Past and Present

Architecture
• Roman architectural idioms of arches, columns and domes foundations of later Italian architecture
• The Romanesque style (9th to
11th century)
• The Renaissance style (the late
14th to the 16th c)
• The baroque style and
Palladianism (16th - 17th c)
• Neoclassical style (18th -19th c)

Architecture
• Romanesque because plenty of Roman architectural elements were used -
Roman arches, stained glass and carved columns.
• Bitono, Bari, Puglia

Idioms of the Classic Architecture

Architecture
• The Arch of Constantine with Roman arches and columns

Architecture
• The Renaissance
• The revival of the ‘ golden age ’ ancient Rome
• Fillipo Brunelleschi built the largest dome for the Florence cathedral since Roman times.

Architecture
• Basillica di Sant ’ Andrea at Mantua designed by
Leon Battista Alberti

Architecture
• Basilica di San Pietro at Rome designed by
Michelangelo and Bramante

Architecture
• Paradianism Buildings by Andrea Palladio
• La Rotonda in Vicenza (1570)

• Square building which looks the same from every side. At the centre there is a dome. On every side there is a portico like a Roman temple.

Architecture
• 15 July, Erez Golani Solomon
• The Ideal Villa: Legacy of Andrea Palladio

Literature
• Italian literature; literature written in the
Italian language since the
14 th century.
• Written in Latin before
• Dante Alighieri (1265-
1321)
• The Divine Comedy
(1304-7)

Literature
• Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita mi ritrovai per una selva oscura, ché la diritta via era smarrita
• In the middle of the journey of our life
I found myself in a dark wood, for the straight way was lost.

• Francesco Petrarch
• Completed ‘sonnet’ form – 14 lines with distinctive rhyming patterns
• Love sonnets
• Influenced on all
European poets

Literature
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Literature 秋の夜は、はるかの彼方に、
小石ばかりの、河原があつて、
それに陽は、さらさらと
さらさらと射してゐるのでありました。
陽といつても、まるで硅石か何かのやうで、
非常な個体の粉末のやうで、
さればこそ、さらさらと
かすかな音を立ててもゐるのでした。
さて小石の上に、今しも一つの蝶がとまり、
淡い、それでゐてくつきりとした
影を落としてゐるのでした。
やがてその蝶がみえなくなると、いつのまに
か、
今迄流れてもゐなかつた川床に、水は
さらさらと、さらさらと流れてゐるのでありまし
た …… Chuya Nakahara

Literature
• Giovanni Boccacio
• Decameron (1348-53) a prose collection of
100 stories told by 10 narrators

Drama
• Comedia del arte – a form of theatre characterized by masked ‘types’ begun in the 16 th century
• Emergence of actress, improvised performance based on sketches or scnearios.

Drama
• 18 June Takeo Fujikura
• Italian Mime and Clown: Comedia del Arte

Literauture
• Gabrielle D’Annunzio
• Man of action, nationalist, literary virtuoso, aesthete, and exhibitionist
• Life and art was a blend of Jacob Burckhardt’s
‘complete man’ and
Nietzsche’s ‘superman’

Literature
• Yukio Mishima enormously influenced by D’Annunzio not only in literature but also in life
• Nationalist, aesthete, exhibitionist, and literary virtuoso.

Literature
• Literary connection between Italy and Japan
• Love of translated literature in Italy
• Over the half of the fictions published are translations
• 16 April Alessandro
Gerevini, The Reception of
Japanese Fictions in Italy

Literature
• Italo Calvino (1923 Cuba –
1985 Siena) Journalist, shortstory writer and novelist
• Imaginative and whimsical fables made him one of the most important 20 th century writer.
• 3 June, Italian Fairy Tales and
Italo Calvino

Art
• Giotto – the first artist who painted people, nature and action realistically.
• In the frescos in churches of Assisi, Florence, Padua and Rome, he created life like figures showing real emotions

Giotto

Giotto

Giotto

• The Renaissance (from the late 1400s to the early 1500s) dominated by Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo.
• Michelangelo; sculptor, painter, and poet
• The greatest sculptor in history
• Master of portraying the human figure
Art

Michelangelo

Michelangelo

Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel Ceiling

God dividing light from darkness

Michelangelo: Creation of the Heavenly Bodies

Michelangelo: Separation of Land and Water

Michelangelo: Creation of Adam

Michelangelo: Creation of Eve

Michelangelo: Fall of Man and Expulsion from Paradise

Michelangelo: Sacrifice of Noah

Michelangelo: The Flood

Michelangelo: Drunkenness of Noah

Michelangelo

Raphael
• Raphael’s paintings are softer, gentler, more poetic, and harmonious.
• Impeccable composition and perfect perspective
• Delicate ‘Madonna’ paintings with young
Jesus and his cousin John the Baptist

Raphael

Raphael

Raphael

Raphael

Raphael

Leonardo
• Leonardo, painter and natural scientist
• He embodied the
Renaissance spirit of learning and intellectual curiosity

Leonardo

Leonardo

Leonardo

Art
• Michelangelo di Meresi da Caravaggio
• Baroque paintings combine the realistic observation of human state, both physical and emotional, with dramatic use of lighting

Caravaggio
• Michelangelo Meresi da Caravaggio: a
Revolutionary Artist

Art
• Italian modernist art in the early 20th century
• Giorgio di Chirico
• Futurism
• Metaphysical Art
• 10 June, Helena Chapkova,
Italian Modernist Art

Music
• Italian music – one of
Europe’s supreme expressions of the art
• Gregorian chants – the innovation of modern musical notation in the
11th century
• Dies irae – the Second
Coming of Christ and
Judgement

• Troubadour and the madrigal
• Palestrina’s polyphonic church music and
Monteverdi’s religious and secular music and operas
• Great Italian music tradition
• Polyphonic music by
Palestrina
Music

Music
• Italian Baroque music
• Creation of rich tonality, elaborate musical ornamentation, new instrumental playing techniques
• Vivaldi, Scarlatti, Corelli,
Marcello
• Four Seasons

Music
• Italy – birth place of opera
• Opera was born around
1600 combination of singing, acting, orchestral music, acting and dance
• Recitativo (dialogue) and aria (song)

Music
• Opera of the Golden
Age
• Opera of Romantic
Period in the 19th c
• Gioacchino Rossini,
Vincenzo Bellini,
Gaetano Donizetti &
Giacomo Puccini
• La Boheme; Duet

• Giuseppe Verdi (1813-
1901)
• 23 April, Seishiro Niwa
Social Background of the
Birth of Opera
• Aida, Triumphant March