Questions about enrollment, prerequisites, or
section? Please talk to me after lecture.
Econ 522
Economics of Law
Dan Quint
Fall 2015
Lecture 1
I’m Dan Quint, this is Econ 522,
Economics of Law
 If you’re trying to get into the class but not yet registered,
put your name and info on the yellow pad going around
 If you haven’t taken Econ 301 or the equivalent
elsewhere, talk to me after class
 If you have questions about section, please talk with the
TA (who I’ll introduce in a bit)
 Section will not meet this week
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Plan for today
 Logistics, schedule, textbooks, etc.
 Overview: what is the semester going to be about?
 Some history
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Common law and civil law traditions
Example: dead whales and baseballs
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Logistics/
Syllabus
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Website
 Course website:
http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~dquint/econ522
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(Or UW Econ  “Undergraduate”  “Course Information”  “522”)
(Or Google “Econ 522” or “Dan Quint” or…)
I’ll also be using Learn@UW for some things
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Get there through learnuw.wisc.edu or my.wisc.edu
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If you’re looking for it, it’s probably online
Website will have:
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Syllabus
Office hours
Homework assignments
Dates of midterms, date/location of
final (once announced)
My slides/lecture notes
Section notes/handouts
Sample exam problems
Learn@UW will have:
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Access to supplemental readings
Homework submission
Grades
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Logistics
 Teaching Assistant: Moheb Zidan
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Contact info on syllabus/website
Sections meetings begin next Friday (Sept 11)
Any questions about section – talk to TA
 Office hours
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Moheb: Wednesdays at 4 for this week and next, then TBA
Me: Tuesdays 3-5 – no appointment necessary, just drop by
Other times by appointment – best bet is EARLY in the semester
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Schedule
 No class September 23 and November 25
 Homework generally due midnight on Thursday,
so it can be discussed in section Friday
 Online submission via Learn@UW
 Please be sure it uploaded successfully!
 Midterms – in class: Mon October 19, Wed November 18
 Final exam Saturday Dec 19, 5-7 p.m., location TBA
 Please let me know EARLY if…
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you have an exam conflict, or
you’re a McBurney student and need accommodations for exams
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Readings
 “Recommended” textbook: R. Cooter
and T. Ulen, Law and Economics
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current version is 6th
older versions are fine
copies on reserve at Memorial Library and
Social Science Library (8th floor of Soc Sci)
 Another book I like: D. Friedman, Law’s Order
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available free online (link on syllabus)
(or it’s a $30 paperback)
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Readings
 Additional readings
available online
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Links on syllabus
PDFs on Learn@UW
Stars on syllabus next
to most important
 Other related books
listed on syllabus
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Grading
 Grades are based on
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occasional homeworks (probably 4) – 20%
two in-class midterms – 20% each
final exam – 40%
 Homework
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you’re welcome to work together on homework
I’m happy for you to discuss questions, ideas, answers together
but everyone should write up their own answers – copying
someone else’s answers word-for-word is not OK
if you do work with others, please note who you worked with on
your homework
 Attending lecture/section
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What is this
class about?
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What is this class going to be about?
 This class is not about the law
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Well, OK, it’s sort of about the law, but…
You’re not in law school
I’m not a lawyer, I’m an economist
It’s not my job to make you a better lawyer
It is my job to teach you to think like an economist
 Economics is not a bunch of facts, it’s a set of tools
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We can point these tools at just about anything
In this class, we’ll point them at laws and legal institutions
But we’re more interested in the tools than in the answers
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What is this class going to be about?
 what is Law and Economics?
 unsatisfying answer:
“thinking about the law like an economist”
 microeconomics is about how people respond to incentives
 we’ll be using microeconomics (including a little bit of game
theory) to analyze laws and legal systems
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the incentives they create
and the actions and outcomes they lead to
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“thinking about the law like an economist”:
different from thinking about the law like a lawyer
 suppose something has happened
 when a lawyer sees the case, the “damage is already done”
 what’s left?
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assign blame
maybe punish someone
maybe move money around
this is interesting to the people involved…
…but it’s not interesting to economists!
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So what about the law is interesting to
economists?
 before the incident happened, lots of decisions were made
 expectations/beliefs about what will happen after the fact
influence these decisions
 these decisions have an impact on outcomes
 and these decisions therefore affect how much value is
created (or destroyed) by society
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which is very interesting to economists
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So what about the law is interesting to
economists?
Decisions/
Actions
THE LAW
Compensation
Litigation
Something
happens
ECONOMISTS
(you and me)
LAWYERS
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How economists think – an example
You live in a state where the most severe criminal punishment
is life imprisonment. Someone proposes that since armed
robbery is a very serious crime, armed robbers should get
a life sentence.
A constitutional lawyer asks whether that is consistent with the
prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment.
A legal philosopher asks whether it is just.
An economist points out that if the punishments for armed
robbery and for armed robbery plus murder are the same, the
additional punishment for the murder is zero –
and asks whether you really want to make it in the interest
of robbers to murder their victims.
Friedman, Law’s Order, p. 8
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So that will be our focus in this class
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But of course, that’s not the whole story
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But of course, that’s not the whole story
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Areas of the law we’ll cover
 Property law
 Contract law
 Tort law
 Legal process
 Criminal law
 Other topics
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Finally, a warning:
I THINK THIS IS A HARD CLASS
 “thinking about things like an economist” can be hard
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This way of thinking comes naturally to some people…
…but not to others
If you “don’t get it”, you can’t get by memorizing a bunch of facts
Someone in this class will get a C who’s never gotten a C before
 Not trying to scare everyone off – I’d just rather say this
now than after the first midterm
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Plan for the rest of today…
 A bit of history
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the Common Law and Civil Law traditions
 An example
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dead whales (and baseballs)
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A bit of history
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A bit of history
 Two great Western legal traditions of the last millennium
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(English) Common Law
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Civil (Napoleonic) Law
 A little confusing, because “civil law” also refers to a
branch of the law within U.S. system
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Criminal law – deliberate illegal acts punished by government
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Civil law – lawsuits brought by one private party against another
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We’ll touch on both, but most of class will focus on civil law
issues, within both the Common Law and Civil Law traditions
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Basis of modern legal systems
(Source: Wikimedia Commons, via Washington Post WorldViews blog)
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Basis of modern legal systems
Common Law
Civil Law
Common + Civil
Religious Law
Customary Law
(Source: Wikimedia Commons, via Washington Post WorldViews blog)
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Basis of modern legal systems
Common Law
Civil Law
Common + Civil
Religious Law
Customary Law
(Source: Wikimedia Commons, via Washington Post WorldViews blog)
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Basis of modern legal systems
Common Law
Civil Law
Common + Civil
Religious Law
Customary Law
(Source: Wikimedia Commons, via Washington Post WorldViews blog)
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Basis of modern legal systems
Common Law
Civil Law
Common + Civil
Religious Law
Customary Law
(Source: Wikimedia Commons, via Washington Post WorldViews blog)
30
Basis of modern legal systems
Common Law
Civil Law
Common + Civil
Religious Law
Customary Law
(Source: Wikimedia Commons, via Washington Post WorldViews blog)
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Basis of modern legal systems
Common Law
Civil Law
Common + Civil
Religious Law
Customary Law
Common law, civil law, or mixture of the two forms basis of legal systems
covering 93% of the world’s population, and 97% of the world’s GDP
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The Common Law
 originated in 12th century England, under
King Henry II
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judges ruled according to local norms/customs
“go out and find the law as it’s being practiced”
now: new laws enacted by legislature
judges interpret law, rely heavily on precedents
each decision is a precedent for future cases
 so common law originally rooted in common practices; can
be changed by legislation; evolves with each new case
 basis for legal system in most English-speaking countries
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The Civil Law
 originated following French Revolution
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judges, like king, were viewed as “corrupt
and worthless”
Napoleon commissioned a group of legal
scholars to draft a new set of laws – the
Napoleonic Code
 less reliance on historical norms and precedents
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attempt to explicitly spell out the law, starting from blank slate
borrowed from 6th century Roman source
legal arguments appeal directly to written law, and commentary
 persists today in most of Western Europe, Central and
South America, and parts of Africa and Asia
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Comparing the Common Law and Civil Law
traditions
Civil Law
Common Law
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orig. 18th century France
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orig. 12th century England
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persists in Western Europe
and lots of other places
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persists in U.S., U.K., other
English-speaking countries
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based on “ancient sources
and pure reason” (group of
scholars with blank slate)
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based on existing practices
and social norms
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arguments focus on legal
precedents, so law evolves
as new precedents are set
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legal arguments appeal to
interpretation of the law
itself, and to commentary
which clarifies its meaning
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Comparing the Common Law and Civil Law
traditions
 “Spontaneous order versus planned order”
 Civil law was laid down at a particular time, meant to be
more static
 “The common law is not shaped by a single mind, but a
bottom-up aggregate of many individual plans”
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Respects existing customs and practices
Evolves as new laws are passed and new cases decided
 For an example of how the common law develops and
responds to local practices…
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Whaling
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A nice example of how the common law
responds to local norms and practices
 Question: who owns a dead whale?
 1700s-1800s – whales hunted for
oil, bone, other valuable products
 a captured whale could be worth 3-4 times a typical
family’s yearly income
 conflicts would sometimes arise over ownership
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What’s the problem?
It frequently happens that when several ships are cruising in
company, a whale may be struck by one vessel, then escape,
and be finally killed and captured by another vessel….
[Or] after a weary and perilous chase and capture of a whale, the
body may get loose from the ship by reason of a violent storm;
and drifting far away to leeward, be retaken by a second whaler,
who, in a calm, snugly tows it alongside, without risk of life or line.
Thus the most vexatious and violent disputes would often arise
between the fishermen…
- Melville, Moby Dick
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R. Ellickson, A Hypothesis of Wealth-Maximizing
Norms: Evidence from the Whaling Industry
 Examines 12 British and American court cases where
ownership of a dead whale was contested
 In each case, the local whaling industry had established
norm for determining ownership
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Norms differed from place to place…
…but were well-suited to that environment
 And in each case, the common-law court ruled in
accordance with these established norms
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One norm: “fast fish/loose fish”
 Established by British whalers
in Greenland fishery
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Prey were right whales
Hunting was done by harpoon
attached to whaling boat by rope
 A harpooned whale attached to a boat was a “fast fish”
and belonged to the boat it was attached to
 If the whale broke free, or had not yet been harpooned, it
was a “loose fish” and other ships were free to pursue it
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A different norm: “iron holds the whale”
 Used in fisheries where sperm whales
were hunted
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sperm whales swim faster, dive deeper,
fight harder
hunted with harpoons attached to “drogues”
sperm whales swim in schools
 The rule that developed:
“iron holds the whale”
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if you harpoon a whale first, you own it…
…as long as you remain in “fresh pursuit”
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Clear tradeoff between the two rules
 “Iron holds the whale” is more complicated/ambiguous
 “Fast fish/loose fish” is simpler/clearer
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“[Whalers] would tend to prefer… bright-line rules that would
eliminate arguments to fuzzy rules that would prolong disputes.”
But wouldn’t work well with sperm whales, given how they were
hunted
 Tradeoff between simpler rule versus better incentives
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Simpler rule is easier to implement, fewer disputes
But more complicated rule might be able to provide better
incentives
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A third norm developed where finback whales
were hunted
 Finbacks are extremely fast swimmers
 19th-century whalers hunted them with bomb lances
 Dead finbacks would sink, wash up on shore days later
 Norm developed that original killer and the finder of the
whale would split it
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Ghen v Rich (1881)
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Conclusions from Ellickson
 Ellickson’s emphasis: in each location, norms developed
which were well-suited to that particular environment
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“When people are situated in a close-knit group, they will tend to
develop for the ordinary run of problems norms that are wealthmaximizing.”
 My point: in every case, the judge ruled in accordance
with the local custom
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“Anglo-American whaling norms seem to have emerged
spontaneously, not from decrees handed down by either
organizational or governmental authorities. In fact, whalers’
norms not only did not mimic law; they created law. In the
dozen reported Anglo-American cases in which ownership of a
whale carcass was contested, judges invariably held proven
whalers’ usages to be reasonable and deferred to those rules.”
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So that’s whaling law
 To connect it to more modern concerns…
 I found a legal brief using same principles to determine
ownership of a souvenir baseball
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Ownership of Barry Bonds’ 73rd home run ball was disputed
Alex Popov had the ball in his glove first, but lost it in the scrum
Patrick Hayashi ended up with the ball, both wanted it
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The brief perfectly captures the essence of the
common law system:
“Simply put, the Court should adopt a rule of first possession for
baseballs that recognizes the longstanding customs and practices of
baseball fans who for more than seventy years have competed to catch
and gain title to baseballs that leave the field of play…
With these principles in mind, the Court should define the law of first
possession of baseballs… by answering two questions:
First, what is the custom, practice, and understanding of baseball
fans about first possession and title to baseballs that enter the stands?
Second, should the rules as practiced in the stands be modified to
minimize the risk of violence, misconduct, and tortious behavior?”
- Brian Gray, “Report and Recommendations on
the Law of Capture and First Possession”
(in the end, ball was sold for $450,000, proceeds were split 50/50)
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So that’s a bit of law
 Next Wednesday, we’ll do some economics!
 Not registered? Name on the yellow pad
 Hope to have news soon
 Haven’t taken Econ 301? Come talk to me
 Questions about section? Talk to TA
 See you all next Wednesday
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