省级精品课程
《高级英语》第三版第二册
制作人：徐李洁
Lesson
Three
Inaugur
al
Address
Teaching Aims
1. To know the history of Kennedy’s times
2. To learn to appreciate Kennedy’s speech in terms
of diction, sentence structure, rhetorical devices
3. To learn all the new words and try to recite as many
paragraphs as possible
American
Presidents
http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident
Early Republic
1789 - 1829
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Sectional
Conflict
Gilded Age
1853 - 1881
1881 - 1897
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Ulysses Grant
Rutherford Hayes
James Garfield
Chester Arthur
Grover Cleveland
Benjamin Harrison
Grover Cleveland
Progressive
Era
Depression
& World
Conflict
Social Change
& Soviet
Relations
1897 - 1921
1921 - 1961
1961 - 1989
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
William Taft
Woodrow Wilson
Warren Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
Franklin Roosevelt
Harry Truman
Dwight Eisenhower
John Kennedy
Lyndon Johnson
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
Globalization
1989 -
George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
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Term: 35th President of the United States (1961-1963)
Born: May 29, 1917, Brookline, MA
Nickname: "JFK," "Jack"
Education: Harvard College (graduated 1940)
Marriage: Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (1929-1994),
September 12, 1953
Children: Caroline Bouvier (1957- ); John
Fitzgerald,
Jr. (1960- 1999); Patrick Bouvier (1963)
Career:
Author, U.S. Navy Officer, Journalist,
Public Official
Political Party: Democrat
Writings: Why England Slept (1940); Profiles in Courage
(1956)
Died:
Nov. 22, 1963, Dallas, TX (assassinated)
Buried:
Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington,
Virginia
Presidential oath
• Traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, The
oath runs as follows:
I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully
execute the office of president of the
United States, and will to the best of my
ability, preserve, protect and defend the
constitution of the United States.”
-- United States Constitution, Article II, Section 1,
Clause 8
Textual Structure
Para 1-5: general statement of basic policy
Para 6-10: addressing different groups of
allied nations or would-be nations
Para 11-20: addressing his enemy with
threat and warning
Para 21-27: appealing to his countrymen for
Support and sacrifice
Part One (para. 1—5)
A general statement of basic policy goals;
Questions:
1) What does Kennedy mean by’ a victory of a party, but a
celebration of freedom’?
2) What are ‘an end and a beginning’ and ‘renewal and change’
referred to respectively?
3) Why does he say that the world is very different now? What are
the differences does he had in mind?
4) What belief is still at issue around the globe? Why does he say
that?
5) What does he mean by saying “heirs of that first Revolution”?
Detailed Study of the Text
In paragraph one, Kennedy is emphasizing the importance
of his election as president.
(para.1) We observe today not a victory of party, but a
celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as
a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change.
It is not simply a victory of the Democratic Party over the
Republic Party. It celebrates the freedom of people to
elect freely their own head of state. It symbolizes the end
of one presidential term and the beginning of a new
term.
•
For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same
solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century
and three-quarters ago.
The first presidential oath was taken by George Washington
on April 30, 1789.
(para.2) And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our
forebears fought are still at issue around the globe -- the
belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity
of the state, but from the hand of God.
Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all
men were created equal and God had given them certain
unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away
from them. But today this belief is still not accepted in
many countries around the world.
•
At issue: in dispute, still to be decided
(para.3) We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. We dare not
forget that we are the descendants of those who fought the first revolutionary war --- the
War of Independence. Hence we must always bear in mind the beliefs and ideals our
ancestors fought and died for. We must be prepared , if necessary, to fight and die for
them today.
Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been
passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war,
disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to
witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has
always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the
world.
Let…biblical style
Friend and foe: alliteration
Torch: a figurative use, meaning “inspirations and ideals”
Temper: strengthen or harden
Discipline: receive training that develop self control and character
Hard and bitter peace: peace but cold war
Slow undoing: gradual abolishing
(para.5)This much we pledge -- and more. (linking transition)
a transition paragraph from the general to the specific.
Part Two (para 6—10):
Addressing different groups of allied
nations or would-be allies
Questions:
• 1) What are his policies for the old allies?
• 2) What do the ‘iron tyranny’ and ‘tiger’ refer to?
• 3) Who do ‘huts and villages’ refer to?
• 4) What is the policy for ‘sister republicans’? who are
they?
Detailed Study of the Text
(para. 6) To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we
share…
Cultural and spiritual origins: referring to Greek, Roman and
Nordic mythology, literature, art, music, etc. later these nations
were linked more closely by the spiritual tie of Christianity.
United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.
Divided there is little we can do …
Together with the foregoing sentence it forms an antithesis.
“Divided” is balanced against “united” and “little we can do”
against “little we cannot do”.
At odds: in disagreement; questioning
Split asunder: split apart; disunited.
(para.7)To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the
free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control
shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more
iron tyranny.
Kennedy promises to aid the newly independent countries so that
their independence won’t be taken away by a dictatorship.
Ranks of the free: the community of free and independent nations.
A far more iron tyranny: an expression that Kennedy uses in place
of a dictatorship.
Iron: cruel; merciless
those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger
ended up inside.
A metaphor, comparing ‘seeking the aid of socialist countries’ to
‘riding the back of a tiger”. Those countries which seek the
aid of socialist countries will end up by losing their
independence as many other countries did in the past.
(para.8)To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe
struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best
efforts to help them help themselves.
Referring to the poor and backward people in Africa and Asia
struggling to free themselves from poverty and suffering.
Bond: chain; fetter.
God helps those who help themselves (intertextuality.)
If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the
few who are rich.
Antithesis., ‘few’ and ‘rich’ balanced against ‘many’ and ‘poor’. If
the poor are continuously exploited and oppressed , they will rise
up some day and overthrow the ‘free society’ or the rule of
‘few who are rich’.
(para.9) To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special
pledge:
Sister: Kennedy carefully chooses this word which connotes equality and
mutual good relations to allay the traditional fears these countries
have of their powerful big brother in the north. Such as sister school,
sister city.
But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile
powers. … to remain the master of its own house.
Metaphor : comparing “peaceful revolution of hoe” to an animal which
might fall victim to more powerful animals. We will not allow any
enemy country to destroy this peaceful revolution which brings hope
of progress to all our countries
Metaphor: comparing Americas to a house.
Kennedy attempts to make the Americas feel close to it, like a family.
Kennedy’s “alliance for progress”. The last line reiterates, in other words,
the main theme of the Monroe Doctrine.
•
Monroe Doctrine （ 门罗 主义 ） --On December 2, 1823, President James
Monroe sent a message to Congress stating that the continents of North and
South America shall never again “be considered as subject for future
colonization by any European powers.” He also said that United States would
consider any attempt by European nations to interfere in the affairs of any
country of the Western Hemisphere as a direct threat to the peace of and safety
of the United States….Monroe sent a message to Congress that the US would
come to the aid of any country in the Western Hemisphere.
•
The Monroe Doctrine, worked out by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams,
was later regarded unfavorably by Latin American countries. They felt that it
meant the United States could interfere in their affairs. In the 1920s and 1930s,
Presidents Hoover and Roosevelt added the idea of the “Good Neighbor Policy.”
To the Monroe Doctrine. This meant that the United States would not interfere
in Latin American politics.
(para.10) To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last
best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the
instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support -- to prevent it from
becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and
the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.
Biblical style. The United Nation is our last and best hope of survival in an age
where the tools to wage war have far surpassed and exceeded the tools to keep
peace.
Instruments of war: weapons, atomic bombs, machines, etc., for waging war
Instruments of peace: tools, machines, etc,. For the production of useful
commodities, advances in agriculture and medicine, etc.
Invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insults, curses, etc.
Metaphor: comparing the power of the United Nations to protect to a shield. We
pledge to strengthen the power of the United Nations to protect the newly
independent and the weak nations.
To enlarge the area … may run: We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the
area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in
force.
Writ: (archaic) a formal written document; specifically: a legal document in letter
form
Run: to continue in effect or force.
Part Three (paras. 1—20):
Addressing the enemy , pointing out the destructive power of a war
and puts forward proposal for arms control negotiation, cooperation in
fields of science and space exploration. Etc.
Questions
1. What is the policy to pursue towards those
nations whom he considers to be “our adversary”?
2. What are the two groups worried about?
Detailed Study of the Text
(para.11) Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our
adversary, … 与我们为敌的人
Kennedy is very careful in his choice of words. He throws the blame for
confrontation and world tension on the other party. Kennedy implies
that the United States has done nothing to create hostility; it’s the other
side that is challenging the US.
•
before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all
humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.
Dark: evil; sinister; terrible
Engulf: to swallow up; overwhelm
( Para.12) We dare not tempt them with weakness.
We dare not be weak because it might tempt the enemy to attack us. So we
must be strong and arm ourselves. This is the US policy of negotiating
from a position of strength.
(para.13) But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort
from our present course … stays the hand of mankind's final war.
Neither of the two camps headed respectively by the United States and the Soviet
Union will feel comfortable and happy with the way things are going now:
both sides are feeling the great financial burden of the arms race and both
sides are alarmed by the proliferation (增殖） of atomic weapons, both are
justified in being armed because of the quickness of the spread of atomic
weapons, yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as
possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each
group from launching mankind’s final war. Now the balance of terrible
weapons, though uncertain, stops the war that can wipe out all humankind.
But both sides are moving quickly to alter the balance, each side trying to get
the upper hand.
Deadly atom: synecdoche, the atom standing for the terrible atomic bombs.
Rightly: with justice; fairly; correctly
Steady spread: alliteration
Race: to move quickly
Stay—used as a transitive verb, “to hold back”
Stay the hand – restrain people or nations from launching a world war that will
be the last war because it will destroy all humankind with atomic weapons.
Paragraphs 14—19: Kennedy puts forward his
different proposals ( parallel structures are
used)
(para.14) that civility is not a sign of weakness,
and sincerity is always subject to proof.
Being polite is not a sign of weakness. One’s
sincerity must be proved by deeds.
(para.18) Let both sides unite to heed, in all corners of the
earth, the command of Isaiah -- to "undo the heavy burdens,
and [to] let the oppressed go free”.
A Biblical quotation in keeping with his Biblical style.
(para.19) And, if a beachhead of cooperation may push back
the jungle of suspicion, …
Metaphor, a small beginning of cooperation compared to a
beachhead and deep widespread of suspicion to a jungle.
And if a little bit of cooperation can lessen the deep suspicion
that exists on both sides
Part Four (paras 21-27)
Appealing to his fellow Americans to support him and to be
ready to do everything they could, even to sacrifice their lives
if necessary, for their country..
Questions
1) What can you learn from the sentence ‘the graves of
young Americans…surround the world’?
2) Find words that help boost the ego and pride of the
Americans.
3) What is the final reward for the Americans?
Detailed Study of the Text
(para.21) In your hands, my fellow citizens, more
than mine, will rest the final success or failure of
our course. … The graves of young Americans who
answered the call to service surround the globe.
fellow citizens: By treating his audience as his equals
and by bringing them in as equal partners in the
conduct of national and international affairs, the
speaker intends to boost their ego and stir their
patriotic emotions, so that they would willingly do
what the speaker calls on them to do.
The graves: the young Americans fought and died for
their country when they were called upon to do so.
(para.22) Now the trumpet summons us again… a long
twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope;
patient in tribulation…and the war itself
to bear arms: to join the army; to become a combatant in the
armed forces
Bear the burden: alliteration, meaning to take on the burden;
to sustain the burden
twilight struggle: an unclear and dubious struggle but which
might become more forbidding and dangerous with the
passing of times.
Rejoice…: to be happy when things look bright and hopeful;
to be patient in distress. These phrases come from the Bible
(para.24) In the long history of the world, only a few
generations have been granted the role of defending
freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I welcome
it.
Kennedy used a deliberate exaggeration to increase the
sense of urgency, and to make people feel they were
sacrificing themselves for an important and glorious
cause. People should feel proud that they have been
given this opportunity to defend freedom when there
is the greatest danger of losing it. Kennedy attempts
to boost the pride of the audience by showing how
important they are, and he himself will take the lead.
… And the glow from that fire can truly light the world.
Metaphor, comparing the energy, the faith, the devotion
of the American people to a fire.
(Para.27) With a good conscience our only sure
reward, with history the final judge of our deeds,
let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking
His blessing and His help, but knowing that here
on earth God's work must truly be our own.
We will lead the country we love, knowing our sure
reward will be a good conscience and history will
finally judge whether we have done our task well
or not. We ask for God’s blessing but we know
that we are the ones who must do God’s work on
earth.
In the last sentence Kennedy relapsed once more
into Biblical style
Stylistic Features
• successful appeal to emotions
• well organized and highly rhetorical--well organized
• a) metaphor, synecdoche, alliteration, antithesis
• b) parallel and balanced structures:
To those…, to those… , Let both….,
• c) repetition of important words and phrases:
• d) a pseudo- Roman style or Biblical language:
ask not…;
Let the word go forth
Biblical style
• In terms of paragraphs and forms
-- more short paragraphs
• In terms of grammar
-- the structures are simple
-- old forms of pronouns, e.g. thou, thee, thy
-- no auxiliary in negative form, e.g. ask not
• In terms of vocabulary
-- archaic words, e.g. writ,
-- short and small words
-- some words come directly from the Bible
Words and expressions
•
signify: to represent, mean, or be a sign of something
e.g. He turned away from her slightly to signify his indifference
1) 一些部落用特别的面部标记表示地位。
2) Hamilton挥挥手，表示他不在乎他们的决定。
Some tribes use special facial markings to signify status.
Hamilton waved his hand to signify that he didn't mind what they
decided.
prescribe: to set down as a rule or direction; order.
•
What punishment does the law prescribe for this crime?
法律规定对这种犯罪处以什么刑法?
1)
2)
好公民应该依法行事。
像你那样傻乎乎的人没有权利规定别人该怎么做。
Good citizens do what the laws prescribe.
Someone who behaves as foolishly as you has no rights to prescribe how
others should behave.
• mortal: adj. of man 人类的
Desire, like all things mortal, passes swiftly.
•
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as a being who must eventually die. 会死的 Man is mortal.
Deadly, fatal 致命的
1）死而复活是人类做不到的。 （超出人的能力范围）
2） 一切有生命的东西都会死的。
3）他头上遭到致命的一击而倒下了。
It’s beyond mortal power to bring a dead man back to life.
All things that live are mortal.
He was struck down by a mortal blow upon his head.
• at issue: in dispute; to be decided; in disagreement.
1) 有争议的是考试成绩在多大程度上反映一个学生的能力。
2) 不肯定的一点是，你是否愿意出国。
The point at issue is whether you are willing to go abroad or not.
What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a student’s
ability.
•
temper: vt. to strengthen through experience or hardship
1）经过战场锤炼的人都格外坚强。
2）我认为所有男性都应该当当兵，去经受严格的训练。
Those who have been tempered by war are extremely strong.
I believe that all men should serve in the army for a few years
where they can be tempered by rigorous exercises.
•
1)
2)
3)
discipline: vt. Train, control, subject to discipline
学生们必须学会自律。
他的狗被一位职业训师训练过。
许多家长不愿意严格要求自己的孩子们。
Students must learn to discipline themselves.
His dog was disciplined by a professional trainer.
Many parents are unwilling to correct and discipline their own
children.
• Commit- to do sth illegal and bad To commit a crime/ suicide
•
Commit--to commit money or resources to sth, to use it for a particular purpose
投入, 交付, 记住
The company committed its profits to building new factories.
•
Commit--to commit oneself to a course of action or way of life/ or to a person 同
意承担, 答应做某事或支持某事, 作出诺言
I would advice people to think very carefully about committing themselves to
working Sundays.
•
A commitment is sth which takes up time because of promise or responsibility
Work commitments forced her to be away from home most of the time.
1） 他将自己的遗嘱交给了律师保管。
2） 我把规则全部记在脑子里了。
3）他可是个很顾家的人。
4）他们相识五年了，可是他就是不向她求婚。 我想这是因为他不想承担任何责任。
He committed the papers to the care of the lawyer.
I have already committed the rules to memory.
He is a very much committed man./ family-committed
They have been dating for five years, yet he did not ask her to marry him. I think
he just does not want to make any commitments.
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1.
2.
3.
pledge: to make a formal, usually public, promise that
you will do something
pledge support/loyalty/solidarity etc
pledge that
pledge to do sth
pledge yourself to (do) sth
他向她保证年底给他买辆新车。
我发誓我一定履行诺言。
根据协约，每个国家保证一旦发生战争他们就会互相帮
助。
He pledged his word that he would buy her a new car at the end of the
year.
I pledge myself to fulfill the promise I have made .
By the treaty each country pledged itself to assist the other in case of war.
in disagreement, quarrelling
•
At odds:
1)
2)
Helen和Ruth总为一些小事争吵。
他们这一家很怪。他们相互之间不合
Helen and Ruth are always at odds about some little things.
They’re a strange family; they have all been at odds with one
another.
•
asunder: adv. into parts or pieces
Tear something asunder
As wide asunder as pole and pole 象两个柱子那样分隔得很远
The War forced the parents and children asunder.
• outpace: vt. surpass; exceed
He tried to outpace his rival but failed
guess the meaning of the following words: outfight /
outgrow / outlive / outplay
outshine / outsell / outvote / outride
outdo / outweigh / outrun
• invective: n. a violent verbal attack; strong criticism;
insults, curses, etc; 抨击; 辱骂
a stream of invectives
Face the torrent of invectives 面对一顿痛骂
A speech filled with invective 充满猛烈抨击的演讲
He sometimes let loose great invectives against things he
hated.
有时侯他对自己所痛恨的事破口大骂.
•
summon: v.t to order to come or appear; call or send for with authority
召集, 召见, 召唤
The teacher summoned all the children to the room.
She had to summon all her strength to face them again.
1) Jack 鼓起勇气走进老师的办公室。
Jack summoned his courage and entered the teacher’s office.
 Testimony: n. [u], [c]. form of evidence, indirection, etc. proof 证明,
证据
These results are a testimony to your hard work.
The witness’s testimony cleared the suspect.
• Be (Bear ) testimony of 表明
• In testimony of 表示
获得全额奖学金证明她很聪明。
Winning the full scholarship is testimony of her intelligence.
• Tribulation: n. great misery or distress, as from opposition;
deep sorrows
the tribulations of the persecuted
被压迫人民的苦难
• conscience: n.
a matter of conscience
要良心来决定的问题
for conscience’s sake
为了不受良心的谴责, 为了问心无愧
have a guilty (bad) conscience 内疚
be conscience-stricken 受到良心的谴责
• forge: v.t to form; produce; to move forward steadily,
as if against difficulty
Forge a close relationship
At last the horse forged ahead of the rest and won the
race.
The ship forged ahead under a favorable wind.
The students have forged ahead with their work.
• Make false/ fake things 伪造
He got the money dishonestly, by forging his
brother’s signature.
He was sent to prison for forging.
Words and expressions
•
adversary: n. a person who opposes or fights against
another; opponent; enemy
Great Britain and Germany were adversaries in the Second
World War.
•
unleash: v.t to release or let go from or as from a leash 发
泄, 横施
All his anger was unleashed upon us.
1) 他把全部的愤怒都发泄在那台机器上。
2) 侵略者向那座城市横施暴力
The full force of his rage was unleashed against the machine.
The armies unleashes violence on the city
• engulf: v.t to swallow up; overwhelm 席卷,吞没
The little boat was engulfed by the waves.
The swollen river engulfed the island
• civility: n. courtesy, politeness, consideration
Show civility to sb.
Civil: to be polite
Try to be civil to her, even though you don’t like her.
The boy gave me a civil answer.
It was all I could do to be civil to the rude man
• belabor: v.t to talk about at unnecessary length 唠唠叨叨地
反复讲
Don’t belabor the point.
I’m doing my best I can. Don’t belabor me!
• formulate: v.t. to put together and express as a theory in a
systematic way.系统地阐述(或提出) (理论或计划等)
To formulate strategy 制定策略
• tap: v.t to draw upon, make use of 开发, 发掘
The country must tap new sources of energy.
The country has many rich resources that have not been tapped.
To tap the nation’s natural mineral wealth
• heed: vt. (formal) listen, pay attention
Now head what I say.
Head the doctor’s advice or you’ll be sorry.
She didn’t heed my warning.
n. Pay heed to (take heed of)
Take heed not to spill the coffee on the table.
They give (pay) no heed to what I say.
Basic knowledge about public speeches.
Four types of public speeches
1) Informative speech （传递信息型）
--to convey information, to teach audience how to do something.
--techniques: discussion/explanation/description/illustration
--styles: clarity, simplicity
2).Persuasive speech ( 劝说型)
--to influence or change audience’s feelings and beliefs, to exhort
them to take action.
--techniques: intellectual, logical, emotional appeal, used by lawyer,
candidate for office, whoever argues for or against a proposal, an
opinion, or a new theory.
--based on facts, statistics, logical reasoning
3)Entertaining speech
--to interest, entertain, amuse audience rather than arouse
serious response
--on festive occasions: party, dinner, stories, humorous
remarks
4) Stimulating speech （激励型）
--to stimulate, to impress (grouped under persuasive speech)
- -to reinforce the beliefs or attitudes of the audience,
appealing to emotion rather than logic or information.
Memorial services, inauguration ceremonies, anniversaries,
solemn celebrations)
Rarely is a speech purely any of the above.
•
Four types (modes) of delivery
--reading from a manuscript
--reciting from memory
--speaking impromptu （即兴演讲）
--speaking extemporaneously （根据提纲演讲）
•
Ways of Introductory Paragraph of public speeches
--Function: to reveal the topic/ get the attention and interest of the
audience
--concern the audience
--emphasize the importance of your topic
--surprise the audience in some way
--question the audience
--tell a story
--begin with a quotation
--establish favorable relationship with the audience
--provide background information
• Ways of Conclusion
--Function: signal the end/ reemphasize the
central idea.
--restating the points discussed, summarize the
whole speech briefly
--referring back to the introduction
--ending with expressions which are dramatic,
inspiring and memorable in the form of
exclamation
--ending with a quotation.
Dictation
1.inaugual address 2, symbolize
3. signify
4 iron tyranny
5. prescribe
6. generosity
7. split asunder
8. subversion
9. western
hemisphere
10. sovereign states 11. a forum of invective 12. adversary
13. conscience
14. civility
15. formulate
16. testimony
17. pledge
18. alliance
19.eradicate disease 20.negotiation