AP WORLD HISTORY
Possible Final Exam
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Exploration
1. Which of the following distinguished the empires of Western Europe from other empires?
A) They spread diseases to conquered peoples.
B) They were initiated by maritime expansion.
C) They were created by merchants.
D) They were accompanied by religious conversion of conquered peoples.
2. Which of the following regions experienced the least racial mixing and was the least willing to recognize the
offspring of interracial unions?
A) Brazil
B) British North America
C) The Caribbean
D) Mexico
3. Which of the following was a reason that Portugal, Spain, France, and Britain were the first to expand into the
New World?
A) These lands had a long tradition of distant exploration.
B) These lands were on the Atlantic coast and were closer to the Americas.
C) These lands believed in ancient legends of a lost world across the ocean.
D) These lands lacked iron, which drove them to search for deposits.
4. Why did some Native Americans aid the Spanish in their initial invasion of the New World?
A) To acquire gold and jewels
B) To learn about European culture
C) To appease the gods
D) To gain an advantage against their own enemies
5. The colonial economy of the Spanish Empire in former Aztec and Inca lands was
A) dependent on the import of African slaves for labor.
B) based on commercial agriculture and mining.
C) supported by piracy and smuggling.
D) administered by Spanish missionaries.
6. How did many Native Americans in Mesoamerica and Peru respond to Spanish missionaries’ efforts to convert
them to Catholicism?
A) They rejected Catholicism completely.
B) They blended their old customs into Catholic practices.
C) They only pretended to be Catholic when Europeans were around.
D) They abandoned their old religions and embraced Catholicism entirely.
7. Which of the following motivated Europeans to venture across the Atlantic Ocean?
A) Their monopoly of oceanic trade in the Indian Ocean
B) Rivalries between competing European states
C) An interest in foreign cultures and languages
D) The spread of the Black Death
8. Which of the following describes slavery in Latin America?
A) Large-scale importation of new slaves continued into the nineteenth century.
B) Living and working conditions for slaves were similar to those of poor white men.
C) Slaves became self-reproducing after 1750.
D) Slaves could not be set free by their owners nor could they buy their freedom.
9. In contrast to the Portuguese and Spanish colonists in Latin America, British colonists in North America
A) married indigenous women more frequently and were less racist.
B) sought to escape rather than re-create European traditions in the Americas.
C) were almost exclusively male and Catholic.
D) faced many class restrictions.
10. What contributed to higher literacy rates in the British colonies in North America than in the Spanish and
Portuguese colonies in Latin America?
A) Protestantism, which was practiced by most British colonists, encouraged reading the Bible for
oneself.
B) The British government invested massive funds into building libraries throughout North America.
C) Spanish and Portuguese colonizers thought Native Americans could not be taught to read.
D) The Spanish and Portuguese governments discouraged literacy among the colonial population to
reduce the chance of rebellions.
11. Which of the following describes a feature of Qing China’s policy toward its possessions in central Asia?
A) A massive migration of Chinese settlers into the area
B) A concerted effort to assimilate the local populations into Chinese society
C) Respect for the different cultures of the region
D) The imposition of a special tax on Muslims
12. How did Chinese and Russian expansion into Central Asia affect the nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppe
lands?
A) They no longer enjoyed political independence and economic prosperity.
B) They were absorbed into Chinese and Russian society.
C) They abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and enjoyed success as merchants.
D) They formed a military confederation and successfully fought for their independence.
13. The Mughal ruler Akbar favored policies that promoted
A) a cosmopolitan and hybrid Indian-Persian-Turkic culture.
B) the forced conversion of Hindus to Islam.
C) a distinctly Islamic identity.
D) the removal of non-Muslims from high office.
14. Which of the following was an outcome of the establishment of European empires in the Americas?
A) A shift in the global balance of power in favor of Russia
B) The emergence of an Atlantic world connecting four continents
C) The spread of smallpox from the Americas to Eurasia
D) A sharp decline in population in Europe and Asia
15. Which of the following contributed to the great dying in the Americas?
A) A volcanic eruption and an earthquake that caused massive flooding
B) A prolonged drought which made farming impossible
C) The frequent warfare between the Aztec and Inca Empires
D) Native Americans’ lack of immunity to European and African diseases
16. What did the introduction of domesticated animals into the Americas make possible?
A) Ranching economies
B) Plantation crops
C) The Industrial Revolution
D) The slave trade
17. Which of the following is an example of the Columbian exchange?
A) The emergence of Western Europeans on the world stage
B) The introduction of corn and potatoes into the Afro-Eurasian diet
C) The rivalry between Catholic Spain and Protestant England
D) The interaction between the Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations
18. Which of the following policies reflects mercantilist thinking?
A) Discouraging exports
B) Encouraging free trade
C) Using slave labor
D) Accumulating precious metals
19. Which of the following dominated the agricultural economy in British North America?
A) Large estates that directly employed native workers
B) Land that was owned by the British crown and leased to individual settlers
C) Small-scale independent farmers working their own land
D) Sugar plantations worked by slave labor
20. Which of the following was a reason Russia expanded beginning in the sixteenth century?
A) To control the Silk Roads
B) To secure its borders from attack
C) To gain access to gunpowder weapons
D) To monopolize the spice trade
21. Which of the following resulted from Russia’s westward expansion in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries?
A) A program of westernization in Russia
B) Russia’s monopoly of the fur trade
C) The incorporation of Slavic-speaking Ukrainians and Belorussians into the empire
D) The conversion of the Russian royal family to Islam
22. An important effect of the Columbian Exchange on Europe was—
A) the division of European Christians into Catholics and Protestants
B) a growth in population with the introduction of new foods
C) a decline in feudalism as people moved to towns
D) the introduction of horses as work animals
23. Which best summarizes the impact of European colonization on the Inca and Aztec civilizations?
A Aztec and Inca natives were generally replaced by enslaved peoples brought from Africa.
B These empires were replaced by a new culture blending local traditions, Catholicism and
Spanish rule.
C These civilizations adopted Protestantism as a means of resisting Spanish rule.
D Local rulers
24. Which was a major reason for the expansion of Europe during the period 1450 to 1750?
A Europeans wanted to exploit the resources found in the Americas.
B Native Americans asked Europeans to provide them with new technologies.
C European rulers were seeking a place to settle excess population.
D Europeans sought to learn about Native American cultures.
Dominated trade routes between Europe and Asia.
The land route from Europe to Asia was shorter and more direct through their empire.
The greatest power in Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean until the 1600s.
25. Which empire is described by the statements above?
A Egyptian Empire
B Ottoman Empire
C Han China
D Napoleonic Empire
26.
27.
28. What impact did the Ottoman Empire have on global trade?
A) It encouraged European nations to invest in ocean-going travel, which they believed would be
faster and not subject to Ottoman control.
B) The Ottomans built modern roads to help travelers through their territory.
C) The Ottomans used their monopoly over the land routes to Asia to bar Europeans from travel
along the same routes.
D) It blocked Europeans from selling goods in Asia because their products competed with
Ottoman goods.
29. Which best describes how Jews and Christians were treated by the Ottoman Empire in the
seventeenth centuries?
A) The practice of any religion, other than Islam, was strictly prohibited.
B) Jews and Christians lived in self-governing communities and paid special taxes.
C) A special inquisition punished any resident who refused to convert to Islam.
sixteenth and
D)
Jews and Christians were rewarded with key posts in the Sultan’s administration.
30. What impact did the Ottoman Empire have on Eastern Europe?
A) Islam spread to some parts of Eastern Europe.
B) Most Christians were forced to flee from Eastern Europe.
C) Eastern Europe developed more rapidly than Western Europe.
D) Eastern Europeans fell under the influence of the Catholic Church.
31. Which of these events during the Age of Exploration was a cause of the other three?
A) Europeans brought food, animals, and ideas from one continent to another
B) European diseases had an adverse effect on the native populations of new territories
C) warfare increased as European nations competed for land and power
D) advances in learning and technology made long ocean voyages possible
32. In Latin America during the early period of Spanish colonialism, the deaths of large numbers of the native
people led to
A) a decline in Spanish immigration to the Americas
B) the removal of most Spanish troops from the Americas
C) the importation of slaves from Africa
D) improved health care in the colonies
33. In many Latin American nations, a major effect of colonial rule has been the
A) concentration of power in a small group of landowners
B) minor political role of the military
C) equal distribution of wealth among social classes
D) economic control held by the Indian population
34. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be
A) acquired as markets and sources of raw materials
B) considered an economic burden for the colonial power
C) grated independence as soon as possible
D) encouraged to develop their own industries
35. Which statement best illustrates the contradictory actions of the Catholic Church in colonial Latin America?
A) the Jesuits destroyed the temples of the Native Americans, but allowed them to continue their
religious rituals
B) the Church expressed concern over the mistreatment of Native Americans, but supported the
encomienda system
C) the Church moved many Native Americas from Spanish territory to Portuguese territory, but
encouraged the importation of African slaves
D) the Pope endorsed the Treaty of Tordesillas, but outlawed further exploration
36. Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by
A) abolishing all social class distinctions
B) becoming constitutional monarchs
C) preventing wars with neighboring nations
D) introducing western ideas and customs
37. This commodity played a large role in the expansion of both Russia in Siberia and France in Canada
A) Coffee
B) Gold
C) Fur
D) Tobacco
38. This New World region saw the importation of the most slaves
A) Virginia
B) Cuba
C) Mexico
D) Brazil
39. How does Capitalism differ from Mercantilism?
A) Capitalism emphasizes state controlled accumulation of wealth while Mercantilism gives merchants
more local control
B) Capitalism is socialistic than Mercantilism
C) Capitalism emphasizes free market ideals while Mercantilism is focused on state controlled
economy
D) Capitalism is more concerned with land based trade while Mercantilism is more concerned with sea
borne trade
40. The Encomienda system most resembled Russian serfdom in that
A) Both uses laborers to work on agriculture and other projects
B) Both legally enslaved their labor force
C) Both were imposed by foreign conquerors
D) Both drew their labor force from prisoners of war
AP World – Atlantic Revolutions
1. Which group had the greatest success in converting people outside of Europe to Christianity?
A) Jesuit missionaries in China
B) Spanish Catholic missionaries in the Philippines
C) Puritan missionaries in New England
D) Portuguese missionaries in West Africa
2. Which of the following was generally more true of Catholics than Protestants in European colonies?
A) Catholics built more simply designed churches.
B) Catholics were more intent on converting native peoples.
C) Catholics were more opposed to slavery.
D) Catholics encouraged literacy in the local population.
3. Which of the following was a goal of the Wahhabi movement?
A) To return to the absolute monotheism of authentic Islam
B) To promote religious blending and syncretism in Islam
C) To encourage religious tolerance
D) To expand the rights of women under Islamic law
4. Which of the following describes European reaction to the syncretic religions of African slave communities in
the New World?
A) Tolerance
B) Acceptance
C) Conversion
D) Suppression
5. Both Wang Yangmin in his view of Confucianism and Martin Luther in his view of Christianity
A) attacked local customs as idolatry and sought to purify their respective traditions.
B) invoked divine will to justify the power and privileges of the elite.
C) argued that individuals could find their own path to virtue and salvation.
D) fought for religious tolerance and social justice for the poor and oppressed.
6. Why did Sikhism evolve from a peaceful religion into a militant community?
A) Violence was more effective at gaining converts.
B) Punjab, where Sikhism was founded, was torn apart by a civil war.
C) The British military trained them to be militants.
D) They had to defend themselves against both Mughal and Hindu hostility.
7. How was the Enlightenment related to the Scientific Revolution?
A) The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the physical
universe.
B) The Enlightenment refers to people’s growing awareness of the Scientific Revolution.
C) The Enlightenment inspired the Scientific Revolution.
D) The Enlightenment was a Protestant movement, while the Scientific Revolution was a Catholic
movement.
8. Why did the Chinese imperial court initially welcome the Jesuit missionaries?
A) The Chinese state saw the political and military success of the European states as a demonstration
of the power of the Christian God.
B) The Chinese people had been defeated, their societies disrupted, and their cultural confidence
shattered.
C) The Jesuits’ knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, technology, geography, and mapmaking was
useful to the Chinese.
D) The Jesuits far outnumbered the Chinese and had already converted the vast majority of the
nomadic peoples in the steppes north of China.
9.Which of the following marked a major turning point in the relationship between China and Christian missionaries?
A) The Catholic Church’s crushing of the Taki Onqoy movement
B) The pope’s claim of authority over Chinese Christians
C) The issuance of the Edict of Nantes
D) The emergence of Wahhabi Islam
10.What similar feature did Andean Christianity and Mexican Christianity share?
A) Both defined Christian rituals as civil observances rather than religious practices.
B) Both condemned the Christian ritual of Holy Communion as a kind of cannibalism.
C) Both used Christian communities to organize rebellions against Spanish rule.
D) Both reinterpreted Christian practices within the framework of local customs.
11.Which of the following did all Enlightenment thinkers share?
A) The notion of the divine right of kings
B) The principle of gender equality
C) The belief in progress and reason
D) The conviction that Christianity was the only universal religion
12.Which of the following reflects the Enlightenment view of the innate qualities of the individual?
A) Intolerant, close-minded, and hypocritical
B) Conservative, complacent, and obedient
C) Aggressive, neurotic, and irrational
D) Thoughtful, rational, and independent
13.Which of the following is a value that the Marquis de Condorcet held in high esteem?
A) Faith
B) Progress
C) Stability
D) Tolerance
14 .In contrast to the American Revolution, the French Revolution
A) drew on Enlightenment ideas about liberty.
B) sought to re-create society from scratch.
C) sought to preserve existing liberties rather than to establish new ones.
D) experienced no participation by women.
15. Which of the following was an outcome of the American Revolution?
A) Political authority no longer resided in the hands of pre-Revolutionary colonial elites.
B) Enlightenment ideals were increasingly rejected as part of a quest for stability.
C) Universal voting rights were established in the former colonies.
D) Existing democratic tendencies in the colonial societies were accelerated.
16.Which of the following was an effect of the Haitian Revolution throughout the Atlantic world?
A) The movement to abolish slavery collapsed as fear of free slaves grew.
B) Slave owners and whites were filled with a deep caution and fear.
C) Runaway slaves from Brazil, Jamaica, and Louisiana sought refuge in Haiti.
D) The French Revolution’s principles were discredited.
17.Which of the following is one reason why the Spanish American revolutions took longer and were more difficult
than the (North) American Revolution?
A) Language barriers
B) Greater wealth in Spain than in Britain
C) Divisions of class, race, and region within Spanish America
D) Stability of the royal government in Spain
18.In Latin America, creole elites pursued independence and political change out of a fear that
A) the United States was growing too powerful.
B) the Church was gaining too much control over the government.
C) social unrest from the lower classes and nonwhites would get out of control.
D) new colonists from Spain and Portugal were going to displace them by seizing their land.
19. The Atlantic revolutions were inspired by the Enlightenment belief that political and social arrangements
A) were driven by economic forces.
B) could be improved by human action.
C) should be regulated by church authority.
D) were justified by the divine right of kings.
20. The American Revolution erupted as a response to increasing
A) British control over the economic affairs of the colonies.
B) social tensions within the colonies.
C) population pressure on the land.
D) popular demands for decolonization.
21. Which of the following is true about women’s participation in the French Revolution?
A) Women took on leading roles in the revolutionary government.
B) Women were unified in their defense of Queen Marie Antoinette against the revolutionaries.
C) Women of all classes joined in the major events of the revolution.
D) Women repeatedly spoke out against the violence unleashed by the revolution.
22. Which of the following was an outcome of the Haitian Revolution?
A) Equality of citizenship for all whites
B) Definition of political citizenship as “black”
C) Establishment of political rights for all
D) Entrance of women into the public sphere
23. What did the leaders of the various independence movements in Latin America do to gain the support of the
general population?
A) Preserve regional identities and racial divisions to appease popular demands
B) Challenge the Catholic Church’s control over colonial politics
C) Abolish the feudal system of landownership and institute a land to the tiller program
D) Appeal to nativist feelings by defining all those born in the Americas as “Americanos”
24. The Atlantic revolutions challenged the absolute and divine authority of
A) nations.
B) republics.
C) monarchies.
D) empires.
25. The Reign of Terror was imposed and controlled by:
A) The Second Coalition
B) the Swiss Guard
C) the National Assembly
D) the Committee of Public Safety
26. One reason that the United States avoided the frightful excesses of the French Revolution is that
A) the American Revolution suddenly overturned the entire political framework.
B) The American Revolution did not attempt to create a new society from scratch
C) cheap land was easily available and America had few landed aristocrats..
D) a strong sense of class consciousness already existed.
27. What did the New England Puritans in North America emphasize?
A) Religious tolerance
B) Conversion of native peoples
C) Education and civic responsibility
D) Reconciliation with the Catholic Church
28. What condition in Europe that was absent in China and the Islamic world contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
A) The relative independence of European universities
B) The superiority of the libraries in Western Europe
C) Europe’s leadership in the fields of mathematics and medicine after 1000 C.E.
D) The merging of the study of the natural order with philosophy and theology
29. One important result of the French Revolution was that
A) France enjoyed a lengthy period of peace and prosperity
B) the church was restored to its former role and power in the French government
C) political power shifted to the bourgeoisie
30. Which statement is a valid generalization about the immediate results of the French Revolution of 1789?
A)
B)
C)
D)
the Roman Catholic Church increased its power and wealth
the revolution achieved its goal of establishing peace, democracy, and justice for all
the revolution had little impact outside France
the French middle class gained more power
31. A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments
A)
B)
C)
D)
are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them
refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced technology
attempt to bring about the separation of government from religion
fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people
32. The French people supported Napoleon Bonaparte because they hoped he would
A) adopt the ideas of the Protestant Reformation
B) restore Louis XVI to power
C) provide stability for the nation
D) end British control of France
Speaker A: The story of history is the story of class struggles. Revolution is necessary to overthrow the ruling
class and eventually create a classless society in which no one will be exploited.
Speaker B: The royal power is absolute and the prince need render account of his acts to no one. Where the
word of a king is, there is no power. Without this absolute authority, the king could neither do good nor repress
evil.
Speaker C: Government should leave business alone. It should let the natural law of supply and demand
determine what gets produced, how much gets produced, who does the work, the price of goods, rates of pay,
and all other economic questions.
Speaker D: Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. It is the duty of every government to preserve and
protect these natural inalienable rights.
33. Which speaker expresses the views of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau?
A)
B)
C)
D)
A
B
C
D
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator
with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
34. The ideas expressed in the quotation are based primarily on the writings of
A)
B)
C)
D)
Niccolo Machiavelli
Charles Darwin
Charlemagne
John Locke
35. Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily interested in
A)
B)
C)
D)
changing the relationship between people and their government
supporting the divine right theory
debating the role of the church in society
promoting increased power for European monarchs
“We prefer self-government with danger, to servitude in tranquility.”
36. The author of this statement would most likely support
A)
B)
C)
D)
imperialism
independence movements
colonial expansion
mercantilism
37. Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo, leaders of Latin American independence movements, were inspired by
successful revolutions in
A)
B)
C)
D)
the United States and France
the Soviet Union and China
Cuba and Costa Rica
Egypt and Kenya
38. Which of the following is the most fundamental cause of the French Revolution of 1789?
a) fear of invasion by other European countries
b) the attempted escape of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to Austria
c) the fall of the Bastille
d) the perception that political power and social privileges were unfairly distributed
e) the incompetence of Louis XVI's ministers
39. The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries shared which of the following?
a) limitation of civil rights to a minority of the population
b) reliance on Christian teachings to define revolutionary demands
c) Industrial economies that permitted both areas to break free of European control
d) The desire of a majority of revolutionary leaders to create a politically united hemisphere
e) Political instability caused by constant warfare among the new states
40. Which of the following developments in the Western Hemisphere most directly resulted from the French
Revolution?
a) the expansion of the slave trade in the Americas
b) the extension of the plantation economy in the Caribbean
c) the colonization of Brazil
d) the successful slave rebellion in Haiti
41. During the French Revolution the Jacobins under Robespierre favored the establishment of a(n)
a) representative democracy, granting wide powers to elected officials
b) radical republic, emphasizing equality
c) limited monarchy
d) absolute monarchy
42. Which phase of the French Revolution is William Wordsworth describing in the quote below?
"The Mother from the Cradle of her Babe,
The Warrior from the Field, all perished, all,
Friends, enemies, of all parties, ages, ranks,
Head after head, and never heads enough
For those that bade them fall."
a) at the time of the storming of the Bastille
b) at the time when the first Constitution was accepted
c) during the Reign of Terror
43. Which of the following was the most significant factor that influenced the Spanish and Portuguese colonies
in the Americas to declare independence?
a) When Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, the resulting political confusion in Europe encouraged
Creoles to declare independence.
b) Christian beliefs and colonialism were incompatible.
c) The Spanish and Portuguese kings encouraged independence since they could no longer afford to
support their American colonies.
44. Which Spanish colony experienced a major popular rebellion before a Creole-led military forced succeeded
in gaining independence?
a) Peru
b) Argentina
c) Cuba
d) Mexico
45. All of the following led armies to success in achieving independence for their countries EXCEPT:
a) Agustin Iturbide
b) George Washington
c) Jose de San Martin
d) Simon Bolivar
46. Which of the following is the best reason why political power in Latin America frequently fell to military
leaders?
a) Since Latin American countries were always at war with each other, they needed strong military
governments to defend themselves.
b) Church officials usually condoned and cooperated with military leaders, and they influenced the
people to submit to military rule.
c) Military leaders were popular with the people, and civilian authorities could not contain the political
aspirations of charismatic military leaders.
47. Which of the following best demonstrates the participation of women during the French Revolution?
a) The October Days ( The March on Versailles Palace)
b) The Tennis Court Oath
c) The Napoleonic Code
d) The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
48. All of the following factors played a part in starting the French Revolution EXCEPT
a) rising debts of the French government
b) religious struggles between Catholics and Huguenots
c) poor harvests and high bread prices
d) the success of the American Revolutoin
49. All of the following are accurate statements about the French Revolution EXCEPT?:
a) France had a non-representative government before and after the French Revolution.
b) the ideals of the French Revolution spread throughout Europe.
c) the Revolution influenced French society to measure status by ability rather than by
50. What was the direct cause of the rebellions in Latin America in the first part of the 19 th century?:
a)
b)
c)
slave revolt in Haiti.
the American Revolution.
Napoleon's invasion of Spain.
1.Which of the following explains why industrialization first occurred in Europe?
A) Europe had an unchallenged economic advantage over all other regions by 1750.
B) Europe possessed a unique capacity for technological innovation.
C) European rulers fostered unusually close alliances with their merchant classes.
D) Europe was the only region that had highly commercialized, market-based economies by 1750.
2. Which of the following reflects an explanation for Europe’s Industrial Revolution, which most historians criticize
as Eurocentric and deterministic?
A) Technological creativity outside of Europe had slowed down considerably or stagnated by the
early modern era.
B) Unique features of European society, economy, or history gave it a long-term advantage and
head-start in industrializing.
C) By the eighteenth century, the most advanced regions in the world enjoyed global economic
parity.
D) Industrial techniques spread quickly and unevenly around the world after 1750.
3. Which of the following arguments serves to counter the notion that European culture is inherently more suited
to industry and technology?
A) Until about 1750, core areas of Europe, India, and China enjoyed similar levels of economic
development.
B) Non-European civilizations have made valuable contributions to world history in music and
cuisine.
C) Europeans today lag far behind the United States in terms of industry and technology.
D) Europe’s early industrialization relied almost exclusively on slave labor from Africa.
4. Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for why Britain was the first European country to
industrialize?
A) Lack of coal deposits forced British industrialists to develop wind-based energy sources.
B) British monarchs had absolute power and directed the country’s industrialization.
C) A scarcity of workers in Britain led to technological innovations that increased efficiency.
D) The Scientific Revolution in Great Britain fostered technological innovation.
5. In what way was the Industrial Revolution a global phenomenon by the end of the nineteenth century?
A) Even regions that failed to industrialize were impacted by industrialization.
B) Every country’s economy was based on manufacturing.
C) Every country in the world had launched its own Industrial Revolution.
D) The social transformations that accompanied Britain’s Industrial Revolution spread throughout
the world.
6. In nineteenth-century Britain, women from the laboring classes found jobs as
A) factory workers and domestic servants.
B) teachers and secretaries.
C) supervisors and managers.
D) nurses and midwives.
7. Which of the following was a reason for the failure of socialism to take root in the United States?
A) The absence of labor unions in the United States
B) The lack of class consciousness among workers in the United States
C) The higher standard of living enjoyed by most American workers
D) The homogenous nature of the American population
8. Industrialization led to violent social revolution only in
A) Britain.
B) France.
C) the United States.
D) Russia.
9. How did contact with other civilizations contribute to Europe’s Industrial Revolution?
A) It awakened a desire to keep all foreign influence out of Europe.
B) It forced Europeans to acknowledge and overcome their backwardness.
C) It enabled Europe to draw disproportionately on the world’s resources.
D) It stimulated European states to industrialize in order to defend themselves from foreign invasion.
10. Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for why Britain was the first European country to
industrialize?
A) Lack of coal deposits forced British industrialists to develop wind-based energy sources.
B) British monarchs had absolute power and directed the country’s industrialization.
C) A scarcity of workers in Britain led to technological innovations that increased efficiency
D) The Scientific Revolution in Great Britain fostered technological innovation.
11. The proponent of the idea that population would always exceed food production was:
A) Adam Smith
B) Karl Marx
C) David Ricardo
D) Thomas Malthus
12. Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for why Britain was the first European country to
industrialize?
A) Lack of coal deposits forced British industrialists to develop wind-based energy sources.
B) British monarchs had absolute power and directed the country’s industrialization.
C) A scarcity of workers in Britain led to technological innovations that increased efficiency.
D) The Scientific Revolution in Great Britain fostered technological innovation.
13. How did the working class movement in Britain differ from the one in Russia?
A) It faced a more hostile and autocratic state and never influenced politics.
B) It was more committed to the ideas and program of Marxism.
C) It advocated class struggle and revolution to overthrow capitalism.
D) It advocated a reformist program and a peaceful transition to socialism.
14. Which of the following played a greater role in industrial development in Russia than in the United States or
Western Europe?
A) The state
B) The serfs
C) Trade unions
D) Political parties
15. Industrialization led to violent social revolution only in
A) Britain.
B) France.
C) the United States.
D) Russia.
16. How did contact with other civilizations contribute to Europe’s Industrial Revolution?
A) It awakened a desire to keep all foreign influence out of Europe.
B) It forced Europeans to acknowledge and overcome their backwardness.
C) It enabled Europe to draw disproportionately on the world’s resources.
D) It stimulated European states to industrialize in order to defend themselves from foreign invasion.
17. Which of the following describes how the movement toward industrialization in the nineteenth century
affected Latin America?
A) A large market for manufactured goods developed in Latin America.
B) Latin America provided cheap labor for foreign-owned manufacturing industries.
C) Latin America exported textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods to the United States
and Europe.
D) Latin America provided the food products, raw materials, and markets for industrializing
countries.
18. Which of the following describes how the Industrial Revolution unfolded?
A) It began independently in only one place, Great Britain.
B) It was actively resisted virtually everywhere.
C) It spread slowly and evenly throughout the world.
D) It spontaneously started in the most commercialized economies.
19. In the eighteenth century, how did the Industrial Revolution solve an emerging energy crisis?
A) It emphasized intensive use of the renewable energy sources of wind and water.
B) It introduced the use of coal, oil, and natural gas as sources of fuel.
C) It facilitated the migration of the rural population to towns and cities.
D) It encouraged the global trend towards economic protectionism.
20. How did Britain’s geography affect its Industrial Revolution?
A) Proximity to France made it vulnerable to invasions during the reign of Napoleon.
B) Its northern location minimized the effects of the Little Ice Age.
C) Coal and iron ore deposits were abundant and close to each other.
D) Trees covered most of the country, providing a renewable source of energy.
21. Which of the following was a result of the Industrial Revolution?
A) An increase in production in mining, manufacturing, and services
B) The dominance of agriculture in the economic sector
C) The decline of the middle class
D) The shrinking numbers of the working class
22. Which of the following groups benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution in nineteenth-century Britain?
A) The aristocracy
B) The middle classes
C) The laboring classes
D) Women
23. In nineteenth-century Britain, most members of the aristocracy derived their wealth from
A) manufacturing.
B) commerce.
C) finance.
D) landownership.
24. Which of the following made global migration an appealing option for many Europeans during the nineteenth
century?
A) The demand for labor overseas
B) The appeal of socialist ideas
C) The search for a utopian society
D) The commitment to revolution
25. Which of the following describes a feature of Karl Marx’s vision of the society he predicted would emerge after
the collapse of capitalism?
A) A society controlled by a totalitarian state
B) A society made up only of the middle class
C) A society without classes and conflict
D) A society run by the captains of industry
26. What was most of the European capital invested in Latin America used to finance?
A) Factories
B) Telegraphs
C) Steamships
D) Railroads
29. Which was the only country in Latin America to experience a nationwide revolution in the early twentieth
century?
A) Mexico
B) Argentina
C) Peru
D) Chile
30. Which of the following is a phrase that has been used to describe the form of economic growth in Latin America
in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
A) Industrial capitalism
B) Market-driven industrialization
C) Socialist development
D) Dependent development
31. Which of the following was a value associated with middle-class culture in nineteenth-century Britain?
A) Social justice
B) Racial equality
C) Hard work
D) Luxurious extravagance
32. Which of the following was a factor that pushed many Europeans to immigrate in the nineteenth century?
A) The rise in artisan manufacturing worldwide
B) The decline in peasant farming in their homelands
C) The high cost of transportation in Europe
D) The scarcity of factory jobs in European urban centers
33. Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for why Britain was the first European country to
industrialize?
A) Lack of coal deposits forced British industrialists to develop wind-based energy sources.
B) British monarchs had absolute power and directed the country’s industrialization.
C) A scarcity of workers in Britain led to technological innovations that increased efficiency.
D) The Scientific Revolution in Great Britain fostered technological innovation.
34. Which of the following arguments serves to counter the notion that European culture is inherently more suited
to industry and technology?
A) Until about 1750, core areas of Europe, India, and China enjoyed similar levels of economic
development.
B) Non-European civilizations have made valuable contributions to world history in music and
cuisine.
C) Europeans today lag far behind the United States in terms of industry and technology.
D) Europe’s early industrialization relied almost exclusively on slave labor from Africa.
35. Critics of industrialization who argue that the Industrial Revolution was a failure generally base their
interpretation on which of the following criterion?
A) Growth of national wealth
B) Preservation of the environment
C) Strengthening of state power
D) Transformation of society
36. Which was the only country outside of Europe and North America to successfully launch its own Industrial
Revolution?
A) The Ottoman Empire
B) Korea
C) China
D)
Japan
37. Which of the following was a consequence of the emphasis on cash-crop agriculture in European colonies?
A) The vulnerability of African and Asian farmers to price fluctuations in the international market
B) The spread of mass nationalism and independence movements in Asia and Africa
C) The end of class conflict in the industrial societies of Europe
38. Which of the following did not play a role in industrialization
A) Skilled workers
B) Available farmland
C) Rivers
D) Mineral resources
39. Which of the following nations were slow to industrialize?
A) Russia, Britain and Belgium
B) United States, Britain and Belgium
C) Russia, Spain and China
D) Belgium, Britain and Russia
40. Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected
European women’s lives?
(A) By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn
university degrees.
(B) Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.
(C) By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries.
(D) Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial
jobs.
World Economy Theory, 1500-1800
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western
Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European
dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and
minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak
governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible.
41. Which of the following best supports the contentions of the world economic theory in the passage?
(A) China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period.
(B) The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific
Revolution transformed European cultures.
(C) Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.
(D) Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France.
42. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage?
(A) Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa
(B) The role of Dutch trading companies in
Southeast Asia
(C) The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas
(D) European imports of sugar and tobacco
43. Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in
during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was
(A) the Industrial Revolution
(B) European medical technology
(C) Spanish control of New World silver
(D) the Enlightenment
the world economy
44. In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that
Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries.
Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation?
(A) Prices for Chinese goods were much higher in Europe than in China.
(B) European trading companies often backed their long-distance trading ventures with the threat of
military force.
(C) Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region.
(D) European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.
45. Marx’s term “bourgeoisie” was used to describe the factory management class. It is also used to describe
A) the ancient regime in France
B) the imperial rulers of the Ming Dynasty
C) the initiators of the French Revolution
D) the American Revoltuionaries
46. In calling the Indians of Mexico “the proletariat”, Arriaga was referring to their roles as
A) Workers
B) Indentured Servants
C) Slaves
D) Factory managers
47. By the late nineteenth century, leading industrial powers like Great
Britain and the United States depended upon an economic system originally described by
A. John Locke.
B. Adam Smith.
C. Karl Marx.
D. Alexander Hamilton.
48. In the early days of the industrial revolution, child labor was
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
opposed by working-class parents who were, however, powerless to prevent it
considered unnecessary and undesirable by most industrialists
limited to abandoned or orphaned children
considered desirable by parents because it kept families together
encouraged because their hands were small and nimble
49. All of the following are characteristics of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT
A) that it replaced hand manufacture with machine production
B) that it took place first in France
C) that it transformed European society
D) that it concentrated the working force in factories
E) that it was a period of dramatic advancement
50. The industrial economy of the 19th century was based upon all of the following EXCEPT
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
an equitable distribution of profits among all those who were involved in production
a distribution system to marekt finished products
the availability of raw materials
an adequate labor supply
the availability of capital
Name________________
APW Imperialism
___1. In the nineteenth century, European interest in expanding overseas markets was driven by a desire to
A) jump-start its industrialization.
B) sell surplus manufactured goods.
C) attract immigrant labor.
D) spread capitalism and democracy.
___2. In the imperialism of the nineteenth century, how did the number of European settlers in African and Asian
colonies generally affect the extent of racial segregation and discrimination?
A) Colonies with a large European settler population experienced less racial discrimination and no
racial segregation.
B) Colonies with a large European settler population experienced more racial discrimination and
racial segregation.
C) Colonies with a small European settler population experienced more racial discrimination but no
racial segregation.
D) Colonies with a small European settler population experienced no racism.
___3. In the nineteenth century, Europeans and Americans viewed imperialism as
A) a “civilizing mission.”
B) a “yellow peril.”
C) a “detribalization.”
D) an “African Reformation.”
___4. How did Charles Darwin’s ideas on evolution influence Western imperialism?
A) They were used to criticize the use of force in colonial encounters.
B) They were used to argue for the assimilation of colonial populations into European society.
C) They were used by colonized peoples in Asia and Africa to resist Western imperialism.
D) They were used to justify the displacement or destruction of “weak” races.
___5. Which of the following characterized the “scramble for Africa” that led to the partition of nearly all of Africa
among European colonial powers?
A) The lack of bloodshed in the European colonial takeover of most of Africa
B) The ease with which decentralized societies without any formal state structure succumbed to
European colonial rule
C) The decimation of the existing population as a result of the diseases carried by European
conquerors against which Africans had no immunity
D) The peaceful negotiations among the competing European states over “who got what”
___6. Which of the following is an example of resistance to colonial rule in the nineteenth century?
A) Apartheid
B) Scientific racism
C) The Indian Rebellion
D) The Taiping Rebellion
___7. What was the significance of the opium trade in China in the nineteenth century?
A) It increased the tax revenue collected by the Chinese state.
B) It resulted in a large inflow of silver into China.
C) It reversed the trade imbalance in favor of Britain.
D) It lowered unemployment rates in China.
___8. Which of the following was an anti-foreign movement that erupted in northern China at the turn of the
twentieth century and seriously weakened the Qing dynasty?
A) The self-strengthening movement
B) The Hundred Days of Reform
C) The Boxer Uprising
D) The Taiping Uprising
___9. What was a result of the reform program launched by the Japanese leadership in the late nineteenth century?
A) The rejection of Western models in favor of Chinese models
B) The fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor
C) A dramatic transformation of the social structure of Japan
D) The isolation of Japan from the rest of the world
___10. What did the Young Turks advocate?
A) A renewed war against the West
B) A militantly secular Turkish national state
C) A jihad against all non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire
D) A new political regime in the Ottoman Empire based on Wahhabi principles
___11. In what respect were Qing China and the Ottoman Empire similar in the nineteenth century?
A) Both created industrial economies that enabled them to compete with Europe on an equal
footing.
B) Both successfully strengthened and centralized their states to defend their territory from
European intrusion.
C) Both lost their independence to Japan in the late nineteenth century.
D) Both were semi-colonies within the informal empires of Europe.
___12. What did the United States expect to gain by sending a naval fleet to Japan in 1853?
A) The right to grow opium on Japanese soil
B) The acquisition of Japan as a U.S. colony
C) The right to fish in the waters surrounding Japan
D) The opening of Japanese ports for trade
___13. How did the leadership that emerged after the Meiji restoration in Japan respond to the threat of Western
imperialism?
A) They fought a war against the United States.
B) They used Western models to transform Japan.
C) They looked to China for men of good moral character to lead Japan.
D) They initiated reforms based on Confucian principles.
14. Which of the following highlights the relationship between imperialism and nationalism?
A) Views of Asians and Africans as “child races”
B) Views of Asia as the source of “civilization”
C) Colonies as symbols of “Great Power” status
D) Categorization of non-Europeans as “unfit” races
15. Which of the following was a consequence of the emphasis on cash-crop agriculture in European colonies?
A) The vulnerability of African and Asian farmers to price fluctuations in the international market
B) The spread of mass nationalism and independence movements in Asia and Africa
C) The end of class conflict in the industrial societies of Europe
D) The discovery of quinine to prevent malaria
16. Which of the following reflects a new element in European views of non-Europeans in the nineteenth century?
A) The idea that non-Europeans could assimilate into European society by Westernizing
B) The belief that the racial inferiority of non-Europeans could be scientifically proven
C) The portrayal of less technologically developed people as “noble savages”
D) The view of non-Christians as “heathen”
17. Which of the following reflects the effect of colonial rule in Africa on the lives of women?
A) After marriage, women were increasingly confined to the home in accordance with European
norms.
B) Women lost their central role in producing food for their families.
C) Women were barred from engaging in trade.
D) Women of impoverished families became heads of household in the absence of men.
18. Which of the following characterizes the response of most Asian and African societies to European colonial rule
in the nineteenth century?
A) Accommodation for those who saw colonial rule as advantageous and resistance for those who
viewed colonial rule as oppressive
B) Surrender to European military conquest and widespread acquiescence to colonial policies
C) Revolutions fueled by anti-imperialist sentiment and inspired by nationalist and communist
ideologies
D) Westernization as seen in the universal conversion to Christianity and the indiscriminate adoption
of all aspects of European culture
19. What played a more important role in distinguishing rulers from their colonial subjects in the imperialism of the
nineteenth-century than in earlier instances of imperialism?
A) Race
B) Gender
C) Slavery
D) Political ideals
20. Which of the following describes the model for social development preferred by Europeans for their colonies?
A) Democratic urban societies with an active civil society and nationalist ideology
B) Modern industrial societies led by a Westernized elite and based on a secular ideology
C) Christian societies that embodied the ideals of social equality and justice
D) Traditional rural societies with their established authorities and social hierarchies
21. The spread of Christianity in Africa was facilitated by its association with
A) export agriculture.
B) female circumcision.
C) modern education.
D) mass nationalism.
22. How did the spread of Western education affect colonial society?
A) It strengthened confidence in local gods and traditional practices.
B) It created a new elite who saw themselves as a modernizing vanguard in the regeneration of their
societies.
C) It provoked a complete rejection of Western civilization and contributed to a cultural renaissance
centered on “native” traditions.
D) It resulted in Europeans treating Asians and Africans as equal partners rather than as colonial
subjects.
23. How were the colonial takeovers of India and Indonesia during the long nineteenth century similar?
A) Both were conquered by Britain.
B) Both were conquered by the Dutch.
C) In both, colonial conquest grew out of earlier interaction with European trading firms.
D) In both, colonial conquest was abrupt, deliberate, violent, and completed within 25 years.
24. Which of the following represents the imperialist actions of a country outside of Europe?
A) Mexico’s northward expansion into Canada
B) Japan’s takeover of Taiwan and Korea
C) Australia’s expansion into New Zealand
D) U.S. participation in the partitioning of Africa
25. Which of the following was a distinctive feature of European colonial rule in the nineteenth century?
A) The counting and classification of colonial populations
B) The appreciation and celebration of ethnic diversity
C) The assimilation of colonial subjects into European society
D) The incorporation of Westernized colonial subjects into European governments
26. Which of the following reflects a contradiction in Western imperialism in the nineteenth century?
A) The role of scientific racism in the classification of colonial populations
B) The masculinization of colonial rulers and the feminization of colonial subjects
C) The identification of certain segments of colonial society as “martial races”
D) European reluctance to encourage modernization in their colonies
27. What elements of the modernizing process did colonial rule convey on colonies?
A) Political systems based on Enlightenment models
B) Democratic values and civil society
C) Communication and transportation infrastructure
D) Discourses on nationalism and human rights
28. Which of the following resulted from the employment of colonial subjects in European-owned plantations,
mines, construction projects, and businesses?
A) Migration of colonial subjects to work sites overseas
B) Resurgence of the slave trade in Africa and Asia
C) Decrease in racial discrimination
D) Normalcy and stability for colonial subjects
29. Which of the following was a consequence of nineteenth-century European imperialism on the colonial
societies of Asia and Africa?
A) The incorporation of colonial populations into European society on a basis of equality and respect
B) The ending of poverty and exploitation in areas where colonial rule was the strongest
C) The integration of Asian and African economies into a global network of exchange centered in
Europe
D) The industrialization of most of Asia and Africa by the end of the nineteenth century
30. Which of the following was a consequence of the Taiping Uprising?
A) The state initiated an effective and successful program of modernization.
B) The problems facing the peasantry were finally addressed and resolved.
C) The Qing dynasty collapsed and civil war ensued.
D) The provincial gentry consolidated their power at the expense of the central state.
31. Which of the following characterizes the goal of the Tanzimat reforms initiated by the Ottoman leadership in
the mid-nineteenth century?
A) To strengthen the power of the Janissaries and give more autonomy to the ulama
B) To clarify the religious principles for a renewed Muslim state
C) To establish the economic, social, and legal foundation for a strong centralized state
D) To confirm the fundamentally Islamic character of the Ottoman Empire
32. What was a result of the reform program launched by the Japanese leadership in the late nineteenth century?
A) The rejection of Western models in favor of Chinese models
B) The fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor
C) A dramatic transformation of the social structure of Japan
D) The isolation of Japan from the rest of the world
33. Which of the following characterizes Japanese colonial policies in Taiwan and Korea in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries?
A) Japanese colonialism was less harsh and exploitative than European colonialism.
B) Japanese colonialism matched or exceeded the brutality of European colonialism.
C) The Japanese granted colonial subjects the same rights and protections as Japanese subjects.
D) The Japanese willingly relinquished their colonies once the colonies had industrialized.
34. What could countries with a sphere of influence in China do within their respective spheres?
A) Collect tribute
B) Issue imperial edicts
C) Establish parliaments
D) Build railroads
35. The capitulations between European countries and the Ottoman Empire were similar to
A) the spheres of influence in Japan.
B) the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
C) the unequal treaties between European countries and China.
D) the “defensive modernization” program in China.
36. In the nineteenth century, which group in the Ottoman Empire advocated a program of radical secularization
and modernization along European lines?
A) Young Ottomans
B) Young Turks
C) The daimyo
D) Islamic modernists
37. Which was the only country outside of Europe and North America to successfully launch its own Industrial
Revolution?
A) The Ottoman Empire
B) Korea
C) China
D) Japan
38. How did the leadership that emerged after the Meiji restoration in Japan respond to the threat of Western
imperialism?
A) They fought a war against the United States.
B) They used Western models to transform Japan.
C) They looked to China for men of good moral character to lead Japan.
D) They initiated reforms based on Confucian principles.
39. In what way was Japan in a better position than China or the Ottoman Empire in its encounter with Western
imperialism?
A) Japan’s samurai effectively repelled the Western powers.
B) Japan’s strategic location enabled it to outmaneuver Western military forces.
C) Japan’s vast resources and wealth better equipped it to resist foreign aggression.
D) Japan was of less interest to the Western powers.
40. Which of the following events established Japan as an economic, political, and military competitor in Asia?
A) The Russo-Japanese War
B) The self-strengthening movement
C) The Meiji restoration