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Chapter Presentation
Transparencies
Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 8
Cell Reproduction
Table of Contents
Section 1 Chromosomes
Section 2 Cell Division
Section 3 Meiosis
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Objectives
• Describe the structure of a chromosome.
• Identify the differences in structure between prokaryotic
chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species.
• Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and
autosomes.
• Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chromosome Structure
• Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of
DNA and protein.
• In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins called
histones to help maintain the compact structure of
chromosomes.
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chromosome Structure
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Parts of a Chromosome
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chromosome Structure, continued
• Chromosomes in prokaryotes are simpler in structure
than chromosomes in eukaryotes.
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Comparing Cell Division in
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chromosome Numbers
• Each species has a characteristic number of
chromosomes in each cell.
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chromosome
Numbers of
Various
Organisms
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chromosome Numbers, continued
• Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
– Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that
determine the sex of an organism.
– All of the other chromosomes in an organism are
autosomes.
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chromosome Numbers, continued
• Diploid and Haploid Cells
– Cells having two sets of chromosomes are diploid
(2n).
– Haploid cells (1n) have only one set of
chromosomes.
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Chapter 8
Section 1 Chromosomes
Karyotype
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Objectives
• Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes.
• Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during
cell division in eukaryotes.
• Summarize the events of interphase.
• Describe the stages of mitosis.
• Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant
cells.
• Explain how cell division is controlled.
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
• Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce
themselves.
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued
• Binary fission is the process of cell division in
prokaryotes.
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
• Cell Cycle
– The cell cycle is the repeating set of events in the
life of a cell.
– The cell cycle consists of cell division and
interphase.
– Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear
division, called mitosis, and the division of
cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Cell Cycle Introduction
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued
• Interphase
– Interphase consists of growth (G1), DNA
replication, and preparation for cell division (G2).
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Stages of Mitosis
• Mitosis is divided into stages: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• Mitosis results in two offspring cells that are
genetically identical to the original cell.
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Stages of
Mitosis
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Mitosis
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Cytokinesis
• During cytokinesis in animal cells, a cleavage furrow
pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell
into two cells.
• In plant cells, a cell plate separates the dividing cell
into two cells.
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Comparing Cell Division in Plants and Animals
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Control of Cell Division
• Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many
proteins.
• Control occurs at three main checkpoints.
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Control of the Cell Cycle
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Control of Cell Division, continued
• When Control is Lost: Cancer
– Cancer may result if cells do not respond to
control mechanisms.
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Objectives
• Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis.
• Summarize the events of meiosis I.
• Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production
of unique individuals.
• Summarize the events of meiosis II.
• Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
• Define sexual reproduction.
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Formation of Haploid Cells
• Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces
the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the
number in the original cell.
• Meiosis produces haploid gametes.
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Formation of Haploid Cells, continued
• Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces
the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the
number in the original cell.
• Meiosis leads to four haploid cells (gametes) rather
than two diploid cells as in mitosis.
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis I
• Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I,
anaphase I, and telophase I.
• Crossing-over, which is when portions of
homologous chromosomes exchange genetics
material, occurs during prophase I and results in
genetic recombination.
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis II
• Meiosis II includes prophase II, metaphase II,
anaphase II, and telophase II.
• Four new haploid cells result.
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Stages of Meiosis
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Stages of Meiosis, continued
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Development of Gametes
• Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm
cells are produced.
• Oogenesis is the process that produces mature egg
cells.
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis in Male and Female Animals
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring
through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an
egg.
• Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are
genetically different from the parents.
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Chapter 8
Section 3 Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following statements about prokaryotic
chromosomes is true?
A. Prokaryotes have at least two chromosomes.
B. Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of a circular
DNA molecule.
C. Prokaryotic chromosomes include histone and
nonhistone proteins.
D. Prokaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA
wrapped tightly around histone proteins.
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following statements about prokaryotic
chromosomes is true?
A. Prokaryotes have at least two chromosomes.
B. Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of a circular
DNA molecule.
C. Prokaryotic chromosomes include histone and
nonhistone proteins.
D. Prokaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA
wrapped tightly around histone proteins.
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Crossing-over occurs during which process?
F. mitosis
G. meiosis I
H. meiosis II
J. interphase
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Crossing-over occurs during which process?
F. mitosis
G. meiosis I
H. meiosis II
J. interphase
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relative mass of DNA and
chromosome number
for a cell undergoing mitosis.
Use the graph to answer
the questions that follow.
3. In which phase of mitosis do
chromatids separate and
become individual
chromosomes?
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase/cytokinesis
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relative mass of DNA and
chromosome number
for a cell undergoing mitosis.
Use the graph to answer
the questions that follow.
3. In which phase of mitosis do
chromatids separate and
become individual
chromosomes?
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase/cytokinesis
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relative mass of DNA and
chromosome number
for a cell undergoing mitosis.
Use the graph to answer
the questions that follow.
4. What process occurs that leads
to the decrease in the cell’s DNA
mass?
F. prophase
G. metaphase
H. anaphase
J. telophase/cytokinesis
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relative mass of DNA and
chromosome number
for a cell undergoing mitosis.
Use the graph to answer
the questions that follow.
4. What process occurs that leads
to the decrease in the cell’s DNA
mass?
F. prophase
G. metaphase
H. anaphase
J. telophase/cytokinesis
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. prokaryote : binary fission :: eukaryote :
A. mitosis
B. cytokinesis
C. crossing-over
D. genetic recombination
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. prokaryote : binary fission :: eukaryote :
A. mitosis
B. cytokinesis
C. crossing-over
D. genetic recombination
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below
shows a model of cell
division. Use the diagram to
answer the question that
follows.
6. Which type of cell division is shown
in the diagram?
F. mitosis
G. meiosis
H. binary fission
J. sexual reproduction
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below
shows a model of cell
division. Use the diagram to
answer the question that
follows.
6. Which type of cell division is shown
in the diagram?
F. mitosis
G. meiosis
H. binary fission
J. sexual reproduction
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Human cells are either diploid or haploid. All human
cells with 46 chromosomes are diploid.
Would a human cell with any 23 chromosomes be
haploid? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Human cells are either diploid or haploid. All human
cells with 46 chromosomes are diploid.
Would a human cell with any 23 chromosomes be
haploid? Explain your answer.
Answer:
No, a haploid cell has one complete set of
chromosomes, which in the case of humans is 23.
Randomly having 23 chromosomes would not be
considered haploid.
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
For a cell to function efficiently, its surface area must
exceed that of its volume.
Part A Explain how cell division maintains the
relationship between surface area and volume.
Part B How does a stable ratio between surface
area and volume help maintain proper cell
functioning?
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Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A The smaller the cell, the greater is the ratio of
surface area to volume. Cell division makes one
larger cell into two smaller cells.
Part B By having a stable ratio between surface area
and volume, cells are able to maintain homeostasis
by taking in and getting rid of substances efficiently
through osmosis and diffusion.
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Chapter 8
Section 2 Cell Division
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
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