CENTRAL INTEGRATIVE
SYSTEMS
D. C. MIKULECKY
PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY
AND
FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM
BODY RHYTHMS AND THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND BIOLOGICAL
CLOCKS
SLEEP
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
AND BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS
OVER 100 BODY FUNCTIONS VARY ON A
24-HOUR SCHEDULE
THYROXIN SECRETION CONTROLLED BY
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
ALSO ACTH AND CORTISONE
MASTER CLOCK: SUPRACHIASMATIC
NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
MANIFESTATIONS OF
DAILY RHYTHMS
BODY TEMPERATURE VARIATION
DISRUPTION CAUSES PROBLEMS: JET
LAG
SLEEP
SLEEP HAS DIFFERENT STAGES
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP
SLEEP DISORDERS
SLEEP HAS DIFFERENT
STAGES
3 TO 5 CYCLES PER NIGHT CONSISTING
OF 5 STAGES (I - V AND REM)
SLEEP STAGES BASED ON EEG ACTIVITY
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) SLEEP
SLEEP PATTERNS VARY WITH AGE
3 TO 5 CYCLES PER NIGHT CONSISTING OF
5 STAGES (I - V AND REM)
 FREQUENCY OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY DECREASES AS
AMPLITUDE INCREASES
 BY STAGE 4 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE HAVE
DECREASED WHILE GI MOTILITY INCREASES
(PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY)
 REM SLEEP TAKES THE BRAIN FROM STAGE 4 BACK TO
STAGE 1 (SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY)
 REM SLEEP IS ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL DREAMING
SLEEP PATTERNS VARY
WITH AGE
WITH AGE TOTAL SLEEP TIME
DECREASES
ALSO THE % REM SLEEP
ALSO THE TIME SPENT IN STAGE 4
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF
SLEEP
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND BRAIN STEM ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR SLEEP/AWAKE CYCLES
THE PREOPTIC AREA OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
INDUCES NON-REM SLEEP
SEROTONON WILL ALSO INDUCE SLEEP WHEN
INJECTED INTO THIS AREA
RAPHE NUCLEUS MAY BE THE GENERATOR OF
REM SLEEP
SLEEP DISORDERS
INSOMNIA: INABILITY TO SLEEP, MAY BE
CAUSED BY DISRUPTION OF CIRCADIAN
RHYTHMS.
NARCOLEPSY: ATTACKS OF SLEEP AT ANY
TIME, MAY BE DUE TO RAPHE NUCLEUS
REM-SLEEP GENERATOR. AN INHERITED
DISORDER. TREATED WITH
AMPHETAMINES
MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS
HUNGER
THIRST
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
HUNGER
REDUCED
AVAILABILITY
OF GLUCOSE
LACK OF
FOOD
CONTRACTIONS
OF EMPTY
STOMACH
LOW
TRIGLYCERIDE
LEVELS
IN FAT CELLS
GLUCOSE
RECEPTORS
IN HYPOTHALAMUS
MECHANORECEPTORS
IN STOMACH
PANCREAS
HUNGER
THIRST
WATER
DEFICIENCY
OSMORECEPTORS
IN SUPRAOPTIC
AND SUPRAVENTRICULAR
NUCLEI OF
HYPOTHALAMUS
ADH
SERETION
BY PITUITARY
THIRST
WATER
RETENTION
BY KIDNEY
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS ORGANIZES
RESPONSES TO PHERMONES
OLIFACTORY CUES SENT TO PYRIFORM
CORTEX AND AMYGDALA AND
INDIRECTLY TO HYPOTHALAMUS
ANDROGENS DETERMINE RELEASE OF
LEUTINIZING HORMONE- CONSTANT OR
CYCLIC
LEARNING AND MEMORY
ASSOSCIATIVE VS NONASSOCIATIVE
LEARNING
SHORT AND LONG TERM MEMORY
NEURONAL PATHWAYS
SPLIT BRAIN STUDIES
CELLULAR MANIFESTATIONS
USE AND DISUSE
ASSOSCIATIVE VS
NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
HABITUATION AND SENSITIZATION ARE
NONASSOCIATIVE
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS
ASSOCIATIVE
OPERANT CONDITIONING IS
ASSOCIATIVE
CONDITIONED REFLEX
RESPONSE:
CLOSE EYE
RED
NUCLEUS
STIMULUS:
AIR PUFF
ON EYE
OLIVARY
NUCLEUS
CLIMBING
FIBER
CEREBELLUM
PURKINJE
CELL
CONDITIONED REFLEX
CONDITIONING
STIMULUS:
RESPONSE:
CLOSE EYE
TONE
RED
NUCLEUS
COCHLEAR
NUCLEUS
STIMULUS:
AIR PUFF
ON EYE
OLIVARY
NUCLEUS
CLIMBING
FIBER
CEREBELLUM
PURKINJE
CELL
PONTINE
NUCLEUS
MOSSY
FIBERS
CONDITIONED REFLEX
CONDITIONING
STIMULUS:
RESPONSE:
CLOSE EYE
TONE
RED
NUCLEUS
COCHLEAR
NUCLEUS
CEREBELLUM
PURKINJE
CELL
PONTINE
NUCLEUS
MOSSY
FIBERS
SHORT AND LONG TERM
MEMORY
SHORT-TERM MEMORY INVOLVES
IMMEDIATE USE, IS EASILY DISRUPTED
AND AND IS SHORT LIVED
LONG-TERM MEMORY IS MORE STABLE
INFORMATION IS PASSED FROM SHORTTERM TO LONG-TERM MEMORY BY A
PROCESS CALLED CONSOLIDATION
NEURONAL PATHWAYS
MEMORY CIRCUITS PROVIDE A SIMPLE
EXPLANAION FOR MEMORY
THESE INVOLVE THE HYPOTHALAMUS
AND AMYGDALA AS WELL AS THE
TEMPORAL LOBE AND THE
HIPPOCAMPUS
SPLIT BRAIN STUDIES
INFORMATION IS PROCESSED AND
STORED DIFFERENTLY IN DIFFERENT
SPECIES
MONKEYS NEED BOTH HEMESPHERES
WHILE CATS CAN LEARN IN ONE
HEMISPHERE AND TRANSFER THE
INFORMATION TO THE OTHER
CELLULAR
MANIFESTATIONS
HABITUATION IS A DECREASE IN
SYNAPTIC TRAQNSMISSION IN
RESPONSE TO A REPEATED STIMULUS
SENSITIZATION INVOLVES AN INCREASE
IN TRANSMITTER RELEASE
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS A
SENSITIZATION PROCESS
USE AND DISUSE
IN EXERCISE MUSCLES INCREASE MASS
WITH USE
NEURAL PATHWAYS CAN STRENGTHEN
OR WEAKEN CONNECTIONS BETWEEN
NERVE CELLS
THE OPPOSITE ALSO HAPPENS:
ATROPHY WITH DISUSE
LANGUAGE SYSTEMS
DOMINANT AND NONDOMINANT
HEMISPHERES
ANATOMICAL CORRELATES OF SPEECH
DISORDERS
LOCALIZATION OF
LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATION
COMPREHENSION
MOTOR
PROGRAMS
DOMINANT AND NONDOMINANT
HEMISPHERES
TYPICALLY, SPEECH AREA IN DOMINANT
HEMISPHERE IS LARGER
THIS DIFFERENCE APPEARS IN THE
HUMAN FETUS BY THE 31ST WEEK OF
GESTATION
NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERE IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR INTONATION AND
EMOTIONAL ASPECTS
ANATOMICAL CORRELATES
OF SPEECH DISORDERS
NONDOMINANT CORRELATE OF
WERNICKE’S AND BROCA’S AREAS:
APROSODIAS-INABILITY TO
UNDERSTAND OR EXPRESS INTONATION
APHASIAS: LANGUAGE DISORDER DUE
TO BRAIN DAMAGE
DYSLEXIA: CONGENITAL DISORDER
AFFECTING READING
APHASIAS
BROCA’S: DISRUPTION OF MOTOR
CENTERS-AFFECTS BOTH SPEECH AND
WRITING
WERNICKE’S AREA: LOSS OF
COMPREHENSION
LATERALITY OF BRAIN
FUNCTION
RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN
GENDER DIFFERENCES
RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN
RIGHT HEMISPHERE: SPATIAL ABILITIES,
ARTISTIC AND MUSICAL ABILITY
LEFT HEMISPHERE: ANALYTICAL SKILLS
GENDER DIFFERENCES
MALES TEND TO EXHIBIT MORE
LATERALIZATION OF SPECIFIC TASKS
FEMALES USE BOTH HEMISPHERES MORE
SYMMETRICALLY