Chapter Project:
1-2 page essay on any topic featured on Simoncini’s website’s psych page: http://psimonciniohs.net
Due date: ______________________

Hawkeye
(Alan Alda)
Alan Arbus
Dr. Freedman
Psychoanalyst

What do cognitive neuroscientists consider the primary function of the brain?
Brain acts like a biological computing device with vast resources 100 billion transistor-like neurons, each with thousands of interconnections

Electroencephalographs
Positron emission tomography (PET) to capture a picture of the brain as different parts being used.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study both activity and brain structures

Shepard & Metzler experiment (1971)

usually limited physical mobility.
As your textbook indicates, I, Sigmund Freud , liken them to an iceberg .
Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)
Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge)
Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)

Edelman and Solso & Tononi
Consciousness restricts our attention— keeps our brains from being overwhelmed by stimulation
Consciousness provides a mental “meeting place,” where sensation can combine with memory, emotions, and motives
Consciousness provides a mental model of the world that we can manipulate

Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)
Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge)
Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)

Preconscious level: return to conscious more easily, when something cues their recall. Otherwise, lie just below conscious level until needed
Unconscious level: cognition without awareness

You may recall that on a previous slide, word thereby
I spelled used the
“mental” twice, trying to prime you for this exercise.
.
M E N __ __ __
Menace Menial Mental Mentor

Sleep: a state of altered consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity.

consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation.

Wegner, et al, 1987: The White Bear
Experiment
Hey, Simoncini. Last night I had a terrible nightmare about a polar bear.

Meagan, just put that thought out of your mind! Think about soccer.
*#!#** Now all I do is obsess about white bears.

Amount of sleep
One of the vocabulary terms in your text was circadian rhythm.
Who can tell me the definition?
A biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a 24-25 hour time period—the rhythm of activity and inactivity. (morning people/night people)

Study of sleep—aided by Electro
Encephalograph (EEG) machine
Two types of sleep patterns:
Quiet sleep Active sleep
Scientists, through extensive research, have determined various stages of sleep.

Stages of Sleep
Begin to fall asleep:
Body temperature drops
Pulse rate drops
Breathing: slow and even

Stages of Sleep
Gradually eyes close
Brain emits alpha waves associated with absence of concentrated thought and with relaxation.

Stages of Sleep
Body may twitch, your eyes may roll, and brief visual images flash across your mind as you enter Stage I sleep—lightest level
Simoncini is so boring. . . is hot. . .ZZZZZ

Stages of Sleep
Stage I:
Pulse slows a bit more/muscles relax; breathing—uneven; brain waves—irregular.
Phase lasts about 10 minutes
Brain waves shift from lowamplitude, high-frequency to high amplitude; low frequency indicating. . .

Stages of Sleep
Stage I:

Stages of Sleep
Stage II sleep
Eyes roll, side-to-side indicating bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles:
12-16 Hz waves lasting 0.5-1.5 seconds

Stages of Sleep
Thirty minutes later, drift down to deeper level of
Stage III sleep
Large amplitude delta waves sweep brain each second or so.

Stages of Sleep Stage III sleep

Stages of Sleep
Stage IV Sleep
Deepest of all sleep
Difficult to wake a sleeper in
Stage IV
Large, regular delta waves, more than 50% of time—state of oblivion

Stages of Sleep Stage IV Sleep

Stages of Sleep
Stage IV Sleep
Suddenly awakened: disoriented
Talking out loud, sleepwalking, bedwetting—no trace on memory
Deep sleep important to psychological well-being

Stages of Sleep zzzzzzzzzz
75% of sleep—Stages I-IV
After Stage IV, muscles more relaxed than ever before but . . .
. . .eyes move rapidly
Person has entered a more active sleep characterized by rapid eye movement (REM)

Stages of Sleep
REM sleep (Active sleep)
Irregular pulse and breathing
Levels of adrenal & sexual hormones in blood rise . .
. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

Stages of Sleep
. . . as if you were in the middle of an intensely or emotionally demanding activity

Stages of Sleep REM Sleep

Stages of Sleep
REM sleep
Often, a person’s face or fingers twitch and the large muscles in the arms and legs become paralyzed.
Almost all dreaming occurs during REM sleep

Stages of Sleep zzzzzzzzzzzzz
REM sleep
. . . lasts 10 minutes, after which you retrace the descent to Stage IV.
Go through cycle every 90 min.
Each time period of Stage IV sleep decreases, length of REM sleep increases—until awakening

Stages of Sleep
1 Cycle
Each subsequent cycle, Stage 4 sleep decreases & REM sleep increases; Stage 4 in only first 2 cycles
REM (10 min.)
Drift off
Stage 1
10 min.
Stage 2 zzzz zzzz
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 2
10 min.
Stage 3
Stage 3
10 min.
Stage 4
20 min.

Experiment
Period before slipping into
Stage I sleep is called hypnagogic sleep.
1. Put pen/notebook next to bed
2. Lie down & prop elbow in comfortable position so arm dangles in air

Experiment
As you drift into hypnagogic sleep, your arm should fall, jarring you awake.
When you wake up, quickly write down whatever images or thoughts you experienced before the arm fell.
Turn-in tomorrow—10 points XC

Long-term experiments
1. Critical Thinking #2, p. 179
2. Over 1 week, log the hours you and the members of your family sleep each night. Then compile them in the following ranges: infants, 2-12, 13-20, 21-30,
31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61+

What can you expect about your next sleep cycle after pulling an all-nighter?
This college studying stinks!
REM rebound: more REM sleep during the next sleep period after being irritable and tired the day following the all-nighter. Indicates one function of sleep is to satisfy a basic biological need for REM

Siegel (2003): damaged brain cells get repaired during sleep
Crick & Mitchison (1983): We dream to forget. As we go through the day we learn and experience things, and when we do, we create new neural networks; we dream to unravel those neural nets

Amount of sleep
Varies person-to-person, often based on age.
Newborns:
16-18 hrs per day
Half the time in REM sleep
Teenagers: 7-8 hours or more; 20% REM

Amount of sleep
Senior citizens (70+ years)
May need only 5 hours;
15% REM
Adults: 25% REM;
75% NREM

Dreams
First dreams—vague thoughts left over from day’s activities

As a way to transition from sleep to dreams,
Simoncini wants to show the following film clip.
CBS 60 Minutes
March 16, 2008
Episode on Sleep,
Part 1 Part 2

The first psychologist to argue that dreams are an important part of our emotional lives :
Sigmund Freud
Austrian, 1856-1939

Dreams—Content
Freud: dreams , no matter how simple or mundane, contain clues to thought and desires the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge or express in waking hours.
Dreams filled with hidden means and desires

Dreams—Content
Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)
Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge
Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)

Brain scans: emotional seat of the brain,
& the part that processes all visual inputs are wide awake; but the systematic & clear-thinking prefrontal cortex where caution and organization reside is dormant

Freud’s view
Two main functions:
1) to guard sleep (by disguising disruptive thoughts with symbols)
2) To serve as sources of wish fulfillment.
Freud believed that dreams play their guardian role by relieving psychic tensions created during the day. They serve their wish-fulfillment function by allowing the dreamer to work harmlessly through unconscious desires. Manifest content
(dream’s story line) vs. latent content (symbolic meaning of dreams)
No solid scientific support re: latent dream content

Dreams—Content
Most dreams, reported in research, are commonplace or even dull.
Dreams we remember & talk about are “more coherent, sexier, and generally more interesting than those collected in systematic research” (Webb)

Dreams—Content
Most dreams occur in such commonplace settings as living rooms, cars, and streets

Dreams—Content
Most dreams involve either strenuous recreational activities or

Dreams—Content
. . . passive events such as sitting and watching, not work or study

Dreams—Content
A large percentage of emotions experienced in dreams are negative or unpleasant. . .
Anxiety Anger Fear

Dreams—Content
Dreams do NOT occur in a split second; rather they correspond to a realistic time scale.
Only a small portion of dreams are negative enough to be considered nightmares

Dreams—Content
Nightmares—so frightening, we usually awaken in the middle of them
Sense of dread— may be related to intensity of brain activity and to stimulation of brain parts responsible for emotional reactions.

Dream content: modern findings
Children: large animals
College students: small animals
Women: children
Men: aggressions, weapons, tools
Women: men and women
Men: men 2x more than about women

Dream content: modern findings
Hostile more than friendly (64% had negative complexion)
Nakedness—Americans vs. other cultures
Mexican-Americans—more death

Dreams
As night wears on, dreams— longer, more vivid & dramatic, especially dreams during REM sleep.
Hottie!
Amber’s
Room

Amounts of REM sleep increase during the night, so the last dream is likely to be the longest and the one people remember when they awaken ; but can rarely remember anything more than the last 15 minutes of a dream.

Content changes as night wears on
 First dream of the night connects with events of the previous day
 Second REM period: (90 minutes later) may build on a theme that emerged during the first REM period
 Throughout the night, like a rumor passed from one person to another
 Final dream—only a remote connection to events of the previous day
 Final dream most likely to be remembered

Hobson and McCarley (1977)
Dreams result when the sleeping brain tries to make sense of its own spontaneous bursts of activity.
Dreams have their origin in periodic neural discharges emitted by the sleeping brain stem.
As this energy sweeps over the cerebral cortex, the sleeper experiences impressions of sensation, memory, motivation, emotion and movement

Hobson and McCarley (1977)
REM sleep furnishes the brain with an internal source of needed stimulation, which promotes the growth and development of the brain at the time when the sleeping brain has blocked out external stimulation.
Dream content, therefore, results from brain activation, not unconscious wishes or other meaningful mental processes.

Sleep Disorders
Can anyone define the term insomnia ?
Yes, I can, Ed. It is a prolonged abnormal inability to obtain adequate sleep.

Sleep Disorders
How about narcolepsy?
Who can define the term sleep apnea ?
A sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while sleeping, often caused by a specific type of snoring.
Narcolepsy: a disorder characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day.

Sleep Disorders
What are nightmares?
Unpleasant dreams.

Sleep Disorders
How about night terrors?
Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV sleep, involving screaming, panic or confusion.

Sleep Disorders
How about sleepwalking or somnambulism?
Walking or carrying out behaviors while sleeping— mostly associated with children, linked to stress, fatigue, and the use of sedative medicines

Dreams—Content
Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts)
Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge
Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)

Based on what you have just learned about the meaning of dreams, analyze or evaluate any 2 each) from the following classic 1980 episode of
M*A*S*H, simply entitled
“Dreams.”
Here are the characters
Major
Houlihan B. J.
Colonel
Potter
Father
Mulcahey
Charles Klinger Hawkeye

Major Houlihan: Army career person married, divorced, covets a “normal” life
B. J.: Doctor, very happily married, hates the war; misses wife terribly
Colonel Potter; career Army; 3 rd war; tired of mending broken young people; fatigued from the burdens of command

Father Mulcahey; Catholic chaplain; often worries that he does not make a difference as do the doctors
Dr. Charles Winchester; brilliant surgeon from a wealthy Boston family; hates the 4077 MASH; wants desperately out of Korea
Corporal Klinger; company clerk; hates Korea and the war so much that he became a transvestite for more than half of the war; wants to go home to Toledo, Ohio

Dr. Hawkeye Pierce; brilliant surgeon but very outspoken against the war; hates Korea and the war but will do anything he can to save the lives of wounded soldiers
OK, you people. Select any 2 dreams, briefly describe what happened and then analyze what it was about. Be Freudian in your analysis.

A form of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible and do not use their critical thinking skills
People can be made conscious of things they are usually unaware of & unaware of things they usually notice.

Hypnosis does not put people to sleep.
Hypnotic trance— different from sleep : subjects become highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli.

Focus attention on one tiny aspect of reality & ignore other inputs.
Hypnotist induces a trance by slowly persuading a subject to relax and lose interest in external distractions
Environment of trust (those who cannot be hypnotized generally do not trust the hypnotist)

Subject NOT under hypnotist’s
“power.” Cannot be forced to do things against her/his will.
Together, hypnotist and subject try to learn more about how the subject’s mind works or solve a problem

Posthypnotic suggestion:
Hypnotists suggest things for their subjects to remember after the trance is over.
Helpful in changing unwanted behaviors, such as smoking or overeating.

Here is a film clip from the classic TV series M*A*S*H in which the character Dr.
Sidney Freedman (Allan
Arbus, below), a psychiatrist, uses hypnosis to help a patient with amnesia

Here is another film clip from the classic TV series
M*A*S*H in which the character, Dr. Sidney
Freedman (Allan Arbus, below), a psychiatrist, uses hypnosis to help another patient through posthypnotic suggestion.

Hypnotizability
Single most important factor: the participant’s susceptibility
(responsiveness to standardized suggestions)
The Role Theory of hypnosis: people with rich fantasy lives are more hypnotizable
Acting out a social role under hypnosis
I’m
Joycelyn: a world famous rock star!

Ernest R. Hilgard
Pioneer in study of hypnosis
Part of the mind cannot be hypnotized
Hidden Observer—the real self that has not been conditioned by outside influences
Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis:
Indicates that hypnosis might involve a dissociation (separation from the psyche) of consciousness into different levels

Hypnotic analgesia
Use hypnosis to manage pain
Example: Lamaze for childbirth

Our next altered state of consciousness, meditation, can be quite helpful to maintaining psychological as well as physical health. Let’s begin by watching a film clip from the 2005 movie:
“ Something’s Got to Give .”

Focusing attention on an image or thought with the goal of clearing one’s mind and producing an “inner peace.”

Transcendental Meditation
Westernized version of yoga meditation techniques
Two 20-minute periods daily, sit in a comfortable position and repeat a
Causes deep relaxation.

Research: most people can benefit from the sort of systematic relaxation that meditation provides.
Research still is inconclusive.

Walter Cannon: “Fight or flight response:”
Elements needed for a relaxation response:
Quiet environment
Comfortable position
Mental device (
or physical object)
Passive attitude

Try this meditation technique tonight:
1. Take a few moments and form your lips into a half smile;
2. Hold this half smile for at least 10 minutes as you go about your ordinary activities
Did you notice a shift in how you acted and responded to others? Did others respond to you differently? Record and analyze
(1-paragraph) your experiences.

Psychoactive drugs impair the brain mechanisms that usually help us make good decisions.
Agonists: fit into receptor sites for specific neurotransmitters and produce similar results
Antagonists: mimic neurotransmitters and block their receptor sites

Psychoactive drugs impair the brain mechanisms that usually help us make good decisions.
consciousness by altering perceptions,
Mescaline Psilocybin LSD
PCP Cannabis

Euphoric, dreamy states
Morphine Heroin Codeine Methadone system
Barbiturates Benzodiazepines
Alcohol

Stimulants speed up central nervous system activity, boosting mental and physical activity levels
Cocaine (crack) Amphetamine
Caffeine Nicotine

Perceptions that have no direct external cause— seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that do not exist.
People hallucinate when they are dreaming and when they are deprived of opportunity to sleep.

Periods of high emotion, concentration or fatigue may also produce false sensations and perceptions.
Truck drivers on long hauls
Even daydreams involve minor hallucinations.
Usually are in color

Learning to control your internal physiological processes with the help of feedback from those physiological states.
Used to teach people how to control many physiological responses : brain waves, heart rate, blood pressure

Basic principle: feedback makes learning possible.
Our bodies—not designed to provide subtle feedback about internal physiological states.

Biofeedback uses machines to tell people about very subtle, moment-to-moment changes in the body.
Has been used to treat conditions from partial paralysis to epilepsy
Very active area of research.

Hello Mustang psych students. I’m John
McEnroe. A few years ago I hosted a TV quiz show, called The Chair, that used biofeedback as its basis. Here is a scene from one of those shows.
Note how the contestant had to use biofeedback.

For many years, psychologists have been critical of my theories.
Now we are going to read an article that says my theories are being validated by modern technology. Read the article and be prepared to discuss the findings.

The Limbic
System
Para-olfactory area
Cingulate gyrus Anterior nucleus of thalamus
Thalamus
Fornix
Hypothalamus
Uncus
Amygdala
Para-hippocampal gyrus
Mamillary bodies of hypothalamus
Hippocampus

Hello Mustang A. P. psych students. I am author Tom
Clancy and in my book, The
Cardinal of the Kremlin , I included a chapter in which a woman named Svetlana was tortured by use of sensory deprivation , which is a form of altered consciousness. In your groups, read the chapter together and then discuss the key elements of sensory deprivation described in the passage.