10-3
The Birth of the Republican Party
 Main Idea – The issue of
slavery dominated U.S.
politics in the 1850s.
Differences Between North and
South
 North
 South
North
 economy based on
manufacturing and
industrialization
 railroad construction
very common
 urbanization (growth of
cities)
 immigration from
European countries was
common
South
 economy based on
agriculture and slavery –
cotton was the major
cash crop
 primarily a rural region
of plantations and small
farms
 lack of railroads and
industry
 no significant European
immigration to the
South
Slavery in the Territories
 Wilmot Proviso – def. – plan
to ban slavery from
expanding into lands won
from Mexico during the
Mexican War
 SIG – sparked sectional
conflict over slavery issue –
North vs. South
 California applied for
statehood as a free state
 Gold Rush of 1849 led to an
explosion in California’s
population
 Upset Southerners –
demanded that slavery be
allowed to expand West
The Compromise of 1850
 Background: Henry Clay (aka
“The Great Compromiser”) wanted to avoid conflict
between North and South,
developed a compromise
 California = free state
 New Mexico and Utah
territories would use popular
sovereignty to decide slavery
issue
 Popular sovereignty – def. –
the residents of a territory
would vote for or against
slavery
The Compromise of 1850
 New Mexico and Texas border dispute settled in favor of New Mexico, but Texas
received debts paid by federal government
 Slave trade in Washington D.C. was abolished
 Very popular in the North, very controversial in the South
 New Fugitive Slave Law passed in order to return escaped slaves to plantations
in the South
 Very popular in the South, very controversial in the North
Chapter 10 - Section 2
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
 Main Idea – Proslavery
factions in the South and
antislavery factions in
the North disagreed over
the treatment of fugitive
slaves and the spread of
slavery to the territories.
This resulted in
increased sectionalism
between the regions.
Fugitive Slaves and the
Underground Railroad
 Fugitive Slave Law
 Underground Railroad
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 Harriet Tubman
Fugitive Slave Law
 Northerners angered by
the new Fugitive Slave
Law - part of the
Compromise of 1850
 runaway slaves could
NOT testify in court and
no trial by jury
 Helping an escaped
slave resulted in fines
and jail time
Underground Railroad
 – def. – secret network of
abolitionists who would
help fugitive slaves escape
to the North and Canada
 Underground Railroad
 Harriet Tubman – former
slave and “conductor” on
the underground railroad



Made 19 trips and helped
300 people to freedom
Nicknamed “Moses” of her
people for her efforts
Frederick Douglass
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 (1852) – antislavery novel
written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe
 Attacked the institution
of slavery as evil,
became a bestseller in
the North
 SIG – increased
sectional tensions
between North and
South
Tensions in Kansas
 Kansas-Nebraska Act
 “Bleeding Kansas”
 “Bleeding Sumner”
Kansas-Nebraska Act
 (1854) – Stephen Douglas’ plan to
organize territories in the West
 Popular sovereignty - settlers in
the territories would vote for or
against slavery in both Kansas and
Nebraska
 Repealed the Missouri
Compromise – Kansas and
Nebraska were both north of the
36 30’ parallel line (slavery had
been banned North of that line)
 SIG – sectional tensions exploded
– Northerners resented the idea
that slavery could expand to lands
where slavery had been banned
 led to the formation of the
Republican Party
“Bleeding Kansas”
 – violence erupted as pro-slavery
and anti-slavery settlers rushed
to Kansas and began fighting
with each other
 Two rival governments were
set up for the Kansas territory


Pro-slavery capital = Lecompton
Anti-slavery capital = Topeka
 “Sack of Lawrence” – pro-
slavery men burned and
looted an anti-slavery town
 “Pottawatomie Massacre” –
John Brown (an abolitionist)
murdered 5 slave owners with
broad-swords in Kansas
 SIG – Kansas erupted in its
own civil war
“Bleeding Sumner”
 –Senator Charles
Sumner (Massachusetts)
was beaten with a cane
by Preston Brooks
(South Carolina) in the
U.S. Senate
 SIG – sectional tensions
increased – North
defended Sumner,
South cheered Brooks
Activity
 On the map
provided label Free
States and Slave
States as well as
territories open to
slavery.
 Make sure your
map is colored!!!
10-3
The Birth of the Republican Party
 Main Idea – In the mid-
1850s, the issue of slavery
and other factors split
political parties and led
to the birth of new ones,
including the
Republican Party.
New Political Parties Emerge
 Whig Party
 Republican Party
 Know-Nothing Party
New Political Parties
 Background: Whig Party
– collapsed by 1854 due
to conflicts over slavery
Know Nothing Party
 (American Party) – established 1854
 Members believed in nativism – def. – favoring of
native-born Americans over immigrants
 anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic
Republican Party
 established 1854
 Opposed to the
expansion of slavery
into western territories
 Supported by many
people in the North as a
result of “Bleeding
Kansas”
10-4
Slavery and Secession
 Main Idea – A series of
controversial events
heightened the sectional
conflict that brought the
nation to the brink of
civil war.
Slavery Dominates Politics
 President James
Buchanan
 Dred Scott v. Sandford
(aka Dred Scott
Decision)
 Lincoln-Douglas
Debates
 John Brown’s Raid on
Harpers Ferry
James Buchanan
 President elected in 1856
 Weak and indecisive at
dealing with the slavery
issue
 Typical of ineffective
presidential leadership
in the 1850s
Dred Scott v. Sandford
 Dred Scott Decision (1857)
 Background: Dred Scott –
African American slave from
Missouri who sued for his
freedom because his master
had moved him to the free
state of Illinois
 Roger B. Taney (Chief Justice)
- ruled that


African Americans were not
citizens
Missouri Compromise line was
unconstitutional because it
violated property rights
 SIG – sectionalism exploded –
decision hated by North and
cheered by South
 Dred Scott
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 (1858)
 Lincoln challenged
Douglas to a series of
debates on slavery in the
western territories as part
of their senate race in 1858
 SIG - Douglas won the
senate race, but Lincoln
became known
throughout the North as a
possible presidential
candidate in 1860
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers
Ferry
 (1859)
 John Brown – abolitionist who
wanted to lead a slave revolt in the
South
 Harpers Ferry – federal armory
and arsenal
 Brown’s goal was to capture
weapons for slaves and lead
revolt
 John Brown was captured and
hanged for treason
 SIG – sectionalism between North
and South exploded
 In the South, John Brown was
viewed as an evil murderer
 In the North, some people
viewed Brown as a heroic
martyr, others agreed with his
views but thought that he was
too radical in his actions
Lincoln is Elected President
 Election of 1860 –
revealed sectionalism
between the North and
South
Election of 1860
 Candidates
 Abraham Lincoln
(Republican)
 Stephen Douglas
(Northern Democrat)
 John C. Breckenridge
(Southern Democrat)
 John Bell (Constitutional
Union Party)

Lincoln Douglass Debate
Election of 1860
 Lincoln won electoral
college but only won
39% of popular vote


He won all northern states
He won no southern states
 SIG – South was upset
at Lincoln’s election –
led directly to secession
crisis
 Lincoln
Southern Secession
 Secession Crisis
 Confederate States of
America
Secession Crisis
 (1860-1861)
 South Carolina –
seceded from the Union
as a result of Lincoln’s
election
 Followed by Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and
Texas
Confederate States of America
 (CSA) – Confederacy
created by southern states
that seceded from the
Union
 Emphasized states rights
 Devoted to the protection
of slavery
 Jefferson Davis = president
of the CSA
 President Buchanan did
nothing in response to the
secession crisis =
ineffective leader