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Accrual Accounting
Accrued Revenue
Accrued Expenses
Deferred Revenue
Deferred Expenses

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Accrual Accounting

Accrual Accounting: Recording the financial transactions of a business in the period in which they occur, rather than in the period in which cash is exchanged.
The economic substance of the transaction signals the recording…not disbursing or receiving cash.

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Sales made “on account”
Purchases made “on credit”
Wages expense for employees
 when they’ve worked but you haven’t yet paid them
Interest on money borrowed or lent
 when time has passed (so interest has been earned by the lender) but the actual cash for the interest has not changed hands
Income tax expense
 when you owe it but haven’t yet paid the IRS

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Prepaid Rent / Insurance
Supplies
Deprecations
Unearned Revenue

Accounts Receivable:
Amounts owed by customers for goods and services received
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Recognition of event versus realization of cash
 recognizing a revenue or expense means to record it in the accounting records so that it shows up on the income statement
When is revenue recognized?
 when the amounts are earned (required activities are complete)
Realization means you actually get the cash.

Accounts Payable:
Amounts you owe creditors for the purchase of goods and services
When are costs recognized as expenses?
 when the “matching” revenue is recognized, or
 when the benefits of the expenditures are received
INVOICE

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Accruals that need to be made before the financial statements are prepared -adjustments to the “books”
Any revenue earned that has not been billed (no receivable has been recorded)
Any interest revenue that has been earned on investments that has not been recorded
Any expense that has been incurred (used) but has not been recorded (a common one is salary expense)
Income tax expense incurred but not recorded

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Accrued Revenue

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An employee of Maids-R-Us finished cleaning a house on
January 31, but didn’t get the paperwork into the office in time to get it included in the January records.
An income statement for
January must include the revenue because it has been earned.

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Accruing revenue affects the accounting equation in the following way:
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
+ A/R + Revenue
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Income Statement: Increases income
Statement of Changes in Equity: Increases equity
Statement of Cash Flows: No effect on cash flows

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When the customer pays, the accounting equation is affected on the asset side only.
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A/R is decreased by the amount of the payment
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Cash is increased by the amount of the payment
The revenue has already been recognized.

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The most common accrual is for interest--the cost of borrowing money.
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If you loaned the money or purchased a
CD, you’d be dealing with interest revenue.
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If you borrowed the money, you’d be dealing with interest expense.

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You have a 6-month, $100 CD that earns 12%,
(always given as an annual rate),
January 1.
purchased on
The natural recording of this interest revenue will happen when you receive the money.
An income statement for January needs to show the amount of interest revenue for
January.

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Interest = principal x rate x time
Interest = $100 x .12 x 1/12 = $1
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Since the rate is “per year,” the time has to be given in terms of a year.
Interest receivable and interest revenue will each be $1. Show how that keeps the accounting equation in balance.

Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
+1 interest receivable
+1 interest revenue
Income Statement: Increases income
Statement of Changes in Equity: Increases equity
Statement of Cash Flows: No effect on cash flow

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Accrued Expenses

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Salary expense is a common expense that needs to be accrued before financial statements are prepared.
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Suppose employees work five days per week and are paid every Friday, but January 31 falls on a
Tuesday.
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The salary expense for the week from January 30 to
February 3 will not be paid until Friday, February 3.

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The income statement for January should have the expense for January
30 and 31, while the
February income statement will have the expense for
February 1, 2, and 3.

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Suppose a week’s payroll is $5,000.
On January 31, the company should accrue $2,000 worth of salary expense.
i.e., 2 out of 5 days’ worth of the salary must be a January expense.
How is this reflected in the accounting equation?

Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
+ 2,000 salaries payable
(2,000) salary expense
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Income Statement (Jan.): Decreases income
Statement of Changes in Equity: Decreases equity
Statement of Cash Flows: No effect on cash flows

What happens when the salaries are actually paid to the employees on
Friday, February 3?
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
(
5,000) cash (2000) salaries payable
(3000) salary expense
•Income Statement (for Feb!): Decreases income
•Statement of Changes in Equity: Decreases equity
•Statement of Cash Flows:
Operating cash outflow

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Tax expense is a common expense that needs to be accrued when financial statements are prepared.
The income statement for January needs to include the income taxes for January, even though they will not be paid until several months later.
WHY??

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Deferred Revenue

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A deferral event occurs when cash is received or paid before revenue is earned or an expense is incurred.
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Deferral events are a part of the accrual basis of accounting

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You’ve received payment for something you have NOT yet provided.
Dollars first, action later.
Revenue is not recognized until the service is performed or the goods are delivered...but you have to record the fact that you have received the cash.

A publishing company collects money for magazine subscriptions before the magazines are actually delivered.
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What is exchanged? Cash is received but the give part will come later.
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In the meantime, the company has an obligation--a liability. (The company gives a promise of future delivery of magazines.)

How does receiving a payment in advance affect the accounting equation?
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained
+ cash + unearned revenue
Earnings
Income Statement: No effect
Statement of Changes in Equity: No effect
Statement of Cash Flows: Operating cash flows

What happens when the service is finally performed or the goods are delivered?
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained
- unearned revenue
Earnings
+ service revenue
Income Statement: Increases income
Statement of Changes in Equity: Increases equity
Statement of Cash Flows: No effect on cash flows

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Deferred Expenses

You’ve paid the cash “up-front” but you haven’t received the goods or services yet.
Prepaid Expenses
Rent
Insurance
Supplies
Remember: DEFER means to postpone.
Here, we postpone recognizing the expense until we actually use the goods or services.

A special deferral--depreciation:
Recognizing an expenditure by spreading it over several years, allocating a part of the expense to each of several periods during which the asset is used:
Depreciation of plant and equipment

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Often companies pay rent in advance.
When the cash is paid, the company has purchased an asset called prepaid rent.
Dollars first--action later.
What’s the action that triggers recognition of the expense?
Passing of the time to which the rent applies.

How does paying the rent in advance affect the accounting equation?
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained
+ prepaid rent
- cash
Earnings
Income Statement: No effect
Statement of Changes in Equity: No effect
Statement of Cash Flows: Operating Cash Outflows

The expense is recorded when the time of the rent has passed – when it’s been used up.
Usually it’s an adjustment, made when the financial statements are being prepared.
Assets =
- Prepaid rent
Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
- rent expense
Income Statement: Decreases income
Statement of Changes in Equity: Decreases equity
Statement of Cash Flows: No effect on cash flow

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Often companies pay insurance in advance.
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When the cash is paid, the company has purchased an asset called prepaid insurance.
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Dollars first--action later.
What’s the action that triggers recognition of the expense?
Passing of the time to which the insurance applies.

How does paying for the insurance in advance affect the accounting equation?
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
+ prepaid insurance
- cash
Income Statement: No effect
Statement of Changes in Equity: No effect
Statement of Cash Flows: Operating cash outflow

The expense is recorded when the time to which the insurance applies has passed--when it’s been used up.
Usually it’s an adjustment, made when the financial statements are being prepared.
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
- prepaid - insurance expense insurance
Income Statement: Decreases income
Statement of Changes in Equity: Decreases equity
Statement of Cash Flows: No effect on cash flow

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Companies purchase supplies to be used later.
When the cash is paid, the company has purchased an asset called supplies.
Sometimes they are called supplies-on-hand to differentiate them from supplies expense (used).
Dollars first--action later.
What’s the action that triggers recognition of the expense?
Actually using the supplies.

How does buying the supplies in advance affect the accounting equation?
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
+ supplies
- cash
Income Statement: No effect
Statement of Changes in Equity: No effect
Statement of Cash Flows: Operating cash outflow

The expense is recorded when supplies are used.
Usually, supplies-on-hand are counted at the end of the period, and an adjustment is made to get the amount of the remaining asset correct for the balance sheet.
Assets = Liab. + Cont. Cap. + Retained Earnings
- supplies - supplies expense
Income Statement: Decreases income
Statement of Changes in Equity: Decreases equity
Statement of Cash Flows: No effect on cash flow

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When a company buys an asset that is used up in the business (i.e., they didn’t buy it to resell it) AND it will be useful for more than one year, GAAP says that the expense must be spread over the accounting periods during the useful life of the asset.

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The portion of the cost of an asset allocated to any one accounting period--
DEPRECIATION EXPENSE
Depreciation of an asset is an allocation process--spreading the cost of an asset that benefits more than one accounting period over the estimated useful life of the asset.

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ABC Co. bought a satellite dish for $5,000.
The asset is expected to last five years and have no salvage value at the end of its useful life.
How will the purchase and use of the asset affect the financial statements?

Purchase of the asset:
How does it affect the financial statements?
Assets = Liabilities + CC + RE
+5,000 satellite dish
(5,000) cash
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Income Statement: no effect
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Statement of Changes in Equity: effect no
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Statement of Cash Flows: $5,000 investing activity cash outflow

USE OF THE ASSET
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We want to allocate the cost of the asset to the income statement as an expense during the time period we use the asset.
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If we depreciate the asset using the STRAIGHT
LINE method, we will divide the cost of the asset
(minus any estimated salvage value) by the useful life: $5,000/5 = $1,000 each year.

Use of the asset:
How does it affect the financial statements?
Assets = Liabilities + CC + RE
(1,000) reduces the asset
(1,000) expense
Income Statement: Reduces income
Statement of Changes in Equity: Reduces equity
Statement of Cash Flows: No effect on cash flow

Use of the asset:
How does it affect the financial statements?
 Each year for five years, we will reduce the asset’s value on the balance sheet by $1,000.
 Each year for five years, we will have an expense of
$1,000 on the income statement.
 Instead of netting out the subtracted amount on the balance sheet, we will always show the original cost and then the amount of the total reduction. That amount is called accumulated depreciation and it is a contra-asset .
 The expense is called depreciation expense .