ERA 6: The Development of Industrial
U.S. 1870-1900
**
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The U.S. Experienced
growth in
1. Industries
2. Population
3. Cities
4. the Economy
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U.S. population Grew
from 53 million
people to 63 million
New York City 2nd
largest City in the
world
3.5 million people
NYC alone!!
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Urban Growth is
Prompted by:
1. Rapid construction
2. Growth of
Industries
3. Promise of
jobs/”good “wages
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=954L9M
pfCEo
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Used to make:
1. Heavy machinery
2. Bridges
3. Railroad rails
4. Taller buildings
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Bessemer & Kelly
(1850’s) –
Developed method of
processing steel
“Bessemer Steel
Process”
Iron is melted @ high
temperature + oxygen
is added = steel
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from 15 thousand tons
in 1865
to
28 million tons in
1910! !
America began its
transformation… into
an industrial power
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1. Building railroads
2. Bridges
3. Skyscrapers with a
steel frame
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Connected East coast
with West coast
1. Central Pacific Railroad
Company
Sacramento, Ca  East
2. Union Pacific Railroad
Company
Council Bluffs Iowa -
West
Immigrant workers
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1. Transportation of
goods
2. Movement of people
3. Communication
4. Growth of cities along
route
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1:00-11:42 Heartland
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Railroad companies
divided country into 4
time zones:
1. Pacific
2. Mountain
3. Central
4. Eastern
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1st Skyscraper =
Chicago, 1885
10 stories high!!!
Featured steel
“skeleton”
The invention of
elevators allowed for
taller buildings
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New innovations in
technology/
inventions
Transformed daily life
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1. “The wizard of
Menlo Park” – lab
2. patented 1,093
inventions in his
lifetime
3. “genius is 1%
inspiration and 99%
perspiration”
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The incandescent
Light Bulb , 1880 =
Electricity!
Phonograph,
microphone,
motion picture
camera,
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invented The
Telephone , 1876
Revolutionized the way
people communicate
By 1900: 800,000
telephones in U.S.
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=4lJ6Pwb1
5JY
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=aimMHChUK0
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Invented the
typewriter in 1867
By 1910, 40% of the
clerical workforce was
made up of women
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Invented the first
radio, 1895
Sent messages using
Morse code
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“Model T”
Automobile, 1908
“You can paint it any
color, so long as its
black”- H. Ford
Made cars affordable
Mass produced
automobiles
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Price: $850 !
By cutting the price of
production, Ford was
able to lower the price
to less than $300 by
1916 !
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– the product is
moved from worker
to worker, with each
performing a single
task
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In your opinion, which was the most important
invention of the late 1800’s or early 1900’s?
Electric light bulb
Telephone
automobile
Chapter 14 : Expansion of Industry
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90% of American wealth
Controlled by 10% of
population
Rich got richer
Railroads, steel, oil #1
business investments
Gap widened between
the “haves” and the
“have not's”
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Scottish immigrant
Steel Business
Secret of Success:
“Vertical Integration”
bought out his suppliers
(iron mines) in order to
control raw materials
Controlled every aspect
of production!
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“Horizontal
Integration” –
Bought out competing
steel producers
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Sold company to J.P.
Morgan, 1901
$500 million
And Became world’s
richest man !!!
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Andrew Carnegie:
1. Founded over 2,000
libraries
Believed “anyone could
learn to educate themselves”
2.Carnegie Hall (1892)
3. Carnegie Mellon
University (1900)
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=_eaJpeg2syc
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=iLxCgF4JuKg
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“The man who dies rich… dies disgraced” –
Carnegie
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Business: “black gold” =
oil
His Standard Oil
Company Controlled
95% of oil refineries in
U.S.
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Forced competitors
out of business
MONOPOLY
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=O
2BKPeHNkxU
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Overall Business
Sentiment influenced
by:
1. Capitalism –
economic system
allows for private or
corporate ownership
Allows for
competition in free
market
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2. Laissez – Faire –
“let them alone”, “let
them be”
Business operates
WITHOUT government
interference/regulation
Good for the economy
bad for small business
owners
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1. Proprietorship : owned by individuals or
families
2. Partnership: owned by 2 or more people
3. Corporation: organizers raise capital ($) by
selling shares of stock to public
Stock- certificate of ownership
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=st3_8LE
Qvck
Video: Robber Barons of the Industrial Age
The gap widens between the “haves” and the “have nots”
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British Queen : 18371901
Set Social norms for
upper classes in Great
Britain
Influenced American
upper classes
“Victorian Morality”
“Victorian Age” or
“Gilded Age”
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1. Upper Class (Rich) –
10% of population
2. Middle Class* Can afford to live
comfortably.
•
Women can afford to be
“housewives”
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•
3. Working Poor –
Entire family MUST
work (husbands, wives,
children)
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Clerks
Managers
Teachers
Doctors
Lawyers
Bankers
Merchants
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Work outside home
Make $$ so that
Wives can afford NOT
to work.
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Can afford “help”
# of domestics = how
wealthy they are
Women DO NOT work,
and have “help” with
household chores,
children
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Had free time to:
Educate children
Read magazines
Write letters
Visit friends
Order servants
Gossip…
Host tea parties
shop
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Sent boys to college
Hoped girls would
“marry well”
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgnVXh
OZ99s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeLl89i
ncw8 1:10
Heritage Square Museum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr8pPV9vZk
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsgKava
Sk9w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpmhbi
11TIM
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Dictated socially
accepted behaviors
American codes of
conduct for the
wealthy influenced
by…
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1. Anyone can
improve his/herself
2. Social Reform
3. Work ethic & Self
Discipline
4. Good Manners!!
5. Interest in Arts
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Emphasis on morals!
Manners!
Proper Behavior!
The upper classes
dictate social norms!
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1. Never behaved or
dressed
inappropriately!
2. Could afford not to
work!
3. “perfect wives &
mothers”
4. Maintained a well
kept house
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The Women’s sphere –
the home!
Duty: to keep a
perfect home, raise
“moral” children
Man’s sphere: the
outside worldbusiness, politics
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A young woman’s
reputation meant
EVERYTHING
Women from Middle
/ Upper classes had 1
goal….
Find a suitable
husband!
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1. NEVER went out
without a chaperone
2. NEVER embraced
or kissed in public.
3. NEVER acted
obviously flirtatious
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•
•
•
•
NEVER…
1. used slang or bad
language.
2. chewed gum in
public.
3. fixed her
appearance (hair or
make-up) in public.
4. Tolerated
rudeness, crudeness
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1. Did not hold a ladies
arm, except when
support was needed
2. Opened doors
3. Stood up when a lady
entered a room
4. Always walked on
the outside when
walking with one or
more ladies.
5. Never took off their
coats
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1. a “stroll” in a park
(with chaperone
walking behind you)

2. Gentleman has
dinner/tea/brunch
with Lady’s family
3. Dances (ball)
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvmzVw
WdRB8
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1. Chaperone had to
be present (mother,
grandmother, older
sister, aunt…etc)
2. No obvious flirting
allowed!!!
3. Absolutely NO
contact
4. appropriate
conversations ( the
weather)
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“Secret Language” –
non-verbal
communication
1. use of fans
2. use of parasols
3. use of gloves
4. use of
handkerchiefs
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Young men allowed
to give gifts - “love
tokens”
1. flowers ( every
flower meant
something!)
2. jewelry
3. painted miniatures
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Every flower had a meaning!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWzrNhFkdA
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM9rAH4
JnlY
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Were bulldozed in the
1960’s
To make room for
modern skyscrapers…
The plight of the Working poor
Section 1: New immigrants
Section 2: Challenges of Urbanization
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1. People migrated
from small towns to
cities
2. 1860-1890 10
million Northern
European immigrants
(Germans, English,
Scottish, Welsh, Irish)
arrived
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3. “New Immigrants”
after 1890 Southern &
Eastern European
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Italians, Greeks, Slavs,
Armenians Jews
Left Europe due to:
famine, religious
persecution,
overpopulation
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4. Chinese Immigrants
1851-1883 300,000
Chinese arrived on
the west coast
Chinese Immigration
was limited in 1882 –
Chinese Exclusion Act
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5. Mexican
Immigrants
700,000 Mexican
immigrants arrived
after 1910 due to
Mexican Revolution
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1. Ellis Island- New
York 1892
2. Angel Island – San
Francisco 1910
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1. Customs officials
Americanize the
names of immigrants
Example:
“Schon Vergessen”
Changed to “Sean
Ferguson”
2. Health Inspections
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factory workers,
servants, manual
labor
Live in Extreme
poverty
ALL members of the
family work
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1. Tenement
Apartments
2. No sanitation codes
3. air, water, noise
pollution
4. crowded, filthy
streets
5. No indoor toilets
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2M9i1
Wy6IU
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By Jacob Riis
Published 1890
Revealed living
conditions of the poor
in Lower East Side
New York
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87SCTEsI
ufY
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Led to wider
knowledge and
sympathy towards
slum residents
Awareness of
dangerous conditions
in slums
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1901 New York State
Tenement House Bill
passed
New buildings
constructed around
open courtyard
1 bathroom per
apartment
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1. Construction of parks
& playgrounds in cities
(Central Park NYC 1st of its kind)
2. City planning public architecture to
beautify city
3. Sanitation codes
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Triangle Shirtwaist
Company, NYC
Labor Conditions:
Excessive hours
Low wages
Mostly immigrant
female workers
Average age: 15 years
old
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Fire started on top
floor
Workers trapped
No emergency exits
No emergency
ladders
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Firefighter’s ladders
too short!
Water did not reach
top floors
146 of 500 Workers
died
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City in shock, Many
witnessed tragedy
Testimonies –
“doors were kept locked”
“doors were blocked”
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The worst tragedy in
the history of NYC
until 9/11…
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Women organized
trade unions
Protest unsafe
working conditions
Worker’s rights
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Owners of factory
Sent to trial
Found innocent
“they did no know doors
were blocked”
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Individual lawsuits
Filed against owners
They agreed to pay
Victims families
$75 per dead relative
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Late 1800’s –early
1900s
The U.S. Experienced
growth in:
1.Industries/Economy
2. Population
(immigrants)
3. Cities
4. Technology
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Rapid growth
(industrialization &
urbanization) will
prompt social issues
1. poverty
2. crime
3. health, safety
Sanitation
4. worker’s rights
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Middle and Upper
classes
1.“domestic Spheres”social expectations
2. Victorian etiquette
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Lower classes
(working Poor)
1. Slums
2. Worker’s rights
3. sanitation
4. tenement
apartments
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1. Upton Sinclair The
Jungle (1906) Reveals the
horrific & unsanitary conditions
in the meatpacking industry(no regulation)
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Meat Inspection Act
(1906): Meat should be
packed under clean
conditions & with
required standards
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2. Theodore Dreiser
Sister Carrie (1900)
factory girl’s
experience
“18 yr. old country
girl who moves to
Chicago…is used by
men…eventually uses
men to become a
Broadway actress.”
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Spread message of
social reform
explore:
1. corruption in politics
and business
2.social problems (child
labor, prisons, poverty)
“muckrackers” –
progressive
investigative journalists
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1. Child Labor Act:
1916 outlawed
interstate sale
Of products
produced by child
labor
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2. Compulsory Public
Education (1870)
Purpose – to teach
kids…
Punctuality
Compulsory
Attendance
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1. Working Poor –
needed child’s wages
2. “Prison like”
discipline
3. Memorization
4. Protestant
Emphasis
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University for the
upper classes
4% of nation’s 18-21
year olds attended
Universities
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Campus Life…
Football seen as
“elite” sport
By 1900 becomes
collegiate “fall” ritual
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“Seven Sisters”
1.Barnard College (NY)
1889
2.Bryn Marr (PA) 1885
3.Mount Holyoke (MA)
1837
4. Radcliffe (MA) 1893
5. Smith (MA)
6. Vassar (NY) 1865
7. Wellsley (MA) 1875
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1. Harvard (MA) 1636
2. Yale (CN) 1701
3. University of
Pennsylvania 1740
4. Princeton (NJ) 1746
5. Columbia ( NY)1754
6. Brown (RI) 1764
7.Dartmouth (NH)
1769
8. Cornell (NY) 1865