Jackson – One
1828 – 1832
Theme:
Politicking in 1828 / or “Shall the People Rule?”
1.
The Election of 1828:
“The Revolution of 1828”
Issues:
The Age of the Common Man
*1. Universal Manhood Suffrage = created a Mobocracy – “A madness
for equality.” pg. 239
* 2.The Tariff of Abominations – used by Jacksonians to discredit J.Q.
Adams and “Federalist Republicans” pg.242 (pg. 240 Industry in New
England)

The Tariff was passed into law – May 19, 1828
J.C. Calhoun (Vice President) secretly writes 
*The South Carolina Exposition and Protest 1828 (pg 247) – 8 resolutions
calling the tariff unconstitutional.  “Doctrine of Nullification” (The doctrine is
based on the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - p. 207)
The Democratic Republicans
Jackson – 178 E. Votes
vs.
Calhoun – V.President
647,286 56%
The National Republicans
John Q. Adams – 83 E.Votes
Richard Rush
508,064
44%
Philosophy of the emerging two new political parties pg.240
Jackson Democrats
Strict Construction
States rights
Anti Tariffs
Anti Bank
Pro Slavery
Big City political bosses
Common man party
Equality/Egalitarianism
Western Farmers
Plantation Owners
Immigrants
Jackson: Leader
National Republicans (Whigs-1831)
Loose Construction
Federal Government Supreme (nationalists)
Pro Tariffs
Pro Bank
anti slavery/abolition
Pro-business + Laissez-faire p. 255
Businessmen + Southern Bankers +
Industrialists
Jackson Haters/Federalist
Ambitious Western Farmers & factory
Workers of the East
Anti-Mason and Anti-Immigrant p.252
Webster + Calhoun + Clay : Leaders
*March 4, 1829 – Inauguration – “King Mob” replaced law and order in
America. (Jackson movie: The New America)
“Political Machines” and the spoils system resulted from UMS (Universal manhood
Suffrage) Repeat voters, stuffing ballot box, and “creative counting”).
2.
Jackson the Man – “Old Hickory” p. 243
6’1’’ 140 lbs, 2 bullets / 1st President born in the West / called “King
Andrew” by his enemies.
3.
“The Spoils System”- Jackson is the Father of the Spoils
System = (“Jobs for Votes”) pg.242
Gerrymandering
Logrolling p.242
Caucus
Lobbying
Mudslinging p.243
Rotation-in-office (Amsco pg 186)
Jackson’s personal platform: How Jackson won the support of the Masses!!! p. 242-243
*1) Suspicion of the upper classes and big business, typified by BUS, which
Jackson vetoed in 1832
*2) Freedom of economic opportunity, including elimination of Indians to open
up their lands for white expansion. Helped the western farmer get free or cheap
land.
*3) Increased voting rights (for white men, at least).
*4) General opening of the political process to the lower and middle classes =
“rotation in office.”
4.
The Webster / Hayne Debate: 1829-1830 (Internet)
-a debate that began over public land policy that degenerated into an
argument over whether slavery should be allowed to expand into the Louisiana
Purchase; this involved the nature of The Union. (Remember the Tallmadge
Amendment! Pg. 229) this was a sectional fight over slavery = SECTIONALISM
– being concerned with the economic and social interests of one geographic
region of a country over other regions.
= The States Rights Position (Robert Hayne of South Carolina) Vs. The Position of
the Nationalist (Daniel Webster of Massachusetts)
*Daniel Webster = “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
inseparable.”
* Put speech on your graphic organizer.
5. April 1830 – Jefferson Day Dinner (pg. 248)
*Jackson – “Our Federal Union it must be preserved…” (Federal Government
Supreme)
*Calhoun – “The Union – next to our liberty the most dear…” (States Rights)
6. 1831 – The Kitchen Cabinet (pg. 243) / and the Eaton Affair
*Secretary of War Eaton/his wife Peggy Eaton.
* Calhoun’s wife and other cabinet wives refused to
attend gathering when she was present.
7. De Tocqueville (a Frenchman who came to America). He wrote a book,
“Democracy in America” its premise – what makes American society so different
from European society?????---Americans do not seem to categorize people into
social classes. He notes the effects of a democratic society in providing equality
and opportunity. He notes the impact access to land ownership has on
individual citizens of all classes. P. 255
8. 1831 – 1833 “Trail of Tears” p.246 The Indian Removal Act
*”By the end of the 1830s virtually all important Indian societies east of the
Mississippi had been removed to the West. They lived, divided by tribe into a
series of reservations in a territory surrounded by a string of US forts, in a region
whose climate and topography bore little relation to anything they had known
before.” (Brinkley p.234) = The Oklahoma Territory.
*The objective of Jackson’s Indian Policy: Jackson the Indian fighter before he
became President, simply removed Native Americans to reservations in the
West as President. = Removal to reservations In the West!
* Supreme Court told Jackson he could not remove the Indians: Worcester v.
Georgia = Supreme Court decision that dealt directly with Native American
territorial rights! MAP p. 248
9. Nullification Crisis – 1832 – The “Nullies” pg. 247
The Tariff of 1832 did not meet the demands of the South for lower tariffs.
So In November a popularly elected convention met and nullified the tariffs of
1828 and 1832!!!!!
*Secede- to withdraw from!!!
*Force Bill or Force Act – act of Congress, March 1833, allowing Jackson to use
the military to enforce the tariff. (Like Washington in the Whiskey Rebellion)
*Quote: “If one drop of blood be shed there in defiance of the laws of the United
States of America, I’ll hang the first one of them I find to the first tree I can find."
*Compromise Tariff – 1833 / Clay’s second Great compromise!!!!!
10. The Whig Party 1833 - The Anti Jackson/Anti-Mason Party
(Pg. 254-255) -They opposed Autocratic Rule of King
Andrew!!)
* “The political philosophy that became known as Whiggery favored
expanding the power of the federal government and encouraging industrial and
commercial development.” (Brinkley p. 238) Whigs were strongest among the
more substantial merchants, and manufacturers of the Northeast, the wealthier
planters of the South, and the ambitious farmers and rising commercial class of the
West. (They opposed “King Andrew”)
Jackson’s Second Term
1832--1836
Robert Remini – Biographer of A. Jackson.
Theme: “I will kill the Bank” NO NO NICKO
Political Issue: 1. The Nullification Crisis. = (the Nullies)
2. The Spoils System
3. The Bank of the United States
1.
The Election of 1832
*Don’t know much about history. (p.127) – The Whigs
The National Republicans)
The Whigs (in the next election)
*Henry Clay
The Democrats
Democratic Republican
* Andrew Jackson
* Martin Van Buren
Third Party
The Anti Masons
William Wirt
*The First National
Nominating Convention
* America’s first third
party
Issues:
1. The Bank- Attempt to re-charter the Bank early – sponsored by Henry
Clay p. 249-251
2. Tariff of 1832
3. “King Andrew”
4. 2nd Great Awakening – 1790 = Anti-Masons (p. 252)
5. Unions in The Jacksonian Era demanded Public Education p. 241
Anomaly – Jackson the advocate of “Rotation in office p. 243” decided he needed to
stay in office.*1st 3rd Party = Anti-Masons (Jackson was a Mason!)
2. The Force Bill (The Act of congress that allowed Jackson to use U.S. troops to collect
tariffs in South Carolina) = Compromise Tariff of 1833
3. The War on the Bank = The Monster is Destroyed!!! p. 251-252
Jackson could not legally abolish the Bank before the expiration of its
charter (1836). But he weakened it by removing the government’s deposits from it.
He did this during the Congressional Recess of 1833. (the summer of 1833.) This
caused Congress to Censor Jackson, he is the only President to be censored. His
secretary of the Treasury believed that such an action; would destabilize the
financial system and refused to give the order to move Federal funds. Jackson
fired him and appointed a replacement. When the new secretary of the Treasury
similarly procrastinated, Jackson fired him too. Then Jackson named Roger B.
Taney, the new Secretary of the Treasury. (Taney was a close friend and loyal ally
of the president.)
*The consequence of Jackson’s war on the Bank was: 1833-34 a recession
plagued the USA.
*Jackson blamed Nicholas Biddle (the president of the BUS) for the recession.
The Banks charter ran out in 1836- THE Second BANK of the USA Died!
*Wildcat Banks
*Nicholas Biddle – The President of the BUS
*Plutocracy
*Roger B. Taney (3rd Sec. of Treasury)
*Pet Banks-Pg 272 *Specie Circular (Payment for loans in gold
or silver coin only.) = pg 272
*Over speculation 1835-36, plus The species circular, plus
Jackson’s War on the Bank – Will cause The Panic of 1837.
4. The Indians: Oklahoma is Indian Territory
Immigration – the flood of Irish immigrants coming to America had
begun.
The History of U.S. Indian Policy:
1) Colonial Indian Policy – regulate trade with the Indians and
purchase the Indians’ land.
2) Post-Revolutionary War Indian Policy – buy Indian lands,
separate the Indians from the Whites, punish any Whites who
violated the boundaries;
3) The Indian Removal Act of 1830 – set up a plan for Indian
resettlement west of the Mississippi River, it gave the President the
power to negotiate with various Indian groups, Jackson administered
94 Indian treaties, and by 1840 most Indians had been forced from
their lands east of the Mississippi River (the American Tradition – p.
176)
i.e.The Cherokee / Seminole = Trail of Tears
1814 1818 1831 1832 1835-1842 -
Jackson defeats Creek Indians
First Seminole Indian War
Trail of Tears
Indian Rebellion in Illinois and Wisconsin
Jeff Davis and Abe Lincoln Vs. Black Hawk Rebellion
2nd Seminole Indian War (1837 -Osceola Captured)
5. Jan. 30, 1835 – Richard Lawrence – tried to assassinate Jackson
6. The War for Texas Independence!! Texans will fight against Mexico.
*Read 278-279- “Mexican or Texican” WHO OWNED MEXICO?!!
1823- The “Old 300” – Steve Austin began settlement; by 1825 there
were only 1800 Americans in Texas.
1830 – New law – Mexico enacted a new colonization policy – no
more immigration, slavery was declared to be illegal
1835 – Sporadic fighting begins between Texicans and Mexico;
Texas sets up a provisional government
1836 – Feb. – Santa Anna attempts to destroy the rebellion in San
Antonio, Texas. Texans resisted at the Alamo - Davy Crockett,
Colonel Travis, Jim Bowie
1836 – March – The Mexicans defeat the Texas army at Goliad and
kill 300 prisoners
1836 – April 21st – Sam Houston leads the Texans to a victory at the
battle of San Jacinto- Santa Anna is captured.
1837 – March – U.S. recognizes Texas as an independent Nation
* Sam Houston- will become the President of Texas/Washington on
the Brazos = the capital of Texas.
* Texas will become an independent nation = Lone Star Republic
7. Back to the Bank
Specie Circular issued by Jackson/ Death of the Bank – 1836
pg. 252
Martin Van Buren
1836 – 1840
“The Little Magician”
Theme: “New York City!” or The reign of the fair haired boy
1.
The Election of 1836
Issues: 1.Texas
2.Public Land Boom
3. 1836-Distribution Act-federal government gave
“surpluses” to the states.
4. Jackson’s “Species Circular”
The Election:
Democrats Run – Martin Van Buren
*He was the favorite of Andy Jackson (p.250-251)
The Candidates
.
The Whigs – Choose* Favorite Son – candidates in 1836
-The Whigs 1st emerged in 1833-previously they were the National
Republicans.
– Run their 1st national campaign as Whigs in 1836.
- National Republicans – former name
- Opposed to King Andrew as early as 1828.
- First emerged as an identifiable group in the Senate in 1834 (leaders:
Clay and Calhoun).
-Strategy: Run regional candidates / split the vote / let the house pick
the president!!!
Term: Party Platform –a Statement of Party Principles.
Whigs
(Three Regional Candidates)
William Henry Harrison – Ohio
Daniel Webster – Massachusetts
Hugh Lawson – Tennessee
124 votes( as a group)
Democrats
Martin Van Buren
Richard M Johnson
V.
170 –E.C. Vote
.
2.
The Legacy of A. Jackson
* Andrew Jackson was nicknamed King Andy because of the way he increased
the power and the influence of the presidency and executive branch.
* He killed the Bank
* He led the common men into national politics.
*He united common men into a powerful party. (Irish and German Catholics
joined the Democrats) – The Jacksonian Democratic Party.
*He proved common men could be trusted with the vote.
*He encouraged” the spoils system”
*His financial policies were unsound – they caused thousands of Bank Failures.
3.
Martin Van Buren – “The Little Magician”
Not a self-made man / “First class second-rate man” / Easygoing
*1st President born under the American flag.
*Nicknamed the Wizard of Albany.
*Intelligent, *Educated, *Experienced.
*Resented by most Democrats – because he was made a candidate as a
spokesperson for the machine. He was not a self made man.
He IS the Father of the DEMOCRATIC PARTY
4.
Rebellion in Canada 1837
*Frontier troubles – led to friction once again with England.
*Frontier problems in Texas – made Anti-Slavery men angry!! – Texas
applied for Statehood and she might become a slave state.
5.
The Panic of 1837 p. 252
Cause:
#1 Overspeculation
*By Get-Rich-quick-gamblers in Western Land.
*Money used was “Wild cat bank” paper currency.
*Not only did speculators invest in land but also in canals, roads,
railroads, and slaves.
#2 The Specie Circular: Gold or Silver Coins ONLY
#3 Failure of Wheat Crops – Mobs broke into New York City
warehouses to steal flour – Because the price of wheat was so high.
#4 1836 – Two British banks failed – British investors needed money –
so they told Americans who had borrowed money from them to repay their
loans immediately!
***Consequence of the financial crunch (or The Panic) – Shortage
of money!!!!
#1 Banks collapsed – some of the “Pet Banks”
#2 Money collected as customs taxes – dried up.
#3 Factories in the U.S. closed down.
#4 Unemployment followed.
MassiveUnemployment/ Business failures/Few
loans/High Interest Rates/Breadlines
***A Depression hit America  An Economic slow
down.
In 1837 the Oregon Trail opened the Northwest to Massive settlement!!!! Many who
had lost everything went west to start over
*Philosophical Problem: Van Buren + ( Andy Jackson )– Opposed to
Hamiltonian “Big Business” Ideas, Van Buren could not bring himself to use
tools of the Whigs to help the situation.
i.e…
- 1.Expansion of Bank Credit
- 2.higher tariffs
- 3.Subsidies for internal improvements.
6.
So Van Buren Created the “Divorce Bill”
*Take U.S. funds out of the Banking System Altogether.

*Put U.S. Government funds in Vaults in large cities – Keep it safe – But
don’t let private Bankers use the government money. This killed available
credit at a time when businesses were desperate for CAPITAL !!!
****1840 – The Independent Treasury Bill passed Congress.
****Martin Van Ruin – failed to deal with the Depression. But by 1840, The
Country’s Economy was Rebounding.