Introduction
to
Anatomy
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Introduction to Anatomy

Anatomy is a science that studies the structures
that make up the human body.

It describes these structures by using special
language (terminology).
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ANATOMICAL
POSITION
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The anatomical terms always
refer to a standard
anatomical position.
The standard anatomical
position is:
 the body is erect with the
feet parallel.
 the arms hanging at the
sides with the palms
facing forward.
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ANATOMICAL
TERMS

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The anatomical terminology
is a set of terms that allow
body structures to be located
and identified clearly .
Examples:
 Anterior (ventral)
 Posterior (dorsal)
 Lateral
 Medial
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REGIONAL TERMS
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These are terms related to
the different regions of the
body.
Example:
 Head
 Neck
 Thorax
 Abdomen and pelvis
 Limbs
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BODY PLANES AND
SECTIONS
For the study of the human body it
is necessary to make imaginary
sections (cuts), along an imaginary
line called a plane.
There are three types of sections
or planes, they are at right angle
to each other.
A sagittal section is a cut made
longitudinally , dividing the body
into right and left parts.
If the cut is made down the
median plane of the body and the
right and left parts are equal in
size, it is called a midsagittal, or
median section.
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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

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A frontal section is a cut made
that divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts. It
is also called a coronal section.
A transverse section is a cut
made along a horizontal plane,
dividing the body into
superior and inferior parts. It
is also called a cross section.
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DIRECTIONAL
TERMS
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS
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BODY CAVITIES
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The human body has
two sets of internal
cavities.
They provide
protection to the
organs within them.
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DORSAL BODY CAVITY
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
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The dorsal body cavity
has two subdivisions,
which are continuous
with each other.
The cranial cavity is the
space inside the bony
skull, contains the brain.
The spinal cavity extends
from the cranial cavity
nearly to the end of the
vertebral column,
contains the spinal cord.
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VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
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The ventral body cavity is much
larger.
It contains all the structures within
the chest and abdomen.
The ventral body cavity is
subdivided.
The superior thoracic cavity is
separated from the rest of the
ventral cavity by a dome-shaped
muscle, the diaphragm.
It contains, lungs, heart, and other
visceral organs, it is protected by
the rib cage.
Its central region is called the
mediastinum
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VENTRAL BODY CAVITY


The cavity inferior to the
diaphragm is the
abdominopelvic cavity.
It is subdivided it into:
 a superior abdominal cavity,
containing the stomach, liver,
intestines, and other organs,
and
 an inferior pelvic cavity, with
the reproductive organs,
bladder, and rectum.
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SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC
SURFACE
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The abdominopelvic surface and cavity can be subdivided into 4
quadrants:
Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower
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SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC
SURFACE
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It can be subdivided also
into 9 regions:
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric
Left iliac
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ORGAN SYSTEMS
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THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INCLUDES:
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bones
joints
cartilages
ligaments
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SKELETON
The human skeleton (all
the bones) consists of
206 bones.
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SKELETON
The human skeleton is
divided in 2 parts:
• axial skeleton (the
bones that form the
longitudinal axis of the
body) and
• appendicular
skeleton (the bones of
the limbs and girdles)
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SKELETON
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Axial skeleton;
Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum and ribs
Appendicular skeleton;
Bones of the upper limb
Bones of the lower limb
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
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TYPES OF
BONE TISSUE
There are 2 types
of bone tissue:
• Spongy
• Compact
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