CHINA and ROME
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CHINA and ROME Empires of the East and the West Imperial Rome and Han China Pre- Empire States CHINA Shang Dynasty c.1750 bce-1100 bce introduction of writing Zhou Dynasty c.1100 bce- 221 bce establishment of Confucianism and Taoism Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221 bce-206 bce first unified Chinese states origin of name of China ROME Etruscan Civilization c.700 bce-509 bce Legendary Roman kings 753 bce-509 bce patricians: aristocrats and professionals plebians: farmers, craftsmen, laborers patronage system Roman Republic 509 bce -27 bce Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221 bce -206 bce First unified the country by subjugating the Warring States Established central bureaucracy Legalism supplanted Confucianism: scholars persecuted and books burned Standardized writing, currency, weights and measures Qin Shihuangdi Qin Building Projects Used forced labor of convicts Roads and canals Palaces Connected fortification walls to build 5000 kilometer Great Wall Mausoleum of Qin Emperor ShiHuangdi (First Emperor) Qin ShiHuangdi’s Mausoleum was discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well. The 13 year-old emperor had ordered 800,000 workers to build his tomb. Terra Cotta Army Rebellions broke out after Emperor’s death in 210 bce: dynasty overthrown after only 15 years of rule Pre- Empire States CHINA Shang Dynasty c.1750 bce-1100 bce introduction of writing Zhou Dynasty c.1100 bce- 221 bce establishment of Confucianism and Taoism Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221 bce-206 bce first unified Chinese states origin of name of China ROME Etruscan Civilization c.700 bce-509 bce Legendary Roman kings 753 bce-509 bce patricians: aristocrats and professionals plebians: farmers, craftsmen, laborers patronage system Roman Republic 509 bce -27 bce The Italian Peninsula PreRoman Domination 800-600 bce Etruscan Civilization, 8th-5th c. bce Etruscans may have migrated to Italy from Anatolia (Turkey) Thriving cities with paved streets, defensive walls and large temples Skillful bronze, iron and gold work Challenged by Greeks from sea and by Celts from Gaul (France) Etruscan Chimera Etruscan Divination Early divination equipment: a guide to reading the liver Etruscan Necropolis Family tombs with stone vaults covered by earth Murals with scenes from everyday life: hunting, fishing, feasting, dancing, religious ceremonies Joyful scenes in early tombs give way to gloomy violent scenes as Etruscans lost power to the Romans (4th-2nd Century bce) Etruscan joie de vivre From the tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia From the tomb of the Lionesses, Tarquinia. "Sarcophagus of the Spouses" Cerveteri (Banditaccia necropolis) Circa 520-510 bce Polychrome terra cotta: The Louvre "Sarcophagus of the Spouses" Cerveteri (Banditaccia necropolis) Circa 520-510 bce Polychrome terra cotta: the Villa Giulia museum in Rome. "Canopus" Second half of the 6th century bce Terra cotta: The Louvre Roman Kingdom: Regnum Romanum 753-510 bce In Roman legend, the Trojan hero Aeneas sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded Lavinium. His son Iulus went on to found the city of Alba Longa. From Alba Longa's royal family came the twins Romulus and Remus, who went on to found the city of Rome in 753 BCE. The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BCE and the establishment of the Roman Republic. Legendary Kings: Rex Romulus and Remus Foundation legend Legendary Kings Kings of Rome were elected by the Senate King Traditional Reign Romulus Numa Pompilius Tullus Hostilius 753 BC–716 BC 715 BC–674 BC 673 BC–642 BC Ancus Marcius Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Servius Tullius Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 642 BC–617 BC 616 BC–579 BC 578 BC–535 BC 535 BC–510 BC/509 BC The Gauls destroyed all of Rome's historical records when they sacked the city 390 BC , so no contemporary records of the kingdom exist, and all accounts of the kings must be highly questioned. Archaeological evidence does, however, support that a settlement was founded in Rome around the middle of the 8th century BC. Accomplishments of the Roman Kings Settlement and continual expansion of the city of Rome (aided by rape of the Sabine women) Establishment of Senate to serve as king’s council Establishment of Roman legions Establishment of the Vestal Virgins Reform of the calendar to 360 days, adding the months of January and February Introduction of coinage Establishment of a census dividing the population into classes according to wealth The Rape of Lucretia The son of the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (535 BC to 510 BC), raped a Roman noblewoman named Lucretia. Lucretia compelled her family to take action by gathering the men, telling them what happened, and killing herself. Lucius Junius Brutus incited the people of Rome against the royal family by displaying her body and led an uprising that drove the Tarquins out of Rome The monarchy was replaced with the new Roman Republic. Botticelli, The Death of Lucretia, c. 1500 The Roman Republic 509 bce - 27 bce Senatus populisque Romanorum (The Senate and People of Rome) Senate: patricians People: Consilium plebis -- tribunes elected by plebians The Roman Senate Cicero Denounces Catiline: Fresco by Cesare Maccari (1840-1919) The Roman Republic 509 bce - 27 bce Military Campaigns Italian peninsula Punic Wars: 264-146 bce Carthage Hannibal Invasion of Macedonia and Greece 145 bce Gaul 58 - 50 bce Egypt 31 bce Emergence of equites class: soldiers and merchants Civil Wars 50 bce-27 bce First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus and Julius Caesar 46 bce Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon: established dictatorship – populist reforms 44 bce assassination of Caesar by Senate under leadership of Marcus Junius Brutus Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Lepidus and Marc Antony 31 bce Battle of Actium: death of Antony and Cleopatra 27 bce Octavian declared Caesar Augustus Octavian CHINA: The Han Empire The Han Dynasty 206 bce-220 ce Liu Bang restored order after the death of the Qin Emperor Established Han Dynasty – the longest and most influential in Chinese history Centralized Imperial rule Liu Bang Confucianism Restored State philosophy Honored and employed scholars in government Instituted civil service exam system Han Science and Technology Statue of Zhangheng, inventor of seismograph Inventions Paper Porcelain Compass Seismograph Manufacture of Steel Sima Qian (145-87 bce) China’s most famous historian Shiji (史記, "history record"), an overview of the history of China covering more than 2000 years from the earliest times to his own day Historians regard Sima Qian’s work as their model, which stands as the "official format" of the history of China. In writing Shiji, Sima Qian initiated a new writing style by presenting history in a series of biographies Emperor Han Wudi “the Martial Emperor” 141-87 bce Military Prowess Extended cultural influence over Korea, Vietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia Built enormous bureaucracy relying upon Legalist principles of government Established Imperial University 124 bce to educate bureaucrats with Confucianism as the curricular basis Established long-distance trade along the Silk Road as a result of information brought back by the envoy Zhang Qian Zhang Qian leaving emperor Han Wudi, for his expedition to Central Asia from 138 to 126 BC, Mogao Caves mural, Dunhuang, 618–712. The Silk Road The Silk Road China to India, across Central Asia to Antioch, Baghdad, Alexandria and Rome Trade East to West: silk and spices West to East: manufactured goods (glassware, jewelry, perfumes) and commodities such as olive oil Religious movements Buddhism to Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China Hinduism to Southeast Asia Christianity to Persia, India and China Epidemics 2nd and 3rd c. ce Han and Roman Empires suffered largescale epidemics: small pox, measles, bubonic plague Population decline led to economic and social change ROME: The Empire The expansion of the Roman Empire Pax Romana 27 bce - 180 ce Caesar Augustus’ reign (27 bce-14 ce) is considered the Golden Age of Rome Establishment of law and civil order throughout Empire Rome became an international city Public works: aqueducts, public baths, theatres, marketplaces, roads, libraries Economy rested on slavery: slaves ranged from field laborers to secretaries, teachers, and artists -- often earned enough to buy freedom Aeneas carrying Father, Laertes, and leading Son, Ascanius, from Troy Roman Culture: Poetry Virgil (70-19 bce) The Aeneid Epic poem – provided foundation myth for Roman Empire Consciously emulated Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Embodied Roman ideals Pater familias Pius Aeneas Divine intervention in founding of Rome Favorite of Caesar Augustus Roman Culture: Poetry Ovid (43 bce-17 ce) Ars Amatoria: The Art of Love Ars Remedia: The Remedy for Love Metamorphoses Collection of classical myths from the Mediterranean rendered in poetic form Emphasized the continual nature of change Exiled from Rome by Caesar Augustus Roman Culture: Philosophy Stoicism Held that emotions like fear or envy either were, or arose from, false judgements The sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo emotions: the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and virtue is sufficient for happiness. Seneca: On Tranqulity of Mind Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180) Roman Culture: Philosophy Epicureanism Based upon the teachings of Epicurus (c. 340–c. 270 BC), A general attack on superstition and divine intervention The greatest good was to seek modest pleasures to attain a state of tranquility and freedom from fear as well as absence of bodily pain through knowledge of the workings of the world and the limits of desires. Neo-Platonism School of philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century ce, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists Human perfection and happiness were attainable in this world, without awaiting an afterlife. Perfection and happiness could be achieved through philosophical contemplation Roman Culture: Theatre Drama flourished under the Republic but declined into variety entertainment under the Empire Roman festivals: Held in honor of the gods, but much less religious than in Greece Entertainment tended to be grandiose, sentimental, diversionary Actors / performers were called histriones Roman Culture: Spectacle Gladiatorial combats Chariot races Naumachia: Naval battles in a flooded Coliseum “Real-life” theatricals Decadent, violent and immoral All theatrical events banned by Church when Rome became Christianized Imperial Rome and Han China Comparisons Han China Well organized bureaucracy founded on Confucian ideals and education, supported by Legalism Emphasis on family, ancestors: patriarchal Reliance on gentry as support: good marriages afforded women more rights Engineering: roads, canals, the Great Wall Inventions: wheelbarrow, gunpowder, printing press, compass, paper, paper currency (all before 1000 ad) Religion: Confucianism, Taoism, native gods, introduction of Buddhism Imperial Rome Well organized bureaucracy founded on Roman law and classical philosophy Emphasis on family: pater familias Reliance on patricians: women gained power and property rights within families Engineering: roads, aqueducts, amphitheatres, domes, sewage systems, central heating Inventions: concrete, the arch (probably Etruscan), insulae (apartment buildings) Religion: Emperor as god, paganism, mystery religions, introduction of Christianity Empires in Decline Han China Infighting among ruling elites Inequitable distribution of land - tax burden fell on peasants rather than on large landowners Series of peasant rebellions Usurpation of political authority by generals -- allied themselves with landlords and became warlords 220 ce: generals divided empire into 3 kingdoms Emigration of nomadic peoples into N. China kept the country disunited Imperial Rome Internal opposition:” barracks emperors” Inequitable distribution of land – great estates supported by slave labor; soldiers returning from campaigns had no means of support Difficulties in administering vast empire lead to division of authority and rivalry Eastern and Western Empire: 330 ce: Constantine moved capitol of Empire from Rome to Constantinople (Istanbul) Germanic invasions by Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Visigoths 410 ce Visigoths sacked Rome 476 ce Odawacer deposed the last Western Roman Emperor CHINA and ROME END
