History of Psychology and Research Methods
In the
Beginning
Terminology (Not always Correlation
multiple choice, but worth
more)
Who the Heck
are you?
Occupied by
Psychology
Who you lookin’ at?
(Not multiple choice:
big points)
Experiment
UnEthical ME
In the
Beginning
600
500
400
300
200
100
Occupied by
Psychology
500
400
300
200
100
Terminology
600
500
400
400
400
Who you lookin’ at?
1000
1000
1000
Correlation
500
400
300
200
100
Experiment
500
400
300
200
100
Who the Heck are
you?
500
400
300
200
100
What do you Mean?
500
400
300
200
100
Unethical ME
1000
700
600
500
1. 1st American psychologist and
functionalist rote the first general text book
on psychology called Principles of
Psychology (1890)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Sigmund Freud
Wilhelm Wundt
John Watson
William James
Carl Rodgers
2. __________________ said our
personality is based on three
structures, id, ego, and superego..
•
•
•
•
•
A) Carl Rodgers
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Abraham Maslow
D) B.F. Skinner
E) William James
3. This behavioral researcher used
classical conditioning to change behaviors.
He is well known for his Little Albert
experiment.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Sigmund Freud
Wilhelm Wundt
John Watson
William James
Carl Rodgers
4. This researcher was considered the
Mac Daddy of Operant Conditioning.
He was a nurture guy through and
through.
•
•
•
•
•
A) Carl Rodgers
B) John Watson
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) B.F. Skinner
E) William James
5. This psychologist stated that as humans
we need genuineness, acceptance and
empathy for us to grow.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Sigmund Freud
Wilhelm Wundt
John Watson
William James
Carl Rodgers
6. This psychologist used the method of
introspection in his “research” to describe
conscious experiences.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Sigmund Freud
Wilhelm Wundt
John Watson
William James
Carl Rodgers
7. diagnoses and treats people with
emotional disturbances
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
ppppppppppp
p
A. Developmental Psychologist
B. Clinical Psychologist
C. Forensic Psychologist
D. Health Psychologist
E. Counseling Psychologist.
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppppppppp
ppp
• 8. This
occupation in psychology
studies physical, cognitive and
social changes throughout the
lifespan.
A. Developmental Psychologist
B. Clinical Psychologist
C. Forensic Psychologist
D. Health Psychologist
E. Counseling Psychologist.
•
9. This psychologist focuses on how the
physical body and brain creates our
emotions, memories and sensory
experiences.
A. Evolutionary Psychologist
B. Clinical Psychologist
C. Forensic Psychologist
D. Health Psychologist
E. Neuropsychologist.
• 10. This psychologist states we
behave the way we do because
we inherited those behaviors.
A.Evolutionary Psychologist
B.Developmental Psychologist
C.Forensic Psychologist
D.Health Psychologist
E.Neuropsychologist.
11. This psychologist researches and
examines the interaction of human
behavior, criminology, and the legal
system.
A.Evolutionary Psychologist
B. Developmental Psychologist
C. Forensic Psychologist
D.Health Psychologist
E. Neuropsychologist.
12. An explanation (why) using an
integrated (combined) set of
principles (beliefs) that organizes
and predicts observations
Theory
13. Observing subjects in their natural
setting without getting involved is called.
Naturalistic observation
14. An observation technique in which
one person is studied in depth in the
hope of revealing universal principles for
all people, such as families are Jon and
Kate plus 8.
Case Study
15. Let’s say your hypothesis is that chocolate
causes violent behavior. What should you do first
clear up any questions about your hypothesis so
others know what you are trying to research?
a. Create an independent variable
b. Create an dependent variable
c. Identify any confounding variable
d. Operationally define these terms
e. Randomly assign your subjects
16. The following is an example of
an operational definition:
• A) he is stressed and doesn’t adjust to his
environment.
• B) she has a personality that won’t allow to
relate to others well.
• C) she shows empathy and can understand
the other person’s feelings.
• D) all of the above.
• E) none of the above.
17. Seeing what one expects to see, such
as “Students at Coastal Academy are
“bad”. I knew it would be that way”. This is
called:
Observer Bias
18. The mere presence of an observer can
alter the situation—people behave
differently is called _______________ .
• Reactivity
19. Attributing one’s own mental states to
those studied—including non-human
organisms and artifacts is called
___________________.
• Anthropomorphizing
20. Joan had not been able to get pregnant
for years so she and her husband decided
to adopt. Six months after the adoption,
Joan became pregnant. This proves:
• A) the belief that infertile couples are more
likely to have a child after adoption.
• B) if you try hard to have a child, you are
less likely to due to stress.
• C) she must have become remarried.
• D) coincidences which confirm a
belief are believed to be meaningful.
21. Which of the following
correlation coefficients reflects the
strongest correlation?
•
•
•
•
•
A) +1.10
B) -.64
C) +.35
D) -.10
E) +.63
22. A mistaken belief that two factors
or events are related when they are
not is called:
•
•
•
•
•
A) hindsight bias.
B) false consensus effect.
C) an illusory correlation.
D) overconfidence.
E) correlation coefficient.
23. Consistently, we find low self-esteem
is often related with high levels of
depression. This means:
• A) low self-esteem causes depression.
• B) depression causes low self-esteem.
• C) low self-esteem and depression are
caused by a third factor.
• D) they are correlated but this does
not prove causation.
• E) they prove causation due to their
strength of relationship.
24. “The more you smile the happier you
are” is an example of:
Positive Correlation
25. In order to prove a cause-andeffect relationship, we must use:
•
•
•
•
•
A) naturalistic observation.
B) the experimental method.
C) surveys.
D) correlation coefficients.
E) longitudinal studies
26. Neither the researcher nor the
subjects knew whether or not they
received the drug studied or a placebo.
This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
•
A) independent variables.
B) placebo effects.
C) a double-blind study.
D) a single blind study.
E) dependent variables
27. Dr. Kno’ wants to investigate if
aggressive behavior in children is
increased if they view an adult hit a doll.
In this instance, the independent
variable is:
• A) aggressive behavior.
• B) the presence of an adult
• C) adult hitting doll.
• D) viewing the adult hitting the
doll.
• E) the doll
28. A substance or condition that
may be administered instead of a
presumed active agent, such as a
drug, to see if it triggers the same
effects of the drug is called a
Placebo
29. This is whatever is being
measured in the experiment.
is called
Dependent variable
30. __________________ said our
personality has three distinct
structures, such as the id.
•
•
•
•
•
A) Carl Rodgers
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Abraham Maslow
D) B.F. Skinner
E) William James
31. __________________ was the
leader in the structuralist movement.
.
•
•
•
•
•
A) B.F. Skinner
B) William James
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Wilhelm Wundt
E) Carl Rodgers
32: __________________ was the leader
in the functionalist movement.
•
•
•
•
•
A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Jean Piaget
C) Sir Francis Galton
D) William James
E) Carl Rodgers
33. __________________ was a leader in
the humanist movement:
•
•
•
•
•
A) Noam Chomsky.
B) Mary Calkins.
C) Carl Rodgers.
D) Sigmund Freud.
E) B. F. Skinner
34. __________________ was a
leader in behaviorist movement.
•
•
•
•
•
A) B.F. SKinner
B) H. Ebbinghaus
C) Jean Piaget
D) Carl Rodgers
E) Socrates
35. Let’s look at the salaries of the
employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper
in Scranton:
$25,000-Pam
$25,000- Kevin
$25,000- Angela
$90,000 - Peter
$100,000- Andy
$100,000- Dwight
$200,000- Jim
$300,000- Michael
• What is the median salary is:
• $95,000.
36. Again, let’s look at the salaries
of the employees at Dunder Mifflen
Paper in Scranton:
$25,000-Pam
$25,000- Kevin
$25,000- Angela
$90,000 - Peter
$100,000- Andy
$100,000- Dwight
$200,000- Jim
$300,000- Michael
• The mean salary is about
• $108,000
37. Finally for the last time, let’s
look at the salaries of the
employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper
in Scranton:
$25,000-Pam
$25,000- Kevin
$25,000- Angela
$ 90,000 - Peter
$100,000- Andy
$100,000- Dwight
$100,000- Jim
$100,000- Michael
• The mode salary is
• $100,000.
38. This type of statistics reduces lots
of data into a simpler summary.
– Examples:
• Batting Average
1. Descriptive
Statistics
39. Of 350 randomly selected people in
the town of Brunswick, Ga 175 people
had the last name Knowles.
• We could say “50% of all people living
in Georgia have the last name
Knowles.“
• What type of statistics would this
represent
Inferential Statistics
40. These
unethical experiments included High
Altitude Test Chamber
at Dachau, Twin Studies in Auschwitz and
Deliberate Phosphorous Burn to Test
Medications at Buchenwald
a. Nazi Experiments
b. Willowbrook State School
Staten Island, 1956-1963
c. Obedience to Authority (Stanley Milgram)
d. Monster Study
e. TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY (1933—1972)
f. Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo)
41. Six children who were normal
speakers and trained them to stutter
a. Nazi Experiments
b. Willowbrook State School
Staten Island, 1956-1963
c. Obedience to Authority (Stanley Milgram)
d.Monster Study
e.TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY (1933—
1972)
f. Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo)
42. Let’s see what happens to
syphilis when you don’t treat it?
a. Nazi Experiments
b. Willowbrook State School
Staten Island, 1956-1963
c. Obedience to Authority (Stanley Milgram)
d.Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital
Brooklyn, 1963
e.TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY (1933—
1972)
f. Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo)
43. Name the four simple rules for ethics.
1.
NO harm
2. Full Disclosure
3. Confidentiality
4.
Debriefing