Allogeneic donor selection and
blood collection
1
by Mohammed Abu-basha
• An allogeneic (also called homologous) donation
(allo- from the Greek meaning "other") is when a
donor gives blood for storage at a blood bank for
transfusion to an unknown recipient. (genetically
different) The donor and recipient are of the same
species (human→human).
• A directed donation is when a person, often a family
member, donates blood for transfusion to a specific
individual.
2
by Mohammed Abu-basha
• When a person has blood stored that will be
transfused back to the donor at a later date,
usually after surgery, that is called an
autologous donation.
• Xenogeneic: The donor and recipient are of
different species.
• Isogeneic: The donor and recipient individuals
are genetically identical (e.g., monozygotic
twins)
3
by Mohammed Abu-basha
• Each year, about 7,000 units of whole blood
are needed in the National Institutes of Health
(NIH) Clinical Center (CC) to treat patients
undergoing organ and tissue transplants; and
other diseases that require blood transfusions.
4
by Mohammed Abu-basha
• What is Whole Blood?
• Whole blood consists of red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets suspended in a protective yellow
liquid
known
as
plasma.
Most
patients
receiving transfusions do not need all of these
elements.
• One pint (unit) of whole blood is usually processed by a
spinning method into red blood cells, which carry the
oxygen needed by patients who are anemic; platelets,
needed by patients who are bleeding; and plasma,
transfused to patients whose blood is not clotting.
Therefore, one donation of whole blood can treat three
different patients!
5
by Mohammed Abu-basha
• Is it Safe to Give Whole Blood?
• Absolutely. Many safeguards are taken to assure
that no harm comes to you during or after
donation. First, we obtain a medical history and
check your blood pressure, pulse, and
temperature to assure that you are in good
health.
• We take a small sample of blood from your finger
to confirm that you have an ample number of red
cells to share. All equipments used to collect your
blood is sterile and disposable. After donation,
we provide delicious snacks and drinks.
6
by Mohammed Abu-basha
Blood Donation Process
• The donor area should be attractive, accessible, and
open at hours convenient for donors. It must be well
lighted, comfortably ventilated, orderly, and clean.
• Personnel should be friendly, understanding,
professional, and well trained. The area must provide
adequate space for private and accurate
examinations of individuals to determine their
eligibility as blood donors, and for the withdrawal of
blood from donors with minimum risk of
contamination or exposure to activities and
equipment unrelated to blood collection.
7
by Mohammed Abu-basha
• Blood centers and transfusion services depend
on volunteer donors to provide the blood
necessary to meet the needs of the patients
they serve.
• To attract volunteer donors and encourage
their continued participation, it is essential
that conditions surrounding blood donation
be as pleasant, safe, and convenient as
possible.
8
by Mohammed Abu-basha
• To protect donors and recipients, donors are
questioned about their medical history and
are given a miniphysical examination to help
blood center staff determine whether they are
eligible donors.
• The phlebotomy is conducted carefully to
minimize any potential donor reactions or
bacterial contamination of the unit.
9
by Mohammed Abu-basha
Registration
• The information obtained from the donor during registration
must fully identify the donor.
• The following information should be included:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10
Date and time of donation.
Name: Last, first.
Address: Residence and/or business.
Telephone: Residence and/or business.
Gender.
Age or date of birth. Blood donors must be at least 17 years
of age or the age stipulated by applicable state law.
by Mohammed Abu-basha
Information Provided to the Prospective Donor
• All donors must be given educational materials informing
them of significant risk of the procedure, the clinical signs and
symptoms associated with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infection and AIDS, high-risk activities for transmission,
and the importance of refraining from donating blood if they
have engaged in these activities or experienced associated
signs or symptoms.
• The donor should be provided with information about the
tests to be done on his or her blood.
• Before donating, the prospective donors must document that
they have read the material and have been given the
opportunity to ask questions about the information.
11
by Mohammed Abu-basha
• This information must include a list of activities defined by the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that increase the risk of
exposure to HIV. A description of HIV-associated clinical signs
and symptoms, including the following, must be provided:
1. Unexplained weight loss.
2. Night sweats.
3. Blue or purple spots on or under the skin or on mucous
membranes.
4. Swollen lymph nodes lasting more than 1 month.
5. White spots or unusual sores in the mouth.
6. Temperature greater than 100.5 F (38.1 celsius) for more
than 10 days.
7. Persistent cough and shortness of breath.
8. Persistent diarrhea.
12
by Mohammed Abu-basha
Donor Selection
• The donor screening process is one of the most important
steps in protecting the safety of the blood supply. It is,
therefore, imperative that proper guidelines and procedures
be followed to make the donor screening process effective.
Medical History
• While the medical history is obtained, some very specific
questions are necessary to ensure that, to the greatest extent
possible, it is safe for the donor to donate and for the blood to
be transfused.
13
by Mohammed Abu-basha
14
15
16
• Are the health history questions necessary
every time I donate?
• To ensure the safest possible blood supply, all
donors must be asked all the screening
questions at each donation. The FDA requires
that all blood centers conform to this practice.
17
by Mohammed Abu-basha
18