THE COLD WAR
UNIT 8
Chapter 26 – The Cold War
Chapter 29 – The Kennedy &
Johnson Years
Presidents of the
United States
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George Washington; Federalist (1788)
John Adams; Federalist (1796)
Thomas Jefferson (1800)
James Madison (1808)
James Monroe (1816)
John Quincy Adams (1824)
Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)
Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)
William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840)
John Tyler; Whig (1841)
James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)
Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)
Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)
Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)
James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)
Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860)
Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865)
Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868)
Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876)
James Garfield; Republican (1880)
#21 - …
Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)
Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)
William McKinley; Republican (1896)
Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)
William Howard Taft; Republican (1908)
Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912)
Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920)
Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923)
Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928)
Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932)
Harry S. Truman; Democrat (1945)
Dwight D. Eisenhower; Republican (1952)
John F. Kennedy; Democrat (1960)
Lyndon B. Johnson; Democrat (1963)
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 26: The Cold War (1945–1960)
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
Section 3: The Korean War
Section 4: The Continuing Cold War
OBJECTIVES
 CORE
OBJECTIVE: Analyze the origins of the Cold War
and evaluate the presidential foreign policies during the Cold War.
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Objective 10.1: How did the differing postwar goals of the Soviet Union and the
United States lead to the Cold War?
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Objective 10.2: How did the goals of containment influence
events in the late 1940’s?
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Objective 10.3: Explain the Causes and effects of the Korean War.
Objective 10.4: Describe characteristics of the McCarthy Era.
Objective 10.5: Describe the domestic programs pursued by President Kennedy.
Objective 10.6: Describe the foreign policy Cold War crises that occurred during
Kennedy’s presidency.
Objective 10.7: Explain the goals and effects of President Johnson’s domestic
programs.
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THE COLD WAR
HEATS UP
CHAPTER 26
SECTION 2
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The United States wanted to help European nations, recover
from the war, and become economically strong democracies.
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It also wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in Europe.
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The Marshall Plan was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of
State George C. Marshall as a means to achieve these goals.
 Nations design recovery programs and would receive
financial aid from the U.S.
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Seventeen Western European nations joined the plan, receiving
a total of $13 billion in aid.
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As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of Berlin, located in
Communist East Germany, was divided into West Berlin (capitalist) and
East Berlin (Communist).
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In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin
through East Germany
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This created a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the
city.
In response, Allied nations began the Berlin airlift, which
delivered tons of food and supplies to West Berlin via air.
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Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a
focal point of Cold War conflict.
Why create a treaty organization?
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Soviet vetoes prevented the United Nations
from resolving a number of postwar
problems.
What was NATO?
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The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was formed in
April 1949.
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The United States sought to avoid the
problems of post–World War I
isolationism.
The United States did not want to be the
only nation in the Western Hemisphere
committed to fighting communism. A
Canadian role in the treaty organization
would be vital.
In joining NATO, the United States,
Canada, and ten Western European
nations pledged to support one
another against attack, a principle
known as collective security.
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In response, the Soviet Union
created the Warsaw Pact, a
military alliance between the
Soviet Union and its satellite
nations.
Communist Advances
The Soviet Atomic Threat
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In September 1949, Truman announced that
the Soviet Union had successfully tested an
atomic bomb.
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In response, the United States began
developing the even more powerful hydrogen
bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s
leading nuclear power.
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The newly formed Federal Civil Defense
Administration distributed information on
how to survive a nuclear attack; this
information was ridiculed by experts.
China Falls to the Communists
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During World War II, competing
factions in China had cooperated, but
fighting between them resumed towards
the end of the war.
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At first, the United States supported
Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against
Communist Mao Zedong. However, the
United States later decided to focus on
Western Europe instead.
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Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s
creation of a Communist state in China
as a failure of Truman’s policies.
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Duck and Cover (1951)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw60
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During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate of suspicion in the
United States.
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Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947, checking the backgrounds of
all new and existing federal employees.
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The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began investigating
Hollywood personalities who had Communist leanings.
 One group, known as the Hollywood Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s
questions and was imprisoned.
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Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to employers naming persons
who should not be hired.
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Blacklisted individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who
seemed subversive.
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Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist
countries, the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act reestablished the
immigration quota system from 1924.
 This act discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia
and Southern and Central Europe.
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Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the United States
were sharing American secrets with foreign Communists.
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These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
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Alger Hiss was a former government employee sent to prison for four years for lying
to a federal grand jury on espionage. (1950)
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The Rosenbergs were executed for being communist spies in 1953
The Cold War Heats Up—
Assessment
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and
Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial
social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
The Cold War Heats Up—
Assessment
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and
Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial
social problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.