allow some content to remain in one
place while other content can be scrolled
using conventional scrollbars. Modern CSS
and JavaScript client-side techniques can
also achieve all of these goals and more.
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Webpage - Rendering
1
A properly coded web page is going to
be accessible to many different
browsers old and new alike, display
resolutions, as well as those users
with audio or visual impairments.
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Webpage - Viewing
1
In order to graphically display a web
page, a web browser is needed. This
is a type of application
software|software that can retrieve
web pages from the Internet. Most
current web browsers include the
ability to view the source code.
Viewing a web page in a text editor
will also display the source code.
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Webpage - Creation
1
To create a web page, a text editor or a
specialized HTML editor is needed. In
order to upload the created web page
to a web server, traditionally an File
Transfer Protocol|FTP client is needed.
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Webpage - Creation
1
These options allow for quick and easy
creation of a web page which is
typically Dynamic web page|dynamic.
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Webpage - Saving
1
* Save the rendered text without formatting or
images, with hyperlinks reduced to plain text
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Webpage - Saving
* Save the HTML as it was served — Overall
structure preserved, but some links may be broken
1
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Webpage - Saving
1
* Save the HTML with relative links changed to
absolute ones so that hyperlinks are preserved
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Webpage - Saving
* Save the entire web page — All
images and other resources including
stylesheets and scripts are
downloaded and saved in a new folder
alongside the HTML, with links to
them altered to refer to the local
copies. Other relative links changed to
absolute
1
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Webpage - Saving
1
* Save the HTML as well as all images and
other resources into a single MHTML file.
This is supported by Internet Explorer and
Opera (web browser)|Opera. Other
browsers may support this if a suitable
plugin has been installed.
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Webpage - Saving
1
Web page designers may specify in CSS
that non-functional menus, navigational
blocks and other items may simply be
absent from the printed version.
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Web page - URL
1
Some search engines may have a hard
time indexing a web page that is dynamic,
so static web pages can be provided in
those instances.
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Facebook Places - Pages
Pages can also be customized by
adding new third-party apps, presented
in a form of Tab icons on a page
1
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Facebook Places - Pages
1
In April 2010, it was announced that
community pages would integrate
content from Wikipedia, under a
Creative Commons license.
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Larry Page
'Lawrence Larry Page' (born March 26,
1973) is an American computer scientist
and List of Internet entrepreneurs|Internet
entrepreneur who is the co-founder of
Google, alongside Sergey Brin. On April 4,
2011, Page succeeded Eric Schmidt as
the chief executive officer of Google. As of
2013, Page's personal wealth is estimated
to be United States dollar|US$20.3 billion,
ranking him #13 on the Forbes 400 list of
the 400 richest Americans.
1
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Larry Page
Page is the inventor of PageRank, the
foundation of Google's search ranking
algorithm, and he and Sergey Brin|Brin
own approximately 16 percent of Google's
stock.
1
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PageRank
1
Google uses an automated web spider
called Googlebot to actually count
links and gather other information on
web pages.
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PageRank - Description
1
The numerical weight that it assigns
to any given element E is referred to
as the PageRank of E and denoted by
PR(E)
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PageRank - Description
1
A page that is linked to by many pages with
high PageRank receives a high rank itself.
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PageRank - Description
1
Numerous academic papers concerning
PageRank have been published since
Page and Brin's original paper. In practice,
the PageRank concept may be vulnerable
to manipulation. Research has been
conducted into identifying falsely
influenced PageRank rankings. The goal
is to find an effective means of ignoring
links from documents with falsely
influenced PageRank..
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PageRank - Description
Other link-based ranking algorithms for
Web pages include the HITS algorithm
invented by Jon Kleinberg (used by Teoma
and now Ask.com), the IBM CLEVER
project, the TrustRank algorithm and the
Google Hummingbird|hummingbird
algorithm.
1
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PageRank - History
The idea of formulating a link analysis
problem as an eigenvalue problem was
probably first suggested in 1976 by
Gabriel Pinski and Francis Narin, who
worked on scientometrics ranking scientific
journals.
1
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PageRank - History
1
PageRank was developed at Stanford
University by Larry Page and Sergey
Brin in 1996 as part of a research
project about a new kind of search
engine.Page, Larry,
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PageRank - History
While just one of many factors that
determine the ranking of Google
search results, PageRank continues to
provide the basis for all of Google's
web search tools.
1
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PageRank - History
1
The word is a trademark of Google, and the
PageRank process has been software
patent|patented ()
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PageRank - History
PageRank has been influenced by
citation analysis, early developed by
Eugene Garfield in the 1950s at the
University of Pennsylvania, and by
Hyper Search, developed by Massimo
Marchiori at the University of Padua.
In the same year PageRank was
introduced (1998), Jon Kleinberg
published his important work on HITS
algorithm|HITS. Google's founders
cite Garfield, Marchiori, and
Kleinberg in their original paper.
1
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PageRank - History
A small search engine called RankDex
from IDD Information Services designed
by Robin Li was, since 1996, already
exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring
and page ranking. The technology in
RankDex would be patented by
1999USPTO,
1
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PageRank - History
1
especially Lawrence Page,
U.S
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PageRank - Algorithm
The PageRank computations require
several passes, called iterations, through
the collection to adjust approximate
PageRank values to more closely reflect
the theoretical true value.
1
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PageRank - Algorithm
A probability is expressed as a numeric
value between 0 and 1. A 0.5 probability is
commonly expressed as a 50% chance of
something happening. Hence, a
PageRank of 0.5 means there is a 50%
chance that a person clicking on a random
link will be directed to the document with
the 0.5 PageRank.
1
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PageRank - Simplified algorithm
1
Hence the initial value
for each page is 0.25.
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PageRank - Simplified algorithm
1
The PageRank transferred from a given
page to the targets of its outbound links
upon the next iteration is divided equally
among all outbound links.
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PageRank - Simplified algorithm
If the only links in the system were
from pages 'B', 'C', and 'D' to 'A', each
link would transfer 0.25 PageRank to
'A' upon the next iteration, for a total
of 0.75.
1
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PageRank - Simplified algorithm
1
At the completion of this iteration, page 'A' will
have a PageRank of 0.458.
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PageRank - Simplified algorithm
In other words, the PageRank
conferred by an outbound link is equal
to the document's own PageRank
score divided by the number of
outbound links 'L( )'.
1
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PageRank - Simplified algorithm
1
In the general case, the PageRank value for any
page 'u' can be expressed as:
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PageRank - Simplified algorithm
1
i.e. the PageRank value for a page 'u' is
dependent on the PageRank values for
each page 'v' contained in the set 'Bu'
(the set containing all pages linking to
page 'u'), divided by the number L(v) of
links from page 'v'.
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PageRank - Damping factor
The PageRank theory holds that an
imaginary surfer who is randomly clicking
on links will eventually stop clicking. The
probability, at any step, that the person will
continue is a damping factor d. Various
studies have tested different damping
factors, but it is generally assumed that
the damping factor will be set around 0.85.
1
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
The damping factor is subtracted from
1 (and in some variations of the
algorithm, the result is divided by the
number of documents (N) in the
collection) and this term is then added
to the product of the damping factor
and the sum of the incoming PageRank
scores. That is,
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PageRank - Damping factor
So any page's PageRank is derived in
large part from the PageRanks of other
pages. The damping factor adjusts the
derived value downward. The original
paper, however, gave the following
formula, which has led to some confusion:
1
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PageRank - Damping factor
The difference between them is that the
PageRank values in the first formula sum
to one, while in the second formula each
PageRank is multiplied by N and the sum
becomes N. A statement in Page and
Brin's paper that the sum of all PageRanks
is one and claims by other Google
employeesMatt Cutts's blog:
[http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/seo-forbloggers/ Straight from Google: What You
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
Page and Brin confused the two formulas
in their most popular paper The Anatomy
of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web
Search Engine, where they mistakenly
claimed that the latter formula formed a
probability distribution over web pages.
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
Google recalculates PageRank scores
each time it crawls the Web and
rebuilds its index. As Google
increases the number of documents in
its collection, the initial
approximation of PageRank decreases
for all documents.
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PageRank - Damping factor
The formula uses a model of a random
surfer who gets bored after several clicks
and switches to a random page. The
PageRank value of a page reflects the
chance that the random surfer will land on
that page by clicking on a link. It can be
understood as a Markov chain in which the
states are pages, and the transitions,
which are all equally probable, are the
links between pages.
1
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PageRank - Damping factor
If a page has no links to other pages, it
becomes a sink and therefore terminates
the random surfing process. If the random
surfer arrives at a sink page, it picks
another Uniform Resource Locator|URL at
random and continues surfing again.
1
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
When calculating PageRank, pages with no
outbound links are assumed to link out to all
other pages in the collection. Their PageRank
scores are therefore divided evenly among all
other pages. In other words, to be fair with
pages that are not sinks, these random
transitions are added to all nodes in the Web,
with a residual probability usually set to d =
0.85, estimated from the frequency that an
average surfer uses his or her browser's
bookmark feature.
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
So, the equation is as follows:
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
where p_1, p_2, ..., p_N are the pages
under consideration, M(p_i) is the set of
pages that link to p_i, L(p_j) is the
number of outbound links on page p_j,
and N is the total number of pages.
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
The PageRank values are the entries
of the dominant eigenvector of the
modified adjacency matrix. This
makes PageRank a particularly
elegant metric: the eigenvector is
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
where 'R' is the solution of the
equation
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
where the adjacency function \ell(p_i,p_j)
is 0 if page p_j does not link to p_i, and
normalized such that, for each j
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
i.e. the elements of each column sum up
to 1, so the matrix is a stochastic matrix
(for more details see the
#Computation|computation section below).
Thus this is a variant of the eigenvector
centrality measure used commonly in
network theory|network analysis.
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
Because of the large
eigengap of the
modified adjacency
matrix above,
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PageRank - Damping factor
the values of the PageRank
eigenvector can be approximated to
within a high degree of accuracy
within only a few iterations.
1
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
As a result of Markov process|Markov
theory, it can be shown that the
PageRank of a page is the probability
of arriving at that page after a large
number of clicks. This happens to
equal t^ where t is the expected
value|expectation of the number of
clicks (or random jumps) required to
get from the page back to itself.
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
One main disadvantage of PageRank is
that it favors older pages. A new page,
even a very good one, will not have
many links unless it is part of an
existing site (a site being a densely
connected set of pages, such as
Wikipedia).
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PageRank - Damping factor
1
Several strategies have been proposed to
accelerate the computation of PageRank.
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PageRank - Damping factor
Various strategies to manipulate
PageRank have been employed in
concerted efforts to improve search
results rankings and monetize
advertising links. These strategies
have severely impacted the reliability
of the PageRank concept, which
purports to determine which
documents are actually highly valued
by the Web community.
1
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PageRank - Damping factor
Since December 2007, when it started
actively penalizing sites selling paid text
links, Google has combatted link farms
and other schemes designed to artificially
inflate PageRank. How Google identifies
link farms and other PageRank
manipulation tools is among Google's
trade secrets.
1
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PageRank - Computation
PageRank can be computed either
iteratively or algebraically. The
iterative method can be viewed as the
1
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PageRank - Iterative
At t=0, an initial
probability
distribution is
assumed, usually
1
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PageRank - Iterative
At each time step,
the computation, as
detailed above,
yields
1
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PageRank - Iterative
1
\mathbf_i(t)=PR(p_i; t) and \mathbf is the column
vector of length N containing only ones.
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PageRank - Iterative
1
A denotes the adjacency matrix of the
graph and K is the diagonal matrix
with the outdegrees in the diagonal.
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PageRank - Iterative
1
The computation ends when for
some small \epsilon
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PageRank - Iterative
:|\mathbf(t+1) \mathbf(t)|
v_quadratic_error)
1
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PageRank - Iterative
1
function [v] = rank2(M, d,
v_quadratic_error)
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PageRank - Iterative
1
N = size(M, 2); % N is equal
to half the size of M
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PageRank - Iterative
while(norm(v - last_v, 2) /sourcesource
lang=matlab/sourcesource
lang=matlab/sourceref name=gpower/!-Please cite Google-confirmed references
*only* about the PR updates, lots of
unconfirmed rumors on the web --ref
name=Cutts-0414/ref name=Cutts-0414ref
name=Jos07ref name=SEOnotepad09ref
name=Moskwa/ref name=Moskwa!-- Bot
inserted parameter
1
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Google privacy - Danger of page rank manipulation
1
The page ranking algorithm of Google
can and has been manipulated for
political and humorous reasons. To
illustrate the view that Google's search
engine could be subjected to
manipulation, Google Watch
implemented a Google bomb by linking
the phrase out-of-touch executives to
Google's own page on its corporate
management. The attempt was
mistakenly attributed to disgruntled
Google employees by The New York
Times, which later printed a correction.
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Google privacy - Danger of page rank manipulation
Since new sites will seldom be as
heavily linked as older more
established sites, they aren't as well
known, won't have as much of a
reputation, and will receive a lower
page ranking.[http://www.google-watchwatch.org/pagerank.php Why Daniel
Brandt doesn't like Google PageRank],
Chris Beasley, Google Watch Watch,
accessed October 18, 2011
1
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Google privacy - Danger of page rank manipulation
1
In testimony before a
U.S
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Google privacy - Page ranking related lawsuits
1
In this lawsuit, it was stated, that Google
does not generally inform Web sites that
they have been penalized nor does it
explain in detail why the Web site was
penalized.[http://www.allquests.com/quest
ion/989214/KinderStart-sues-Google-overPageranks.html KinderStart sues Google
over Pageranks!], Reuters via CNN, March
19, 2006 Kinderstart claimed that they
were penalized for being a Google
competitor (setting up the search engine)
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Google privacy - Page ranking related lawsuits
1
Numerous companies and individuals, for
example, MyTriggers.com and transport
tycoon Sir Brian Souter have voiced
concerns regarding the fairness of
Google's PageRank and search results
after their web sites disappeared from
Google's first-page results. In the case of
MyTriggers.com, the Ohio-based shopping
comparison search site accused Google of
favoring its own services in search results
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Gmail Paper - Google Homepage
1
* In December 2009, Google added an
easter egg on their homepage
whereby clicking the I'm Feeling
Lucky box with no text entered brings
up a clock counting down the seconds
until 2010. When it reached zero it
displayed Happy New Year in
fireworks.
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Gmail Paper - Google Homepage
1
* In December 2009 when typing in a
search term including the word
Christmas the line separating the
sponsored links from the normal
search is replaced with Christmas
lights. Also, when typing in a search
term including the word Hanukkah
the line separating the sponsored
links is replaced with a Dreidel
design.
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Gmail Paper - Google Homepage
* From May 21–23, 2010, Google
replaced its usual homepage with a
playable Google-style Pac-Man game to
celebrate its 30th anniversary
1
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Gmail Paper - Google Homepage
1
* On November 30, 2012 when clicking
the I'm Feeling Lucky button with no
text, it changed into an I'm Feeling
Stellar button
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Gmail Paper - Google Homepage
* Selecting the I'm Feeling Lucky without
typing anything in, it will display past Google
logos.
1
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Gmail Paper - Google Homepage
* Searching google in 1998 will bring up a
search result for google as it was in 1998,
complete with their original UI and logo, as
well as a Take me back to 2013
button.https://www.google.com/search?q=go
ogle+in+1998oq=google+in+1998aqs=chrom
e..69i57j69i65l2j0l2j69i60.3708j0sourceid=chr
omeespvd=210es_sm=122ie=UTF-8
Clicking some of the results on that page took
the user to that result in 1998 using the
Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
1
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Gmail Paper - Google Homepage
* Google offers services in many
languages, including several uncommon
ones like Swedish Chef's Bork bork bork,
Pig Latin, Hacker (usually known as
Leet|1337sp34k), Elmer Fudd, Klingon
and Pirate.
1
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Google Instant - PageRank
1
In addition to PageRank, Google, over the
years, has added many other secret
criteria for determining the ranking of
pages on result lists, reported to be over
250 different
indicators,[http://www.wired.com/magazine
/2010/02/ff_google_algorithm/ Wired.com]
the specifics of which are kept secret to
keep spammers at bay and help Google
maintain an edge over its competitors
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Last.fm - Artist pages
1
Official music videos and other videos
imported from YouTube may also be
viewed on the relevant artist and track
pages.
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Last.fm - Artist pages
Users may add relevant biographical
details and other information to any artist's
main page in the form of a wiki. Edits are
regularly moderated to prevent vandalism.
A photograph of the artist may also be
added. If more than one is submitted, the
most popular is chosen by public vote.
User submitted content is licensed for use
under the Creative Commons Attribution
Share-Alike License and GNU Free
1
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Last.fm - Artist pages
Last.fm currently cannot disambiguate
artists with the same name; a single artist
profile is shared between valid artists with
the same name. Also Last.fm and its users
currently does not differentiate between
the Composer and the Artist of music
which makes for disorganization in
classical music genres.
1
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Newgrounds - Front page
1
The home page of Newgrounds displays
recent submissions chosen by
administrators as a special showcase of
their favorites. On April 21, 2003 the first
front page icon for a user-submitted Flash
game was posted under the heading Tom
and Wade Recommend. The game that
was posted was Taipan
3000[http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/v
iew/15795 Newgrounds.com] by Josh
Psycho Goldfish Tuttle, a remake of a
popular Apple II game called Taipan!.
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Newgrounds - Front page
1
As Newgrounds received more quality
submissions the Tom and Wade
Recommend section grew from 1 to 2, 2
to 4, and 4 to 6 icons. As of 2009, there
are 36 icons on the home page; 12 for
Flash animations, 12 for games, 4 for
music and 8 for art. The rate at which
this page was updated also increased,
from weeks to days, eventually leading
to the removal of the Tom and Wade
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Newgrounds - Front page
Originally the icons were created by
moderators, as were the long Flash
descriptions (the same process used
for the collections pages), but this
proved to be an extremely timeconsuming, tedious task. Currently
users are given the ability to attach
their own icons with their submissions,
and write their own brief descriptions.
1
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Newgrounds - Front page
On January 12, 2004 the home page
archive was launched, keeping a
month-by-month list of Flash content
that was deemed to be worthy of
display on the Newgrounds homepage.
This includes either those who
performed well in the daily awards, or
simply those the admin deemed worthy.
1
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Newgrounds - Front page
1
On June 27, 2006, the 'Icon Helpers'
system was launched for Newgrounds
volunteers to make and submit icons
for newer flash content that was
lacking an icon, making the
integration to automated collections
pages much more effective.
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Newgrounds - Front page
1
On a few occasions, while maintenance
has been performed on the site, the
home page has been replaced by an
under construction page showing the
Newgrounds tank picture being welded
by a programming crew
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Newgrounds - Front page
1
On January 17, 2012 Newgrounds joined
in the SOPA Web Blackout|Protest, by
blocking the front page of the website
showing info about and how it would affect
Newgrounds, the block lasted for 12 hours
afterwards service was resumed.
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Newgrounds - Front page
After roughly 8 minutes, the site
completely crashed and returned to the
maintenance page which featured a
selection of Newgrounds movies and a
chat feature
1
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Larry Page - Early life and education
1
While at the University of Michigan,
Page created an inkjet printer made of
LEGO bricks (actually a line plotter),
served as the president of the Beta
Epsilon chapter of Eta Kappa Nu, and
was a member of the 1993 Maize Blue
University of Michigan Solar Car team.
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Larry Page - Early life and education
1
During an interview, Page recalled his
childhood, noting that his house was
usually a mess, with computers and
Popular Science magazines all over
the place
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Larry Page - Early life and education
Page then focused on the problem of
finding out which web pages link to a given
page, considering the number and nature
of such backlinks to be valuable
information about that page, with the role
of citations in academic publishing in
mind.John Battelle|Battelle, John
1
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Larry Page - Early life and education
John Battelle, co-founder of Wired
(magazine)|Wired magazine, wrote that
Page had reasoned that the entire Web
was loosely based on the premise of
citation– after all, what is a link but a
citation? If he could devise a method to
count and qualify each backlink on the
Web, as Page puts it 'the Web would
become a more valuable place'. Battelle
further described how Page and Brin
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Larry Page - Early life and education
Brin and Page originally met in March
1995 during a spring orientation of new
Ph.D. candidates. Brin, who had already
been in the program for two years, was
assigned to show some students,
including Page, around campus, and they
later became friends.Moschovitis Group.
The Internet: A Historical Encyclopedia,
ABC-CLIO, 2005.
1
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Larry Page - Early life and education
1
It relied on a new kind of technology
that analyzed the relevance of the
back links that connected one Web
page to another
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Larry Page - Business
1
Page also sits on the
Board of Directors of
Google.
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Larry Page - Other interests
1
At the question and answer section of the
2013 Google I/O keynote talk, Larry Page
expressed an interest in Burning
Man.[http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/201
3/05/google-io-2013liveblog/#50512764920 Liveblog: Get the
Latest Updates From Google I/O 2013 Wired.com]
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Larry Page - Awards and recognition
PC Magazine has praised Google as
among the Top 100 Web Sites and Search
Engines (1998) and awarded Google the
Technical Excellence Award for Innovation
in Web Application Development in 1999
1
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Larry Page - Awards and recognition
In 2002, Page was named a World
Economic Forum Global Leader for
Tomorrow[
http://www.crunchbase.com/person/
larry-page CrunchBase profile] and
along with Sergey Brin, was named to
the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology|MIT Technology Review
TR35|TR100, as one of the top 100
innovators in the world under the age
1
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Larry Page - Awards and recognition
In announcing their selection, John
Jay Iselin, the Foundation's president,
congratulated the two men for their
invention that has fundamentally
changed the way information is
retrieved today.[
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi
_m0EIN/is_2004_Sept_23/ai_n6208748
Brin and Page Receive Marconi
Foundation's Highest Honor], Press
1
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Larry Page - Awards and recognition
In 2004, he was elected to the National
Academy of Engineering. Also that year,
Page and Brin were named Persons of the
Week by ABC World News Tonight. In
2004 the X PRIZE chose Page as a
trustee for their board.[
http://www.google.com/corporate/execs.ht
ml#larry Google Corporate Information:
Management: Larry Page]
1
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Larry Page - Awards and recognition
In 2009, Page received an honorary
doctorate from the University of Michigan
during graduation commencement
ceremonies.
1
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Larry Page - Awards and recognition
1
In 2011, he was ranked 24th on the
Forbes list of billionaires and as the
11th richest person in the United
States.
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Larry Page - Personal life
In 2007, Page married Lucinda
Southworth on Necker Island (British
Virgin Islands)|Necker Island, the
Caribbean island owned by
businessman Richard Branson.
Southworth is a research scientist, and
the sister of actress and model Carrie
Southworth. Page and Southworth have
two children, born in 2009 and 2011.
Page formerly dated Google's former
1
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Larry Page - Personal life
1
The Google+ post also revealed that Page
had donated a considerable sum of money
to a vocal cord nerve function research
program at the Voice Health Institute in
Boston, U.S—an anonymous source has
stated that the donation exceeds US$20
million.
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Larry Page - Personal life
In October 2013, Business Insider
reported that Page's paralyzed vocal
chords are caused by an autoimmune
disease called Hashimoto's thyroiditis and
he would not be doing Google quarterly
earnings conference calls for a while.
1
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Boston Globe - Editorial page
1
At The Boston Globe, as is customary
in the news industry, the editorial pages
are separate from the news operation.
Editorials represent the official view of
The Boston Globe as a community
institution. Peter S. Canellos, former
Washington bureau chief, is the editor
of the editorial page. The publisher,
Chris Mayer, reserves the right to veto
an editorial and usually determines
political endorsements for high office.
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Boston Globe - Editorial page
1
Describing the political position of The
Boston Globe in 2001, former editorial
page editor Renée Loth told the Boston
University alumni magazine:
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Boston Globe - Editorial page
1
The Globe has a long and proud tradition
of being a progressivism|progressive
institution, especially on social issues
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Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
1
Two summaries published in 1995 by the
Progressivism in the United
States|progressive blog Fairness and
Accuracy in Reporting, and in 1996 by the
Columbia Journalism Review criticized the
Journal's editorial page for inaccuracy
during the 1980s and 1990s.
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Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
quote|On our editorial page we make no
pretense of walking down the middle of the road
1
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Wall Street Journal - Editorial page
Every Thanksgiving (United
States)|Thanksgiving the editorial page prints
two famous articles that have appeared there
since 1961. The first is titled The Desolate
Wilderness, and describes what the Pilgrim
(Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims saw when they
arrived at the Plymouth Colony. The second
is titled And the Fair Land, and describes the
bounty of America. It was written by a former
editor, Vermont C. Royster, whose Christmas
article In Hoc Anno Domini, has appeared
every December 25 since 1949.
1
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George Paget Thomson
1
'Sir George Paget Thomson', Royal
Society|FRS (3 May 1892 – 10
September 1975) was an English
physicist and Nobel Prize in
Physics|Nobel laureate in physics
recognised for his discovery with
Clinton Davisson of the wave
properties of the electron by electron
diffraction.
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George Paget Thomson - Biography
1
Thomson and Rose Elisabeth Paget,
the daughter of the professor of
medicine at the University of
Cambridge
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George Paget Thomson - Biography
1
In 1924, Thomson married Kathleen
Buchanan Smith, daughter of the
George Adam Smith|Very Rev. Sir
George Adam Smith. They had four
children, two sons and two daughters.
Kathleen died in 1941.
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George Paget Thomson - Career
1
After briefly serving in the First World War
Thomson became a Fellow at Cambridge
and then moved to the University of
Aberdeen
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George Paget Thomson - Career
1
In 1930 he was appointed Professor at
Imperial College in the chair of the late
Hugh Longbourne Callendar
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George Paget Thomson - Career
1
Thomson stayed at Imperial College
until 1952, when he became Master of
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
In 1964, the college honoured his
tenure with the George Thomson
Building, a work of modernist
architecture on the college's
Leckhampton, Corpus Christi
College, Cambridge|Leckhampton
campus.
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Criticism of Facebook - Rape pages
1
A series of Rape culture|pro-rape and
'rape joke' content on Facebook drew
attention from the media and women's
groups. Rape Is No Joke (RINJ), a group
opposing the pages, argued that
removing pro-rape pages from Facebook
and other social media was not a
violation of free speech in the context of
Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and the concepts
recognized in international human
rights law in the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights.
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Criticism of Facebook - Rape pages
1
RINJ repeatedly challenged Facebook
to remove the rape pages. RINJ then
turned to advertisers on Facebook
telling them not to let their
advertising be posted on Facebook's
'rape pages'.
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Criticism of Facebook - Rape pages
1
Following a campaign that involved the
participation of Women, Action and the
Media, the Everyday Sexism Project
and the activist Soraya Chemaly, who
were among 100 advocacy groups,
Facebook agreed to update its policy
on hate speech
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Four-wheel drive - Limiting slippage
1
Many differentials have no way of limiting
the amount of engine power that gets sent
to its attached output shafts
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Four-wheel drive - Limiting slippage
1
Locking differentials work by temporarily
locking together a differential's output
shafts, causing all wheels to turn at the
same rate, providing torque in case of
slippage. This is generally used for the
center differential, which distributes power
between the front and the rear axles.
While a drivetrain that turns all wheels
equally would normally fight the driver and
cause handling problems, this is not a
concern when wheels are slipping.
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Four-wheel drive - Limiting slippage
1
In the multi-plate clutch the vehicle's
computer senses slippage and locks
the shafts, causing a small jolt when it
activates, which can disturb the driver
or cause additional traction loss
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Four-wheel drive - Limiting slippage
A third approach to limiting slippage is
taken by a Torsen differential. A Torsen
differential allows the output shafts to
receive different amounts of torque. This
design does not provide for traction when
one wheel is spinning freely, where there
is no torque, but provides excellent
handling in less extreme situations. A
typical Torsen II differential can deliver up
to twice as much torque to the high
1
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Four-wheel drive - Limiting slippage
A fairly recent innovation in
automobiles is electronic Traction
control system|traction control.
Traction control typically uses a
vehicle's braking system to slow a
spinning wheel. This forced slowing
emulates the function of a limited-slip
differential, and, by using the brakes
more aggressively to ensure wheels
are being driven at the same speed,
1
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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy - Changing redirect of 'standard argument' to its
own page
A
Talk:Dilemma_of_determinism#RfC:_Chan
ging_redirect_of_.27standard_argument.2
7_to_its_own_page|request for comment
is posted to consider making Standard
argument against free will a stand-alone
article instead of a redirect to Dilemma of
determinism. The proposed new article is
User:Brews_ohare/Standard_argument|
found here and
1
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Wikipedia - Organization of article pages
One featured article per day, as selected by
editors, appears on the main page of Wikipedia
1
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Wikipedia - Organization of article pages
1
A group of Wikipedia editors may form a
Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject to focus
their work on a specific topic area, using
its associated discussion page to
coordinate changes across multiple
articles.
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RGB color model - Colors in web-page design
Colors used in web-page design are
commonly specified using RGB; see web
colors for an explanation of how colors are
used in HTML and related languages.
Initially, the limited color depth of most
video hardware led to a limited color
palette of 216 RGB colors, defined by the
Netscape Color Cube. However, with the
predominance of 24-bit displays, the use
of the full 16.7 million colors of the HTML
1
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RGB color model - Colors in web-page design
1
In short, the Web-safe colors|web-safe
color palette consists of the 216 (63)
combinations of red, green, and blue
where each color can take one of six
values (in hexadecimal): #00, #33, #66,
#99, #CC or #FF (based on the 0 to 255
range for each value discussed above)
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RGB color model - Colors in web-page design
The RGB color model for HTML was
formally adopted as an Internet standard
in [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32
HTML 3.2], however it had been in use for
some time before that.
1
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RGB color model - Colors in web-page design
1
rgb(#,#,#) where # equals the proportion of red,
green and blue respectively.
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RGB color model - Colors in web-page design
1
you can use it in CSS after such selectors as
background-color: or color: (for text).
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CPU cache - Page coloring
Large physically indexed caches (usually
secondary caches) run into a problem: the
Operating System rather than the application
controls which pages collide with one another
in the cache. Differences in page allocation
from one program run to the next lead to
differences in the cache collision patterns,
which can lead to very large differences in
program performance. These differences can
make it very difficult to get a consistent and
repeatable timing for a benchmark run.
1
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CPU cache - Page coloring
1
To understand the problem, consider a
CPU with a 1MB physically indexed
direct-mapped level-2 cache and 4KB
virtual memory pages. Sequential
physical pages map to sequential
locations in the cache until after 256
pages the pattern wraps around. We
can label each physical page with a
color of 0–255 to denote where in the
cache it can go. Locations within
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CPU cache - Page coloring
The programmer can then arrange the
access patterns of his code so that no two
pages with the same virtual color are in
use at the same time
1
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CPU cache - Page coloring
1
The snag is that while all the pages in
use at any given moment may have
different virtual colors, some may
have the same physical colors. In fact,
if the Operating System assigns
physical pages to virtual pages
randomly and uniformly, it is
extremely likely that some pages will
have the same physical color, and
then locations from those pages will
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CPU cache - Page coloring
The solution is to have the Operating
System attempt to assign different
physical color pages to different virtual
colors, a technique called page coloring.
Although the actual mapping from virtual
to physical color is irrelevant to system
performance, odd mappings are difficult to
keep track of and have little benefit, so
most approaches to page coloring simply
try to keep physical and virtual page colors
1
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CPU cache - Page coloring
1
If the Operating System can guarantee
that each physical page maps to only
one virtual color, then there are no
virtual aliases, and the processor can
use virtually indexed caches with no
need for extra virtual alias probes
during miss handling. Alternatively,
the O/S can flush a page from the
cache whenever it changes from one
virtual color to another. As mentioned
above, this approach was used for
some early SPARC and RS/6000
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Yellow pages
'Yellow pages' refers to a telephone
directory of businesses, organized by
category, rather than alphabetically by
business name and in which advertising is
sold. The directories were originally
printed on yellow paper, as opposed to
Telephone directory|white pages for noncommercial listings. The traditional term
yellow pages is now also applied to
Electronic Yellow Pages|online directories
1
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Yellow pages
1
(Yell Limited is a subsidiary of Hibu, which
was spun off from British Telecom.)
(Yellow Pages Group is a spin-off of Bell
Canada.) However, in the United States,
neither the name nor the logo were
registered as trademarks by ATT, and are
freely used by several publishers.
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Yellow pages - History
The name and concept of yellow pages
came about in 1883, when a printer in
Cheyenne, Wyoming, working on a regular
telephone directory ran out of white paper
and used yellow paper instead. In 1886 R.
H. Donnelley|Reuben H. Donnelley
created the first official Yellow Pages
directory, inventing an industry.
1
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Yellow pages - History
Telephone directories using the
official internet address
yellowpages.xx exist in 75 different
countries
1
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Yellow pages - History
1
In Sri Lanka, the yellow pages are known as the
Rainbow Pages, or the silver page.
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Yellow pages - History
A particular yellow pages is a print
directory which provides an
alphabetical listing of businesses
within a specific geographical area
(e.g., greater Chicago), which are
segregated under headings for similar
types of businesses (e.g., plumbers).
Traditionally these directories have
been published by the local phone
company, but there are numerous
1
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Yellow pages - History
1
Available advertising space varies among
publishers and ranges from bold names up
to four color twin page ads (double trucks)
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Yellow pages - History
In the United States, the predominant
yellow pages are DEX One's DEX, the
ATT Advertising Publishing|ATT Real
Yellow Pages, Yell Group|Yellowbook, and
the SuperMedia|Verizon Superpages.
1
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Yellow pages - History
Business listings used for publication are
obtained by several methods. Local phone
companies that publish yellow pages
directories rely on their own customer lists
and include business listings that are
provided by phone service providers (ILEC's).
Business owners that utilize phone services
other than the local phone company (typically
a Bell Company) should make certain that
their information has been sent to the
publisher for printing in upcoming directories.
1
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Yellow pages - History
Advertising in yellow pages directories
requires payment in full prior to printing or
may be billed monthly over the life of the
contract, which is usually 12 months.
Typically, a sales representative will assist
the customer in creating their ad design and
provides a Proof Copy for review and
approval. Advertisers should be aware that
many contracts have automatic renewal
clauses and require action on the part of the
advertiser to end future billing.
1
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Yellow pages - History
1
Independent ad agencies or Internet
marketing consultants can assist
business owners in determining
sound opportunities for yellow pages
advertising and provide objective
information on usage, possession and
preferences.
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Yellow pages - Logo
1
The Walking Fingers logo was created by
Henry Alexander, a well known New
England artist. Upon graduation from the
Swain School of Design in New Bedford,
Massachusetts, Mr. Alexander began a
successful freelance career as an
illustrator and commercial designer. He
formed a long association with the New
England Telephone Company lasting
thirty-one years. In 1962 he designed the
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Yellow pages - Logo
1
ATT, the creator and owner of the most
famous three-fingered version of the
Walking Fingers logo, never applied
for a trademark on the logo. While
they eventually received a trademark
on a different version of the logo, the
version with the three fingers was not
considered by ATT to be proprietary
and they in fact allowed any telephone
directory to use it.
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Yellow pages - Logo
The Bell System later applied for a
trademark on the logo but had their
trademark denied on the grounds that it
had become a generic indicator of the
yellow pages without regard to any
particular source. Shortly thereafter, Bell
began using a trademarkable logo with a
lightbulb instead of the walking fingers, but
returned to the walking fingers two years
later.
1
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Yellow pages - Logo
1
In some countries, the familiar walking
fingers logo is not protected as a
trademark and may be used by anyone.
This logo is used in varying forms by
almost every yellow pages publisher;
however, there are companies that use
it to imitate mainstream publishers.
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Yellow pages - Logo
1
In Belgium, the Republic of Ireland,
Israel and the Netherlands the
directory, although using the yellow
pages logo, is called Golden
Pages.http://www.goldenpages.ie/dis
playhome.ds
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
Online business directories are
known as IYP or Internet yellow
pages. On a broader scale they are
known as vertical directories. There
are consumer oriented and business
oriented varieties. All providers of IYP
offer online advertising.
1
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
This makes yellow
pages one of the most
searched for things on
the Internet
1
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
The users of Internet yellow pages
have the same intent as the users of
print yellow pages. This produces a
high quality lead, much like the print
phone book, because the user is
usually only deciding who to buy the
product or service from, not whether
or not to make a purchase.
1
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
The Local Search Association released
an online search usage study in June
2011. Their study of US consumers on
how they find local businesses. 57%
had used an Internet yellow pages in
the past year. 58% had used a
newspaper and 74% used a print
phone book and 76% used a search
engine. This indicates that buyers use
multiple sources to locate a local
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
It was further reported that a large
number of users had no company in
mind when they began their search on
Internet yellow pages
1
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
One advantage of IYP's is they are not
as prone to click fraud like search
engine marketing or Pay Per
Click(PPC) models.
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
Small businesses are finding as the
Internet is evolving that Internet yellow
pages/Phonebooks are easier to
understand than search engine advertising
1
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
It takes many keywords and search terms
to cover a small businesses category or
heading for search engines. Internet
yellow pages allow a small business to
advertise locally and target his audience
with single self-explanatory categories that
most people are familiar with such as
attorney or florist or plumbing.
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
It was reported by Borrell and
Associates(a media research group) in
March 2012 that online directories have a
12.6% share of the $19 billion local online
advertising pie. This is one of the largest
shares of the local online advertising
revenue out of all options for small
businesses.
1
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
IYP offers listings differently than
standard search engines. Where search
engines return results based on
relevancy to the true search term, IYP
returns results based on a geographic
area.
1
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
These search engines also provide yellow page
business listings as a part of their search results
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
When people do search on
IYP's, they appear ready to
buy something locally.
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
Many Internet yellow pages are saved to
favorites on PC's Laptops. If they were
found on a search engine by an individual
searching for yellow pages then, many
times the user will save the site to their
favorites and the user will never use the
search engine again to visit the saved to
favorites site. After they have saved them
favorites they will use what is known as
direct navigation to visit the Internet yellow
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
Most users of the Internet navigate
their own personal computers via
direct navigation- using their
favorites. This is why search engine
usage is for research and Internet
yellow pages are for local shopping
and buying, much like their print
counterparts.
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
Reviews have been a newer development within
Internet yellow pages and other local online sites
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
Advertising on IYP is typically available
with numerous a la carte choices. These
choices become small individual sales
presentations which makes it easier for
sales reps to sell large advertising
packages.
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Yellow pages - Internet yellow pages
1
The new version of IYP is classified as a
Local search (Internet)|local search
directory which provides content with the
added ability to refine the search to find
the needed service. The new search
engine now prioritizes local businesses in
its results rather than the results being
dominated by regional or national
companies. All services offer paid
advertising options which typically offer
preferred placement on search results
pages.
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Yellow pages - Environmental concerns
1
In recent years, the yellow pages industry
has faced scrutiny from environmentalist
groups who claim printed yellow pages are
a wasteful resource, citing statistics that
nearly 70% of all Americans rarely or
never use printed phone directories. Other
studies have found that a majority of
consumers continue to use Yellow Pages.
Approximately 58% of working U.S. adults
said they use phone books at home, work
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Yellow pages - Environmental concerns
The Product Stewardship Institute
claims local governments spend $54
million a year to dispose of unwanted
phone books and $9 million to recycle
them. Phone books use low grade
glues and are therefore difficult to
recycle, and they often clog recycling
machinery. Publishers note that phone
book directories are 100% recyclable
and are made using soy-based and
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Yellow pages - Environmental concerns
In 2013, the San Francisco Board of
Supervisors passed, and the Mayor
signed, an ordinance that repealed the
Yellow Pages Distribution Pilot
Program (Ordinance 130186)
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Yellow pages - Environmental concerns
The 2009 Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Municipal Solid Waste
report classified directories as the smallest
contributor of paper and paperboard
products to the solid waste stream,
representing only 0.3% – significantly less
than all other paper product categories
such as newspapers, magazines and
books. In 2010, the EPA stopped
measuring directories separately from
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Yellow pages - Environmental concerns
Yellow Pages publishers reduced
paper usage by nearly 60% between
2007-2012, and are projected to
increase reduction to more than 60%
by the end of 2013, according to the
Pulp and Paper Products Council. The
EPA’s 2011 Municipal Waste report
showed that approximately 73% of
phone directory, newspaper and
mechanical papers were recycled.
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Yellow pages - Environmental concerns
Yellow Pages publishers maintain a
website that allows consumers nationwide
to opt-out of receiving phone book
directories at
www.YellowPagesOptOut.com.
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UTF-8 - Codepage layout
1
cells are control characters, cells are
punctuation, cells are Numerical
digit|digits and cells are ASCII
letters.
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Web design - Page layout
1
Most pages are also center-aligned for
concerns of aesthetics on larger screens.
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Web design - Page layout
1
This also minimizes the
user's need to
horizontally scroll the
page.
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Web design - Page layout
Responsive Web Design is a newer
approach, based on CSS3, and a
deeper level of per-device
specification within the page's
stylesheet through an enhanced use of
the CSS @media pseudo-selector.
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Web design - Homepage design
1
Jared Spool argued in 2007 that a site's
homepage was actually the least
important page on a website.
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Web design - Homepage design
1
In 2012 and 2013, carousels (also called
'sliders' and 'rotating banners') have
become an extremely popular design
element on homepages, often used to
showcase featured or recent content in a
confined space. Many practitioners argue
that carousels are an ineffective design
element and hurt a website's search
engine optimisation and usability.
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Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development REPTILE[http://www.reptile-project.eu REPTILE Project Web Page]
The European Project REPTILE
(Repairing of Photovoltaic Wafers and
Solar Cells by Laser Enabled Silicon
Processing) developed a laser-based
technique for automatic defect
detection and repair in silicon PV
cells. This improves the yield of
European cell manufacturers, and
represent an opportunity for the reuse
of scrapped cells to produce low cost
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Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development REPTILE[http://www.reptile-project.eu REPTILE Project Web Page]
1
The project ended up with the presentation
of an automatic prototype system, able to
perform diagnosis, selection, cutting or
isolatation of non-defective areas in
defective cells, with computer based
calculation of the best geometry for
maximum efficiency and minimum waste
of material. Proof-of-concept modules
were built, installed and tested to assess
the market potential.
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Web analytics - Page tagging
1
Concerns about the accuracy of logfile
analysis in the presence of caching, and
the desire to be able to perform web
analytics as an outsourced service, led to
the second data collection method, page
tagging or 'Web bugs'.
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Web analytics - Page tagging
1
In the late 1990s this concept evolved to
include a small invisible image instead of a
visible one, and, by using JavaScript, to
pass along with the image request certain
information about the page and the visitor
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Web analytics - Page tagging
1
The web analytics service also manages
the process of assigning a cookie to the
user, which can uniquely identify them
during their visit and in subsequent visits.
Cookie acceptance rates vary significantly
between web sites and may affect the
quality of data collected and reported.
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Web analytics - Page tagging
1
Collecting web site data using a third-party
data collection server (or even an in-house
data collection server) requires an
additional Domain Name System|DNS
look-up by the user's computer to
determine the IP address of the collection
server. On occasion, delays in completing
a successful or failed DNS look-ups may
result in data not being collected.
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Web analytics - Page tagging
Also, this method can lead to slightly
lower reported traffic levels, since the
visitor may stop the page from loading in
mid-response before the Ajax call is made.
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Web analytics - Logfile analysis vs page tagging
1
Both logfile analysis programs and page
tagging solutions are readily available to
companies that wish to perform web
analytics. In some cases, the same web
analytics company will offer both
approaches. The question then arises of
which method a company should choose.
There are advantages and disadvantages
to each approach.[ http://www.advancedwebhttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Web analytics - Advantages of page tagging
* Counting is activated by opening the
page (given that the web client runs the
tag scripts), not requesting it from the
server. If a page is cached, it will not be
counted by the server. Cached pages can
account for up to one-third of all
pageviews. Not counting cached pages
seriously skews many site metrics. It is for
this reason server-based log analysis is
not considered suitable for analysis of
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Web analytics - Advantages of page tagging
* Data is gathered via a component
(tag) in the page, usually written in
JavaScript, though Java can be used,
and increasingly Flash is used. Ajax
can also be used in conjunction with a
server-side scripting language (such
as PHP) to manipulate and (usually)
store it in a database, basically
enabling complete control over how
the data is represented.
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Web analytics - Advantages of page tagging
* The script may have access to
additional information on the web
client or on the user, not sent in the
query, such as visitors' screen sizes
and the price of the goods they
purchased.
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Web analytics - Advantages of page tagging
1
* Page tagging can report on events which
do not involve a request to the web server,
such as interactions within Adobe
Flash|Flash movies, partial form
completion, mouse events such as
onClick, onMouseOver, onFocus, onBlur
etc.
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Web analytics - Advantages of page tagging
1
* The page tagging service manages the
process of assigning cookies to visitors;
with logfile analysis, the server has to be
configured to do this.
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Web analytics - Advantages of page tagging
* Lately page tagging has become a
standard in web analytics.Revisiting log
file analysis versus page tagging: McGill
University Web Analytics blog article
(CMIS 530) [
http://web.archive.org/web/201107061651
19/
http://web.analyticsblog.ca/2010/02/revisiti
ng-log-file-analysis-versus-page-tagging/
Archive]
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Page layout
The term 'page makeup' in its broadest
word sense|sense is a synonym of page
layout; in a narrower sense from before
modern software, when all pagination
(even the simplest) was done manually,
page makeup could refer to any
pagination, whether simple pagination
done in the typesetting department and
requiring no artistic skill (such as for a
telephone directory|phone book interior) or
higher-skill layout done by a graphic
designer
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Page layout - History and development
Beginning from early illuminated
manuscript|illuminated pages in handcopied books of the Middle Ages and
proceeding down to intricate modern
magazine and catalog layouts, proper
page design has long been a
consideration in printed material
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Page layout - History and development
1
Interactivity takes page layout skills
from planning attraction and eye flow
to the next level of planning user
experience in collaboration with
software engineers and creative
directors
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Page layout - History and development
1
Cascading style sheets are often required to
keep the page layout consistent between web
browsers.
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Page layout - Grids versus templates
Grid (page layout)|Grids and
templates are page layout design
patterns used in advertising
campaigns and multiple-page
publications, including websites.
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Page layout - Grids versus templates
1
* A 'grid' is a set of guidelines, able to
be seen in the design process and
invisible to the end-user/audience, for
aligning and repeating elements on a
page. A page layout may or may not
stay within those guidelines,
depending on how much repetition or
variety the design style in the series
calls for. Grids are meant to be
flexible. Using a grid to lay out
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Page layout - Grids versus templates
1
* In contrast, a 'template' is more rigid. A
template involves repeated elements
mostly visible to the end-user/audience.
Using a template to lay out elements
usually involves less graphic design skill
than that which was required to design the
template. Templates are used for minimal
modification of background elements and
frequent modification (or swapping) of
foreground content.
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Page layout - Grids versus templates
1
Master pages may include both grid
elements and template elements such
as header and footer elements,
automatic page numbering, and
automatic table of contents features.
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Page layout - Static versus dynamic layouts
1
Static layouts allow for more control
over the aesthetics, and thorough
optimization of space around and
overlapping irregular-shaped content
than dynamic layouts
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Page layout - Static versus dynamic layouts
In contrast, electronic pages allow for
dynamic publishing|dynamic layouts with
swapping content, personalization of
styles, text scaling, image scaling, or
reflowable document|reflowable content
with variable page sizes often referred to
as fluid or liquid layout. Dynamic layouts
are more likely to separation of
presentation and content|separate
presentation from content, which comes
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Page layout - Static versus dynamic layouts
1
Static layout design may involve more
graphic design and visual art skills,
whereas dynamic layout design may
involve more interactive design and
content management skills to
thoroughly anticipate content
variation.
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Page layout - Static versus dynamic layouts
1
Motion graphics don't fit neatly into either
category, but may involve layout skills or
careful consideration of how the motion
may affect the layout. In either case, the
element of motion makes it a dynamic
layout, but one that warrants motion
graphic design more than static graphic
design or interactive design.
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Page layout - Static versus dynamic layouts
1
For example, a section of the page such
as a web banner may contain static or
motion graphics contained within a
swapping content area
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Page layout - Front-end versus back-end
This divides the task of page layout
between artists and engineers, or tasks
the artist/engineer to do both
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Page layout - Front-end versus back-end
1
Most image editing software includes
features for converting a page layout
for use in a What You See Is What You
Get (WYSIWYG) editor or features to
export graphics for desktop
publishing software
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Personalization - Web pages
1
Web pages are personalized based on the
characteristics (interests, social category,
context, ...) of an individual.
Personalization implies that the changes
are based on implicit data, such as items
purchased or pages viewed. The term
customization is used instead when the
site only uses explicit data such as ratings
or preferences.
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Personalization - Web pages
On an intranet or B2E Web
portal#Enterprise Web
portals|Enterprise Web portals,
'personalization' is often based on
user attributes such as department,
functional area, or role. The term
'customization' in this context refers
to the ability of users to modify the
page layout or specify what content
should be displayed.
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Personalization - Web pages
1
# Profile / Group based
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Personalization - Web pages
1
# Behaviour based (also
known as Wisdom of the
Crowds)
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Personalization - Web pages
1
Web personalization models include Logic
programming|rules-based filtering, based
on if this, then that rules processing, and
collaborative filtering, which serves
relevant material to customers by
combining their own personal preferences
with the preferences of like-minded others
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Personalization - Web pages
With implicit personalization the
personalization is performed by the web
page (or information system) based on the
different categories mentioned above.
With explicit personalization, the web page
(or information system) is changed by the
user using the features provided by the
system.
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Personalization - Web pages
Many companies offer services for web
recommendation and email
recommendation that are based on
personalization or anonymously collected
user
behaviors.[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB
1000142405274870329490457538553210
9190198.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Wall
Street Journal, “On the Web's Cutting
Edge, Anonymity in Name Only”], August
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Personalization - Web pages
1
Web personalization is closely linked to
the notion of 'Adaptive hypermedia'
(AH). The main difference is that the
former would usually work on what is
considered an Open Corpus
Hypermedia, whilst the latter would
traditionally work on Closed Corpus
Hypermedia. However, recent research
directions in the AH domain take both
closed and open corpus into account.
Thus, the two fields are closely interrelated.
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Personalization - Web pages
1
Archives Museum
Informatics, pages
63–78, 2004
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Personalization - Web pages
1
Internet activist Eli Pariser has documented
that search engines like Google and Yahoo
News give different results to different people
(even when logged out). He also points out
social media site Facebook changes user's
friend feeds based on what it thinks they want
to see. Pariser warns that these algorithms
can create a filter bubble that prevents
people from encountering a diversity of
viewpoints beyond their own, or which only
presents facts which confirm their existing
views.
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Universal Description Discovery and Integration - White Pages
1
White pages give information about the
business supplying the service. This
includes the name of the business and a
description of the business - potentially
in multiple languages. Using this
information, it is possible to find a
service about which some information is
already known (for example, locating a
service based on the provider's
name).Taylor, Ian J. From P2P to Web
Services and Grids - Peers in a
Client/Server World. Springer, 2005
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Universal Description Discovery and Integration - White Pages
1
Contact information for the business is
also provided - for example the
businesses address and phone number;
and other information such as the Dun
Bradstreet Universal Numbering System
number.
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Universal Description Discovery and Integration - Yellow Pages
1
Yellow pages provide a classification of the
service or business, based on standard
taxonomies. These include the Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC), the North
American Industry Classification System
(NAICS), or the United Nations Standard
Products and Services Code (UNSPSC)
and geographic taxonomies.
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Universal Description Discovery and Integration - Yellow Pages
1
Because a single business may provide a
number of services, there may be several
Yellow Pages (each describing a service)
associated with one White Page (giving
general information about the business).
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Universal Description Discovery and Integration - Green Pages
Because a Web Service may have
multiple bindings (as defined in its Web
Services Description Language|WSDL
description), a service may have multiple
Green Pages, as each binding will need to
be accessed differently.
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IBM Home Page Reader
'Home Page Reader' ('Hpr') was a
computer program, a self-voicing web
browser designed for people who are
blindness|blind. It was developed by IBM
from the work of Chieko Asakawa at IBM
Japan.
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IBM Home Page Reader
1
The screen reader met World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) HTML 4.01
specifications, Web Content
Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 and Web
Accessibility Initiative#User Agent
Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG)|User
Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0.
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IBM Home Page Reader
1
In 2006, it was announced on the Hpr
mailing list that IBM does not have
plans for any further updates of HPR
and the software was subsequently
withdrawn from sale by IBM in
December 2006. IBM has given code
to be used as a Firefox extension.
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IBM Home Page Reader
1
It has been superseded by IBM
Easy Web Browsing.
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IBM Home Page Reader
1
The program also had a peer-support
mailing list.Its archives were
available at
http://www.talklist.com/forms/ibmhpr
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IBM Home Page Reader - Criticism
1
In summer 2002 a non-scientific study
conducted that Hpr didn't make any
distinction between the built in
keyboard shortcuts for going in
different modes and available access
keys in websites. Although the
researches claiming that Hprs
mechanism actually would make more
sense using links mode to cycle
through a list.
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IBM Home Page Reader - Hardware Requirements
1
Hpr had the following
hardware
requirements:
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IBM Home Page Reader - Hardware Requirements
1
* 14 MB hard disk space; 42 MB hard disk space for
HPR and Netscape Communicator
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IBM Home Page Reader - Hardware Requirements
1
* Windows compatible: modem (28.8 KBPS), sound
card (16-bit), and CD ROM drive (quad-speed)
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IBM Home Page Reader - Hardware Requirements
* Integrated or
separately attached
numeric keypad
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IBM Home Page Reader - Software Requirements
* For Home Page Mailer, Microsoft
Personal Web Server, Version 4.02
required for Windows 95/98; Peer Web
Services, Version 4.0 required for
Windows NT
1
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IBM Home Page Reader - Software Requirements
1
* A mail program set up with preferences,
or Microsoft Personal Web Server or Peer
Web Services required for mailto: tags
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Autonegotiation - Message and unformatted next page
1
The base page (the base link code
word) is sufficient for devices to
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Autonegotiation - Message and unformatted next page
1
support. For gigabit
Ethernet, two other
pages are required.
These pages are
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Autonegotiation - Message and unformatted next page
1
The additional pages are of two kinds:
message pages and unformatted
pages. These pages are still 16-bit
words encoded as pulses in the same
way as the base page. Their first eleven
bits are data, while their second-to-last
bit indicates whether the page is a
message page or an unformatted page.
The last bit of each page indicates the
presence of an additional page.
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Autonegotiation - Message and unformatted next page
1
The 1000BASE-T supported modes and masterslave data (which is used to decide
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Autonegotiation - Message and unformatted next page
1
are sent using a single message
page, followed by a single
unformatted page.
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Autonegotiation - Message and unformatted next page
1
* whether master/slave
is manually configured
or not
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Autonegotiation - Message and unformatted next page
1
* whether the device is
manually configured as
master or slave
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Autonegotiation - Message and unformatted next page
1
The unformatted page contains a 10-bit word,
called a master-slave seed value.
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Virtual memory - Paged virtual memory
1
Nearly all implementations of virtual
memory divide a virtual address
space into Page (computer
memory)|pages, blocks of contiguous
virtual memory addresses. Pages are
usually at least 4 kilobytes in size;
systems with large virtual address
ranges or amounts of real memory
generally use larger page sizes.
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Virtual memory - Page tables
1
When a reference is made to a page by
the hardware, if the page table entry for
the page indicates that it is not currently in
real memory, the hardware raises a page
fault trap (computing)|exception, invoking
the paging supervisor component of the
operating system.
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Virtual memory - Page tables
1
If there are multiple page or segment
tables, there are multiple virtual
address spaces and concurrent
applications with separate page tables
redirect to different real addresses.
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Virtual memory - Pinned pages
1
Hence, some part of
the page table
structures is not
pageable.
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Virtual memory - Pinned pages
* The paging supervisor code and
drivers for secondary storage devices
on which pages reside must be
permanently pinned, as otherwise
paging wouldn't even work because
the necessary code wouldn't be
available.
1
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Virtual memory - Pinned pages
1
* Data buffers that are accessed directly by
peripheral devices that use direct memory
access or I/O channels must reside in pinned
pages while the I/O operation is in progress
because such devices and the Bus
(computing)|buses to which they are attached
expect to find data buffers located at physical
memory addresses; regardless of whether
the bus has a IOMMU|memory management
unit for I/O, transfers cannot be stopped if a
page fault occurs and then restarted when
the page fault has been processed.
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Virtual memory - Pinned pages
In IBM's operating systems for
System/370 and successor systems,
the term is fixed, and pages may be
long-term fixed, or may be short-term
fixed
1
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Virtual memory - Pinned pages
Multics used the term wired.
OpenVMS and Microsoft
Windows|Windows refer to pages
temporarily made nonpageable (as for
I/O buffers) as locked, and simply
nonpageable for those that are never
pageable.
1
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Wikis - Linking and creating pages
1
To link to a page with a single-word
title, one must abnormally capitalize
one of the letters in the word (e.g
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Features of Firefox - Full page zoom
1
From the View menu and via keyboard
shortcuts, the new zooming feature
lets users zoom in and out of entire
pages, scaling the layout, text and
images, or optionally only the text
size. Zoom settings will be
remembered for each site.
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Paging - Free page queue
The free page queue is a list of page
frames that are available for
assignment after a page fault. Some
operating systems support page
reclamation; if a page fault occurs for a
page that had been stolen and the page
frame was never reassigned, then the
operating system avoids the necessity
of reading the page back in by
assigning the unmodified page frame.
1
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Paging - Page stealing
1
Some operating systems periodically
look for pages that have not been
recently referenced and add them to
the Free page queue, after paging them
out if they have been modified.
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Lively Kernel - Shapes, widgets, windows, IDE all on a Web page
The Lively Kernel uses a Morphic
(software)|Morphic graphics model to add
behavior to a scene graph built from
browser graphics. Simple graphics are
thus assembled into such standard
widgets as sliders, scroll bars, text views,
lists and clipping frames. A simple window
system built from these widgets offers
object inspectors, file browsers and code
browsers. Even the rudimentary demo
1
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Lively Kernel - Shapes, widgets, windows, IDE all on a Web page
1
Content can vary from relatively
static pages of text to fully dynamic
models that look and behave like
Adobe Flash simulations
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Internavi - Personal Home Page
1
The Member ID and password issued at
the time of admission, which provides a
personal home page in conjunction with
the car navigation features
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Metadata (computing) - Web pages
1
Web pages often include metadata in
the form of Meta element|meta tags.
Description and keywords meta tags
are commonly used to describe the
Web page's content. Most search
engines use these data when adding
pages to their search index.
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Web pages - Rendering
1
Both frames and SSIs allow certain content
which appears on many pages, such as page
navigation or page headers, to be repeated
without duplicating the HTML in many files.
Frames and the W3C recommended
alternative of 2000, the HTML
element#Images and objects|lt;objectgt; tag,
also allow some content to remain in one
place while other content can be scrolled
using conventional scrollbars. Modern CSS
and JavaScript client-side techniques can
also achieve all of these goals and more.
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Italics - Web pages
1
In HTML, the i HTML element|element is used to
produce italic (or Oblique type|oblique) text
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Web content - The page concept
1
Web content is dominated by the page
concept, its beginnings in an
academic settings, and in a setting
dominated by type-written pages, the
idea of the web was to link directly
from one academic paper to another
academic paper. This was a
completely revolutionary idea in the
late 1980s and early 1990s when the
best a link could be made was to cite a
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Web content - The page concept
People often cited their home page to
provide credentials, links to anything that a
person supported, or any other individual
content a person wanted to publish.
1
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Web content - The page concept
1
Even though the web may be the resource
we commonly use to get to particular
locations online, many different
protocols[http://www.centerspan.org/tutor
ial/www.htm#tour Internet Tutorial - What
Is the World Wide Web?] are invoked to
access embedded information. When we
are given an Hostname|address, such as
http://www.youtube.com, we expect to see
a range of web pages, but in each page
we have embedded tools to watch video
clips.
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game engines at the time, in addition to the extremely high price of the
components involved. The use of FB-DIMMs due to the workstation chipset has
also been pointed at as a major limiting factor for
Skulltrail.[http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/intel-skulltrail_12.html
Kinky Luxury: Intel Skulltrail Platform
Review][http://www.hothardware.com/Articles/Intel_Skulltrail_Unleashed_Core_
2_Extreme_QX9775_x_2/?page13 Intel Skulltrail Unleashed: Core 2 Extreme
QX9775 ×
1
2][http://enthusiast.hardocp.com/article.html?artMTQ1OCw5LCxoZW50aHVza
WFzdA
Intel Skulltrail Preview] although this
limitation can be mitigated by
purchasing specially designed
Kingston HyperX FB-DIMMS that have
a lower latency than generic FBDIMMshttp://www.legitreviews.com/
article/724/1/
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game engines at the time, in addition to the extremely high price of the
components involved. The use of FB-DIMMs due to the workstation chipset has
also been pointed at as a major limiting factor for
Skulltrail.[http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/intel-skulltrail_12.html
Kinky Luxury: Intel Skulltrail Platform
Review][http://www.hothardware.com/Articles/Intel_Skulltrail_Unleashed_Core_
2_Extreme_QX9775_x_2/?page13 Intel Skulltrail Unleashed: Core 2 Extreme
QX9775 ×
1
2][http://enthusiast.hardocp.com/article.html?artMTQ1OCw5LCxoZW50aHVza
WFzdA
The base Skulltrail platform consists
of an Intel D5400XS mainboard which
cost upwards of US$600 when it hit the
market as a standalone part
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game engines at the time, in addition to the extremely high price of the
components involved. The use of FB-DIMMs due to the workstation chipset has
also been pointed at as a major limiting factor for
Skulltrail.[http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/intel-skulltrail_12.html
Kinky Luxury: Intel Skulltrail Platform
Review][http://www.hothardware.com/Articles/Intel_Skulltrail_Unleashed_Core_
2_Extreme_QX9775_x_2/?page13 Intel Skulltrail Unleashed: Core 2 Extreme
1
QX9775 ×
2][http://enthusiast.hardocp.com/article.html?artMTQ1OCw5LCxoZW50aHVza
WFzdA
Intel's Skulltrail D5400XS
motherboard is made with two nForce
chips. The Skulltrail D5400XS
motherboard is now just one of the
motherboards available, along with
motherboards with Intel X58|X58 and
Intel P55|P55 chipsets, that runs both
nVidia|nVidia's Scalable Link
Interface|SLI and ATI
Technologies|ATI's ATI
CrossFire|Crossfire platforms out of
the box with public hardware drivers.
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Framebuffer - Page flipping
1
Since framebuffers are often designed to
handle more than one resolution, they
often contain more memory than is
necessary to display a single frame at
lower resolutions. Since this memory can
be considerable in size, a trick was
developed to allow for new frames to be
written to video memory without disturbing
the frame that is currently being displayed.
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Framebuffer - Page flipping
The concept works by telling the
framebuffer to use a specific chunk of its
memory to display the current frame
1
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Framebuffer - Page flipping
Most modern framebuffers are
manufactured with enough memory to
perform this trick even at high resolutions.
As a result, it has become a standard
technique used by PC game
programmers.
1
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Atheros - Products[http://www.qca.qualcomm.com/technology/ Qualcomm
Atheros product pages]
'WLAN' – Qualcomm Atheros offers
wireless connectivity solutions, including
their Align 1-stream 802.11n chips, and the
XSPAN 2-stream with SST2 and 3-stream
with SST3 chips for 802.11n. The Align 1
also supports WLAN for mobile with up to
150Mbit/s PHY rates for smartphones and
portable consumer electronics. Qualcomm
Atheros also offers legacy WLAN designs
for 802.11a/g.
1
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Atheros - Products[http://www.qca.qualcomm.com/technology/ Qualcomm
Atheros product pages]
'Power line communication (PLC)' –
Qualcomm Atheros is a member of the
HomePlug Powerline Alliance. Its AMP
brand of powerline chips support the IEEE
1901 global powerline standard that
supports high-definition multimedia and
real-time gaming at a 500Mbit/s PHY rate.
Low powered chips, such as those built for
HomePlug Green PHY, are targeted
toward smart grid and smart home
1
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Atheros - Products[http://www.qca.qualcomm.com/technology/ Qualcomm Atheros
product pages]
1
'Ethernet' – Qualcomm Atheros offers the
ETHOS line of Ethernet solutions, as well
as the low-energy EDGE line, which
supports the IEEE 802.3az-2010 Energy
Efficient standard.
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Atheros - Products[http://www.qca.qualcomm.com/technology/ Qualcomm Atheros
product pages]
'Hybrid Networking' – Qualcomm
Atheros' hybrid networking
technology, Hy-Fi™, integrates WLAN,
PLC, and Ethernet technologies. The
technology, which complies with the
IEEE 1905.1 standard for hybrid home
networking, is capable of detecting
the optimal path for data to be
transferred at any given moment.
1
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Atheros - Products[http://www.qca.qualcomm.com/technology/ Qualcomm
Atheros product pages]
'Location Technology' – In 2012,
Qualcomm Atheros announced its IZat
location technology. The technology
uses multiple sources, such as
satellites and WLAN networks, to
pinpoint the location of the user.
1
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Atheros - Products[http://www.qca.qualcomm.com/technology/ Qualcomm
Atheros product pages]
1
'Bluetooth' – Qualcomm Atheros offers
Bluetooth chips for a variety of
platforms. The company also offers
integrated combo WLAN and
Bluetooth chips.
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Atheros - Products[http://www.qca.qualcomm.com/technology/ Qualcomm Atheros
product pages]
'PON' – Qualcomm Atheros delivers
broadband access technology in the
form of passive optical network (PON)
technologies. End-to-end gateway
solutions incorporate standards such
as IEEE 802.3ah, multiple-channel,
software-based, digital signal
processing for the G.711 and G.729 ITU
standards for VoIP, and TR-156
Broadband Forum PON standard.
1
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JavaServer Pages
'JavaServer Pages' ('JSP') is a
technology that helps software
developers create dynamic web
page|dynamically generated web
pages based on HTML, XML, or other
document types. Released in 1999 by
Sun Microsystems,[
http://www.xent.com/FoRKarchive/apr99/0822.html Mailing list
archive: Sun JSP 1.0 *not* available]
JSP is similar to PHP, but it uses the
Java (programming language)|Java
1
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JavaServer Pages
1
To deploy and run JavaServer Pages, a
compatible web server with a servlet
container, such as Apache Tomcat or Jetty
(web server)|Jetty, is required.
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JavaServer Pages - Overview
1
Architecturally, JSP may be viewed as
a high-level Abstraction (computer
science)|abstraction of Java servlets.
JSPs are translated into Java
Servlet|servlets at runtime; each
JSP's servlet is cached and re-used
until the original JSP is modified.[
http://java.sun.com/j2ee/tutorial/1_3
-fcs/doc/JSPIntro4.html The Life
Cycle of a JSP Page (Sun
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JavaServer Pages - Overview
1
JSP can be used independently or as
the view component of a server-side
model–view–controller design,
normally with JavaBeans as the model
and Java servlets (or a framework such
as Apache Struts) as the controller.
This is a type of Model 2 architecture.[
http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw12-1999/jw-12-ssj-jspmvc.html
Understanding JavaServer Pages
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JavaServer Pages - Overview
The compiled pages, as well as any
dependent Java libraries, use Java
bytecode rather than a native software
format
1
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JavaServer Pages - Overview
1
JSPs are usually used to deliver HTML
and XML documents, but through the
use of OutputStream, they can deliver
other types of data as well.[
http://www.coderanch.com/t/286297/JS
P/java/OutputStream-alreadyobtained#2107162 Forum thread
(JavaRanch): OutputStream already
obtained]
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JavaServer Pages - Overview
1
The Web container creates JSP implicit
objects like pageContext,
servletContext, session, request
response.
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JavaServer Pages - Syntax
JSP pages use several delimiters for
scripting functions. The most basic is ,
which encloses a JSP scriptlet. A
scriptlet is a fragment of Java code that
is run when the user requests the page.
Other common delimiters include for
expressions, where the scriptlet and
delimiters are replaced with the result
of evaluating the expression, and
directives, denoted with .[
1
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JavaServer Pages - Syntax
For example, any Java if/for/while
blocks opened in one scriptlet
element must be correctly closed in a
later element for the page to
successfully compile
1
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JavaServer Pages - Syntax
1
The following would
be a valid for loop in
a JSP page:
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JavaServer Pages - Syntax
*[
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/ca
rd12-149784.pdf JavaServer Pages v2.0
Syntax Card] ([
http://web.archive.org/web/200412071550
29/
http://java.sun.com/products/jsp/syntax/2.0
/card20.pdf html])
1
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Water (data page)
1
This page provides supplementary data of the
properties of water (properties)|water.
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Water (data page)
1
Further comprehensive authoritative data
can be found at the
[http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
NIST Webbook] page on thermophysical
properties of fluids.
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Active Server Pages
'Active Server Pages' ('ASP'), also
known as Classic ASP or ASP Classic,
was Microsoft's first server-side
scripting|server-side Active
Scripting|script engine for dynamic
web page|dynamically generated web
pages
1
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Active Server Pages
Session, for example, represents a
Session (computer science)|session
that maintains the state of Variable
(programming)|variables from page to
page.The session data is kept serverside, the ID is saved as a HTTP Cookie
1
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Active Server Pages
1
ASP 3.0 does not differ greatly from ASP
2.0 but it does offer some additional
enhancements such as: Server.Transfer
method, Server.Execute method, and an
enhanced ASPError object. ASP 3.0 also
enabled buffering by default and optimized
the engine for better performance.
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Active Server Pages
The use of ASP pages with Internet
Information Services (IIS) is currently
supported on all supported versions of
IIS. The use of ASP pages will be
supported on Windows 8 for a
minimum of 10 years from the
Windows 8 release date.
1
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