HOLT
World History
CHAPTER 21
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Revolution
and Napoléon
Section 1: The Roots of Revolution
Section 2: The French Revolution
Section 3: The French Republic
Section 4: The Napoléonic Era
Section 5: A Return to Peace
HOLT, RINEHART
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HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Roots of Revolution
Bellwork:
 Page 511
 # 1-3
2
Trivia:
 January 7th, 1789
The first U.S. Presidential election is
held, only white men with property
were allowed to vote.
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HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Roots of Revolution
The Old Regime
 The privileged estates –
 First Estate was clergy of Roman Catholic Church
 Less then 1% of French Population
 Owned 15% of French Land
 Collected Rent, taxes and fees from Land
 Second Estate was nobility
 Less then 2% of French population
 Held highest positions in Government and Army
 Paid few if any taxes, collected dues from peasants
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World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
 The Third estate – The rest of French Population
 97%
 bourgeoisie (urban middle class)-merchants, manufacturers,
professional people such as Doctors and Lawyers
 city workers Artisans rural peasants-Largest group, poorest group
4
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Roots of Revolution
Growing Discontent
 Increased population and cost of living
 Families had more children, needed more money to live
 Higher estates raised rents and fees
 Bourgeoisie wanted liberty and equality
 Had gained strength and prosperity
5
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Roots of Revolution
The Financial Crisis
 Assistance to United States during American Revolution
led to France’s increased debts
 59 Year reign of Louis XV, he was faced with debts inherited
from Louis the XIV
 Louis XVI tried to raise taxes, hoped a meeting of all
three estates would approve new taxes
 Married Marie-Antoinette, daughter of Austrian ruler, Maria
Theresa
 Banks refused to loan French government
more money
6
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Roots of Revolution
The Meeting of the Estates General
 The three estates had previously met separately
 Third Estate wanted representatives to vote as
individuals
7
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Assignments
 Worksheet 21.1-21.2
 Read Sections 1 and 2
 Be prepared for quiz
8
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Revolution
Bellwork
 Page 516
 #1, 2, 4
 Page 522
 #4
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AND
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HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Revolution
The Spread of the Revolution
 During the meeting of the Estates General, King Louis XVI
moved troops into position to drive out the Assembly
 Parisians took action against the Army
 Capture of Bastille prison, looted for weapons and destroyed the Bastille
 General Lafayette formed the National Guard
 Flag of Red, White, Blue
 Peasants developed “Great Fear”,
 Fear that the Nobles would try to end the Revolution by crushing the
peasants
 Peasants attacked local manor houses, destroyed documents recording
rents, dues, and obligations.
10
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HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Revolution
The End of the Old Regime
 Tried to end violence by ending feudalism, outlawing
tithes, canceling dues and services of peasants
 The Declaration of the Rights of Man – basic human rights
and political powers, applied to men only
 Men are born equal, freedom of speech, press, and religion
 All men have right to public office, right of fair trial
 “Liberty, equality, fraternity”
 Émigrés and royalists – forced Louis XVI and family
to return to Paris, supported the Old Regime
11
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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Revolution
The Constitution of 1791
 Limited powers of king
 Divided government into three branches:
executive, legislative, and judicial
12
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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Revolution
The Legislative Assembly and War
 Executive branch was weak
 Legislature was inexperienced; divided into
conservatives, radicals, and moderates
 Legislative Assembly united to wage war
on Austria
13
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World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Revolution
The End of the Monarchy
 Louis XVI plotted with foreign powers to
overthrow Constitution of 1791
 Legislative Assembly ended the Monarchy
 National Convention drew up new constitution
14
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World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Republic
The National Convention
 Universal manhood suffrage – every adult male could
vote
 Three main groups
 Girondins- Republicans that fear Paris would dominate France
 Jacobins-supported the dominance of France by Paris
 and delegates who had no definite views
15
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HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Republic
Exporting the Revolution
 France was being invaded by an alliance of Great Britian, the
Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and Prussia
 Committee of Public Safety
 adopted “conscription” a draft
 All unmarried, able-bodied men between 18-25 were subject to Military
service
 Opposition – European monarchs formed an alliance against
France.
 Counterrevolutionary armies developed and fought the revolutionary
army
16
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World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Republic
The Reign of Terror
 Reign of Terror- Sept 1793- July 1794
 National Convention worked to suppress all opposition
and revolts within France
 Evolutionary Tribunal – tried to suppress all
opposition and revolts within France
 Punished and executed those that were part of or
believed to be part of the counterrevolution
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World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Republic
Work of the National Convention
 Abolished slavery
 Planned public education
 Adopted metric system
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World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Republic
The Directory
 Governed by five individuals from the
government’s executive branch
 Eliminated universal manhood suffrage
 Weak, corrupt rulers
19
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Assignments
 Quiz 21.2
 Read sections 3 and 4 (517-528)
 Worksheet 21.3 & 21.4
20
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World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Napoléonic Era
Bellwork
 Page 528
# 1 &4
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World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The French Republic
Napoléon Bonaparte
 Born in 1769 on the French Island of Corsica, attended Military
school in France, stood only 5’2”
 By age 26 he was already a General
 Married a leader of French society, Josephine de Beauharnais
 Rise of Napoléon – strong military leader, gained control of all
northern Italy for France
 Napoléon takes power – coup d’état due to unstable government
 Used force to over take power
22
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World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Napoléonic Era
Napoléon as Dictator
 The Consulate – Napoléon gave himself unlimited power-Dictator
 1799-1814 Napoleonic Era or Age of Napoleon
 First five years were called The Consulate
 He wrote a new constitution and put it to the people to vote, which was
approved by the people
 Accomplishments in government




23
Napoléonic Code
Bank of France
public education-high schools, universities, technical schools
Concordat-agreement with the Pope of Roman Catholic Churchacknowledged that most of France was catholic, but allowed religious
freedom
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
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HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Napoléonic Era
Napoléon as Emperor
 French people voted to become an empire
 Napoléon crowned himself
 Power permanent and hereditary
 Defeated Austria and Russia
 Blockade of British Isles
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HOLT, RINEHART
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HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Napoléonic Era
The Reorganization of Europe
 Increased nationalism – Napoléon placed
members of his own family as monarchs of
countries he conquered; loyalty and patriotism
 The Peninsular War – Spanish and Portuguese
revolt against French rule
 Drove Napoleon’s family out of rule in Spain
25
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
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HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Napoléonic Era
Catastrophe in Russia
 Upset that Russia was trading with Great Brittan, though they were
allies with France
 The Grand Army of 600,000 – marched to Russia, but were
defeated through lack of proper housing and supplies, scorched
earth
 Russian winter was coming so the retreated
 Final defeat – Western European countries allied against France
and Napoleon
 Restored the Monarchy to Louis XVIII
26
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World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Napoléonic Era
The Hundred Days
 During 1814 and early 1815 Napoleon escaped exile in
Elba and returned to France
 King sent army to capture Napoleon
 Napoleon convinced them to join him against king
 Napoléon led this army into France drove out the King
and ruled for one hundred days until Britain, Prussia, and
Netherlands were victorious and forced him into exile
27
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World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
A Return to Peace
Bellwork:
Page 533
# 1& 4
28
 January 15, 1992
Tim Berners-Lee (who
invented the world wide
web) released the first web
browser software.
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
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HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
A Return to Peace
The Congress of Vienna
 The principles of the Congress of Vienna, Austria
 Restore order, avoid further rebellions against monarchy, keep peace,
suppress possible revolutions
 Met to achieve stability in Europe and settle Territorial
questions
 Compensation-the countries that had suffered the most at the hands of
Napoleon had to be paid back
 balance of power-had to be restored to Europe so that no country
became to powerful
 Legitimacy-all former ruling families should be restored to their
thrones
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World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
A Return to Peace
Reactionary Alliances
 Oppose change and try to undo change.
 Restored balance of power
 Emphasized conservative view to prevent
revolution
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World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
A Return to Peace
The Age of Metternich
Prince Metternich-a reactionary who believed in
absolute monarchy.
 Used Secret police and Military suppression to
stop liberalism
 Liberalism-Extended the ideas of the American and
French Revolution. Individual rights and rule of law
 Metternich suppressed freedoms such as press and
speech
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