primary sources
wed nov 4
today’s line-up
search log
due mon nov 9 via email
•
•
•
•
annotated bibliography
due mon nov 16 via email
see example next slide
primary sources
what are primary sources?
how & why are they collected?
how are they organized?
where & how could I access them?
why would I ever use them?
variety of databases searched
identifying appropriate subject headings
document search strings + adjustments
equity among team members
prep for trip to Wilson Library on Monday
Citation in APA
format of each
item (5-10
total sources)
Relevancy
what does this
item provide
for your story?
Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership,
followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past.
American Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.
63.3.182
This article analyzes the topic of leadership from an evolutionary
perspective and proposes three conclusions. Although it offers an
historical perspective, I use only one of the the authors’ points
about leader-follower relations in early human societies. To support
my project question of what makes one person a better leader than
others, I will focus on the point that, “leadership cannot be studied
apart from followership and that an adequate account of the
leadership process must consider the psychology of followers” (p.
193) .
Source
evaluation
use criteria from
the mid-term to
assess the
quality of the
information
The authors have a wide range of expertise in the area of business
leadership. Van Vugt is on faculty at University of Kent; Hogan and
Kaiser work in business systems assessment. The article appears in
the highly cited, peer-reviewed journal, American Psychologist.
Pop Quiz
1) Describe one significant difference between an
“archive” and a “library” (e.g. in terms of
access to material, type of material,
organization of material and/or acquisition of
material)
2) Think about material in the digital collection
you explored…what sort of questions/inquiries
would the collection support? In other words,
who would want use this particular collection
and why?
primary sources
primary sources
primary sources
primary sources
provide first-hand testimony or direct evidence
concerning a topic under investigation
created by witnesses or recorders who experienced
the events or conditions being documented
often these sources are created at the time when
the events or conditions are occurring…but could
be recorded later
offer an inside view of a particular event…based
upon lived experience
Dilthey (1985), Husserl (1970), MerleauPonty (1962) - intent
to explore directly the original or prereflective dimensions of
human existence
primary sources
autobiographies
diaries & journals
memoires
legal and financial documents
oral histories
photographs
business correspondence
maps
personal correspondence
architectural drawings
computer tape
objects
video & audio recordings
government regulations and
treaties
hearings & debates of legislative
bodies; court cases
census data
records of government
expenditures & finances
regalia / artifacts (e.g. war
memorabilia)
scientific data
music (e.g. music scores, musical
instruments, sound recordings)
visual materials (e.g. original art,
graphic art)
dissertations
found in cultural institutions,
museums, archives
manuscript and archival materials are unique resources that
can be found in only one library or institution (though digital
copies or copies on microfilm/microfiche may be available
elsewhere)
archives
the records made or
received and maintained by
an institution or
organization in pursuance of
its legal obligations or in the
transaction of its business
manuscripts
a body of papers of an
individual or a family
how & why are primary sources collected?
required by law – usually “records”
birth/death certificates; marriage license; property records; law enforcement
company / organization policy
personnel files; incorporation docs; marketing/advertising; product info
historical societies
photos; military garb; maps
religious groups
membership; sermons; pamphlets
for profit
ancestry.com; background records (criminal or financial records)
intentional collecting – e.g. research, endowment or grant
North Carolina Collection (UNC)
family
birth certificates; medical records; photos; scrapbooks; journals
archives: what do they keep?
• records which are no longer required for
current use but have been selected for
permanent preservation because of their
evidential or informational value
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a state agency,
and its offices and departments are obligated to follow the
requirements of the North Carolina Public Records Law (North
Carolina General Statute 132) for retention and disposition of
records.
One thing that particularly surprised me about this archive
[UNC Special Collections] is that it actively reaches out to
the public. It provides lessons for children K-12, and it even
has a Facebook account posting interesting things about its
resources.
So I came up with a potential discussion question: what are
some other ways archives can benefit the general public?
-Wanyi
By the way, please check out this link found on the archive's recent Facebook post.
http://blogs.lib.unc.edu/uarms/index.php/2015/11/exceedingly-improper-studentbehavior-of-the-1840s/
Website: http://diphi.web.unc.edu/
ARCHIVES
What do they Inactive records
keep?
that have been
selected for
permanent
preservation
usually
unpublished (can
be in any format
and unique)
LIBRARIES
Published
materials (can
be in many
formats) that is
not unique
How is the
material
arranged?
According to a Arrangement is
pre-determined not significant,
classification
control is.
system (LC,
DDC)
In the order
determined and
used by the
creator(s)
MUSEUMS
Objects and
artifacts (and
associated
documentation)
which may or
may not be
unique
What is their
objective?
Who can
consult the
material?
ARCHIVES
Protection of
archives and their
evidential and
informational
values
LIBRARIES
Building
appropriate and
comprehensive
collections that
are properly
housed and
effectively used
MUSEUMS
Collection and
protection of
selected objects
for the
community
Depends on
Any member of Any member of
archives policy
community
the public
and conditions
imposed by donor
Differences between archival and library materials
Category
Libraries
Archives
Nature
Published
Discrete items
Available elsewhere
Unpublished
Groups of related items
Unique
Method of receipt Selected as single items
Appraised in aggregates
Arrangement
Predetermined subject
classification
Provenance and original
order
Level of
description
Individual items
Aggregate (record group or
series)
Descriptive media Online catalog
Inventories, finding aids
Access
Closed stacks
Open stacks
how can I find things in an archive?
• depends…
• “Finding Aid” - description of an archival
collection, usually containing a history of the
person or organization that produced the
collection and an inventory of its contents
• EAD Encoded Archival Description
– XML standard used to encode data about archival
materials
– makes things easier to find in an electronic environment
• Ask the librarian / archivist
…as one seeks to obtain more information from the database
a Duke log in is required. I felt another con of the database
was the randomness of the collections provided. For many of
the collections there is no connection to other collections,
each its own unique research compilation. Overall the
database is a great source if your research pertains to one of
the collections provided, the scopes are very detailed and
unique, so using this research often could prove challenging.
My question concerning the database is in terms of
collection selection. What is the criteria for adding a new
collection to the database, can a collection be removed if it is
not highly viewed?
-Ben
appraisal
def: process of evaluating records to determine
their value and ultimate disposition
– physical volume
– frequency of use
– administrative and operational need served by the
record
– legal and fiscal regulations governing retention
– historical significance
– economic advantage of moving the records from high
cost office storage to low cost records storage space
or direct disposal
– whether this is the record copy or a duplicate
archival appraisal as power
The appraisal process determines the fate of our
documentary heritage. Archivists are arbiters of
the fabric of history itself
Schaeffer, R.C. (1992).
Transcendent concepts: Power,
appraisal, and the archivist as
“social outcast”. American
Archivist, 55, 608-619.
The facts are in our keeping. The whole aim of
the archivist’s work is to preserve them. Without
the archivist’s science and research the historian
will not know either what facts are or where they
can be found
Bolotenko, G. (1983). Archivists
and historians: Keepers of the
well. Archivaria, 16, 20.
Archivists are now the servants of society at
large, called upon to ensure a record of all
aspects of its culture. According to the
contemporary archival ethic, records must be
acquired from all elements of society and must
be accessible to a range of users
Schaeffer, R.C. (1992).
Transcendent concepts: Power,
appraisal, and the archivist as
“social outcast”. American
Archivist, 55, 608-619.
Archivists normatively position themselves as
impartial and honest brokering custodians of the
past, immune from the pressures and persuasions
that conflict the rest of contemporary society.
Consider the politics of record-making and record
keeping and how they shape and often mis-shape
the construction of the past and present.
Action or inaction
Wallace, D.A. (2011). Memory ethics – or the presence of
the past in the present. Archival Science, 11, 1-12.
where & how to access
• think about who might have relevant
records/material
– government entity (international, national, state, county)
– professional organization/society (e.g. state geological
society)
– dedicated entity (special collection – e.g. TWU’s WASP
collection)
• ask librarian
why would I ever use an archive?
• legislation (statutes, regulations, and ordersin-council) and case law (decisions of courts
and administrative tribunals)
• genealogy / family tree
• popular culture / period pieces
December 1963: Members of several civil rights organizations staged this holiday march,
carrying letters addressed to political leaders to urge anti-discrimination legislation. They
requested that fellow Chapel Hill citizens follow suit to "Send Freedom Letters for Christmas.
Drafts of Langston Hughes's poem "Ballad of Booker T.,”
30 May-1 June 1941
https://archive.org
Our field trip to Wilson on Monday
Wilson Library
North Carolina Collection
Rare Book Collection
Southern Folklife Collection
Southern Historical Collection
University Archives
Federal Writers’ Project Papers
Southern Historical Collection
http://www2.lib.unc.edu/mss/shc
Sam Ervin Papers
(Senate Records – relating to Civil
Rights Act of 1964)
Southern Historical Collection
http://www2.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/e/Ervin,S
am_J.,Senate.html