Ruthie Johnson
COMM 1010
Karen Peterson
June 17, 2015
Text Book
Outline/ Summary
Chapter OneThe ability to speak confidently and convincingly in public is a valuable asset to
anyone who wants to take an active role in the world. Oral and written communication are not
only job-securing, but job-holding skills. Using your prior skills helps amplify your ability to
speak in public- like getting to know who you are addressing (the audience) and reading the
crowd (important for humor). You want your speeches to be easy flowing. In public speaking, a
speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present
during the delivery of the speech. Public speaking was popular for a long time. For example the
Athens used public speaking to create their democracy. The romans later picked up on public
speaking as well.
Chapter TwoOverview- select a topic, analyze the audience, review the topic in light of
audience analysis, determine the speech purpose, determine a thesis statement, develop the main
points, gather supporting materials, separate the speech into its major parts, outline the speech,
consider presentation aids, practice delivering the speech. There are three types of speeches;
informative, persuasive, and special occasion.
Chapter Three
Different speech anxieties. I have performance anxiety-where I get extremely nervous right
before the speech and during. Have a clear and thorough plan – this will help with your anxiety.
Prepare and practice your speech many times. Another tip is to rather than envision your speech
as a performance, visualize it as an extended conversation. Visualize success. Seek pleasure in
the occasion. Stretching an hour before can also reduce anxiety jitters. Learn from feedback.
Chapter Four
This chapter is on ethical public speaking. Earn your listeners trust. Ethics means character.
Respect your audiences values especially when giving a talk on a controversial subject. Orally
acknowledge your sources to avoid plagiarism. Your speech should also have a works cited page
where you can put your sources.
Chapter Five
Listening is the conscious act of receiving, comprehending, interpreting, evaluating, and
responding to messages. To become a better listener practice listening. Eliminate distractions and
focus on what is being said rather than the speaker.
Chapter Six
To give an effective speech one must be aware of their audience. Who is listening? Taking the
measure of the audience is critical because people tend to evaluate messages in terms of their
own, rather than the speaker’s perspective. People rely on their attitudes to judge a person, or
their speech. Attitudes are based on beliefs-the ways in which people perceive reality. It is easier
to captivate an audience with positive attitudes toward your topic. Appeal to listeners’ attitudes,
beliefs, and values. Pay close attention to the length of your speech. Consider age, ethnic or
cultural background, socioeconomic status (including income, occupation, and education),
religion, Political affiliation, and gender.
Chapter Seven
Selecting a topic and purpose. Decide where you want to begin. Again consider the audiences
values and beliefs. Narrow the topic, form a specific speech purpose, compose a thesis
statement,. Make the thesis statement relevant and motivating. Express it in a way that will
motivate the audience to listen.
Chapter Eight
Good speeches contain accurate, relevant, and interesting supporting material in the form of
examples, narratices, testimony, facts, and statistics. Examples illustrate, describe, or represent
things. On of the most powerful means of conveying a message is through a story (also called a
narrative). Provide facts and statistics. Again refer orally to your sources, your audience needs to
know how accurate your speech is.
Chapter Nine
Locating supporting material. Resources can come from books, newspapers and periodicals,
government publications, encyclopedias, almanacs, books of quotations, poetry collections,
atlases, weblogs and social news sites. Referencing your sources is easiest when you cite them
during your progress.
Chapter Ten
Doing effective internet research can be difficult. When searching for scholarly articles try
searching through a library search engine, this eliminates the popular articles on shoes and stuff.
An example of a library is posted on the salt lake community college website. You must be able
to distinguish among information, propaganda, misinformation, and disinformation. Information
is data that are understandable and have the potential to become knowledge when viewed
critically and added to what we already know. Propaganda is information represented in such a
way as to provoke a desired response. Misinformation always refers to something that is not true.
Disinformation is the deliberate falsification of information. Smart web searching is also more
common knowledge. No Wikipedia, and if it has .org rather than .com it is more likely to be
more accurate. Also record your internet sources just like any other source. (slightly different
format.)
Chapter Eleven
Citing sources in your speech is critical in order to avoid plagiarism. During a speech you are
supposed to mention where you got your information orally. So just having a bibliography isn’t
sufficient. Many examples on pages 88-90. All have hanging indenting.
Chapter Twelve
Every speech has a way about how it is organized. A speech structure is simple, composed of
just three general parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Main points are found within
the body. Main points should flow directly from the speech goal and thesis. Speech should also
include Specific purpose (goal of the speech), thesis (the central idea of the speech), Main points
(in roman numerals). You should restrict the number of main points, avoid dragging out your
speech. Your main points should be one idea expressed in a complete sentence. Supporting
points support your main points. Use indentation to make paper visually attractive and organized.
Keep speech balanced; body should be the section that you focus most or longest on. Transitions
are the glue that holds the speech all together. The more smooth the transition is the more smooth
your speech is. Transitions are often posed in restate-forecast form, restating the point just
covered and previewing the point to be covered next.
Chapter Thirteen
Selecting an organizational pattern is also very important. There are a few different ways you can
organize your speech. A few examples are chronologically, spatial pattern (small items and
larger), Cause-Effect patterns, problem-solution patterns, topically, and arranging speech points
using the narrative pattern.
Chapter Fourteen
Outlining the speech. You will make two copies, one for the teacher and one for you, the
speaker. Use sentences, phrases, and key words, when making your outline. Create the main
speech points, note any obvious subpoints, select an organizational pattern for the main points,
create a working outline, organize main points and sub-points, check main points and subpoints
for coordination and subordination, and finally transfer the working outline to a speaking outline.
Don’t forget to have an introduction, body, conclusion, and especially transitions. Practice your
speech using the speech outline. The working outline Is a little different. Kind of like a rough
draft.
Chapter Fifteen
Developing the introduction and conclusion for your speech. The choices you make about the
introduction can affect the outcome of the entire speech. Within the first 90 seconds your
listeners will decide whether or not they are interested or if they will believe what you say. Some
tools for an effective introduction are; use a quotation, tell a story, pose questions, relate unusual
information, use humor, refer to the audience, refer to the occasion, all these need to preview the
topic and purpose of your speech. The final function of the introduction is to motivate the
audience to care about your topic and believe what you say about it. For this to happen your
audience must believe that 1. The topic is relevant, and 2. That you are qualified to address it.
Making the audience believe that you are qualified to address it can be done by sharing some
experience, knowledge, or perspective that you have that is different from or more extensive than
that of your audience. To create an effective conclusion some tools are; Signal the end of the
speech and provide closure, summarize the key points, repeat the topic and speech purpose,
challenge the audience to respond, and make the speech memorable. You want your message
will linger after the speech is over. You can make it memorable by using the same tools you used
to create your effective introduction.
Chapter sixteen
When preparing your speech remember to use a language which your audience can understand.
Strive for simplicity, be concise, make frequent use of repetition, use personal pronouns, use
concrete language (example summer – concrete sweltering heat), offer vivid imagery, choose
words that build credibility, use words appropriately, use words accurately, use the active voice,
use culturally sensitive and gender-neutral language, choose words that create a lasting
impression.
Chapter Seventeen
Choosing a method of delivery is very important. Strive for naturalness and enthusiasm. You can
speak from manuscript, speak from memory, speak impromptu, speak extemporaneously.
Impromptu is when your speech is spontaneous and unpracticed. Extemporaneously falls
somewhere between impromptu and written or memorized deliveries.
Chapter Eighteen
The volume of a speaker is usually the first thing we notice. Vary your intonation. (stop. Stop!)
adjust your speaking rate- the pace at which you convey speech. Make sure you don’t talk too
fast. Pauses enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing point, drawing
attention to a key thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said.
Strive for vocal variety. Use all the above tool s together rather than separately. Carefully
pronounce and articulate words. Avoid mumbling. A dialect is a distinctive way of speaking
associated with a particular region or social group. Use dialect with care.
Chapter Nineteen
This chapter is titled using the body. Pay attention to body language. As a n audience listens to
you they are also evaluating your body language- eye contact, posture, and facial expressions.
Animate your facial expressions, maintain eye contact, use gestures that feel natural, be aware of
general body movement (avoid fidgeting), dress appropriately, practice the delivery, focus on the
message, and plan ahead.
Chapter Twenty
This chapter is titled types of presentation aids. You should select an appropriate aid for your
speech. Consider using a prop or model. Graphs can also be helpful. You can have charts, audio
or video, overhead transparencies, digital projectors, prepare a flip chart, use posters, and
REHEARSE.
Chapter Twenty-One
This chapter is titled designing presentation aids. Make it simple. Use design elements
consistently. Select appropriate typeface styles and fonts. Use color carefully- make sure they
contrast correctly. Consider subjective interpretations of color.
Chapter Twenty-Two
A brief guide to Microsoft power point is in chap 22. Some of its main points are; give a speech,
not a slideshow, develop effective slides, and avoid technical glitches.
Chapter Twenty- Three
This chapter discusses informative speaking.. enlighten rather than advocate. Demonstrate the
topic’s relevance early on, use audience analysis, present new and interesting information, help
listeners follow along. Take these steps to reduce confusion- use analogies to build on prior
knowledge, demonstrate underlying causes, appeal to different learning styles, and check for
understanding by checking feedback. Don’t forget the works cited page!
Chapter Twenty-Four
Persuasive speaking is one of the different kinds of speaking. Focus on motivation. Balance
reason and emotion. Stress your credibility. Target listener’s needs. Encourage mental
engagement. Construct sound arguments. In an argument, you offer a conclusion about some
state of affairs, support it with evidence, and then link the evidence to the claim with reason.
Identify the nature of your claims. Use convincing evidence. Use effective reasoning. Avoid
fallacies in reasoning. Address culture. Strengthen your case by using organization. Here are a
few patterens;
Problem-solution patterns – problem (define what it is) solution (offer a way to overcome the
problem)
Monroe’s motivated sequence- step 1 attention, step 2 need, step 3 satisfaction, step 4
visualization, step 5 action.
Chapter Twenty-Five
A special occasion speech is one that is prepared for a specific occasion and for a purpose
dictated by that occasion. The object of a speech of introduction is to prepare of “warm up” the
audience for the main speaker- to heighten audience interest and build the speaker’s credibility.
A speech of acceptance is made in response to receiving an award. The goal of the speech of
presentation is twofold: to communicate the meaning of the award and to explain why the
recipient is receiving it. A roast is a humorous tribute to a person, one in which a series of
speakers jokingly poke fun at him or her. A toast is a brief tribute to a person or an event being
celebrated. Those delivering eulogies are charged with celebrating and commemorating the life
of someone while consoling those who have been left behind. The contemporary after-dinner
speech is just as likely to occur before, during, or after a lunch seminar or other type of business,
professional, or civic meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner. Lighthearted and entertaining. A
speech of inspiration seeks to motivate listeners to positively consider, reflect on, and sometimes
act on the speaker’s words.