A New Monitory Value Model
for ALARA Practices in NPPs
ISOE/ATC ALARA Workshop
Seoul, Korea
12-14 Sep. 2007
Seong Ho NA, Ph.D
ED for Radiation and Radwaste Safety
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
19 Guseong-dong, Yuseong, Taejon, Korea
Tel: +82 42 868 0302, +82 11 402 2071
Fax: +82 42 862 3680
e-mail: shna@kins.re.kr,
Web: http://kisoe.kins.re.kr
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
CONTENTS
• Financial Consumption for Main ALARA Projects
in Korean NPPs
• Surveys on Alpha Values and Models (CEPN, UK
& Japan)
• Logics of KINS Model
• Alpha Values
• Applications to other countries
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
Financial Consumption for Main ALARA
Projects in Korean NPP : without model
Main Projects for
Dose Reduction
Allocated
Fund ($)
Dose
Reduction
per Outage
(man.mSv)
Peri
od
(yr)
Total Dose
Reduction
(man.mSv)
ALARA
Cost
$/man.mSv
S/G nozzle dam
213,000
50-200
10
450-2,200
97-470
S/G ECT(SM-10)
500,000
80-140
10
720-1,540
320-700
R/V studbolt
tensioner
475,000
36-100
10
320-1,100
430-1,500
S/G man-way MST
225,000
26-36
10
240-400
570-960
9,125,000
300-700
30
6,900-28,000
330-1300
RTD by-pass
Alpha Values Used by the World NPPs
Country
Owner/Operator
$/man.mSv
USA
Overall
$160-$2,150
Belgium
CEN SKC mol
$25.5-$5,000
France
EdF
UK
BNFL
$60-$120
Sweden
Overall
$420
$15-$2,250
* Alpha (α) Value: used as the Base value in the model normally
called as the ALARA model
Comparison of Alpha Values with GNP
222.79
alpha value
Switz-erland
2027.99
188.32
alpha value
United Kingdom
146.82
252
alpha value
Nethe-rlands
453.78
263.28
alpha value
USA
186.51
171.37
alpha value
Sweden
259.38
28.89
alpha value
Slo-vakia
603.38
GNP
 Value
13.63
alpha value
Ro-mania
205.17
188.08
alpha value
Finland
93.26
220.14
alpha value
Canada
65.65
0
500
1000
1500
2000
alpha value(단위 : EURO) & GNP/capita(단위 : 100 EURO)
2500
$
Total Cost
Protection Cost
Ideal goal : curve
Practical goal : slope ($/man-Sv)
Detriment Cost
Collective dose
Optimal point
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
Case Study of Models
KOREA (2002)
- Population (PP) : 48,082,000 persons
- GDP/PP : 16,378 US$/person
- Expected loss of output from non-fatal caners P1 : 0.01/Sv
- Expected loss of output from premature death P2 : 0.05/Sv
- Expected hereditary detriment P3 : 0.013/Sv
- Probability of Employment E : 0.969
- Inflation r : 4.88%
- Average life expectancy : 76.9 years
- Daily Cost to treat non fatal cancer: 17 US$
- Total cost to treat non-fatal cancer C1: 6,179 US$
- Years to treat non-fatal cancer T1 : 1 year
- Total cost to treat fatal cancer C2: 17,485 US$ (8,742 US$ * 2 years)
- Years to treat non-fatal cancer T2: 2 years
- Years of earlier death due to cancer h : 60 year
- Expected cost of hereditary detriment C3 : 1,830 US$
- Years to treat hereditary detriment T3: 20 days
Non-Fatal Cancer
Fatal Cancer
Cancers
Bonemarrow
Skin
Breast
Leukemia
Lung
Stomach
Liver
Cost
(US$)
9,749
3,164
5,626
17,874
6,065
5,607
5,423
Average
Per year
6,179 US$
8,742 US$
Models & Korean Data Input
1. U.K NRPB Model
    
nf
f
g
→ α value: 9.8 US$ /man-mSv
m
αnf : Expected loss of output from non-fatal caners
αf : Expected loss of output from premature death
αg : Expected medical expenditure on induced cancers
αm : Expected cost of hereditary detriment
- P1: Prob. for non-fatal cancers due to radiation exposure = 0.01/Sv
- P2: Prob. for fatal cancers due to radiation exposure = 0.05/Sv
- C1 :Cost for non-fatal cancers = 6,179,865 won
- P3: Prob. for hereditary detriment from radiation = 0.013/Sv
- T1 :Period for medical curing of non-fatal cancers = 1 yr
- E : Prob. of being employed = 0.969
- C2 Cost for fatal cancers = 17,485,390 won
- r : Mean inflation rate = 4.88%
- C3 Cost for hereditary detriment = 1,830,893 won
- l : Life expectancy = 76.5 yr
- T3 Period for medical curing of hereditary detriment = 20 day
- h :The avg. age of premature death due to cancers = 60yr
2. Japan Kyoto Univ. Model
→ α value: 2.5 US$/man-mSv
αnf : Expected loss of output from non-fatal cancers & medical expenditure for a man
αf Expected loss from out of work due to fatal cancers for a man
αg Expected cost of hereditary detriment for a man
- Pnf: Prob. for non-fatal cancers due to radiation exposure = 0.01/Sv
- Pf: Prob. for fatal cancers due to radiation exposure = 0.05/Sv
- Pg: Prob. for hereditary detriment from radiation = 0.013/Sv
- l : Life expectancy = 76.5 yr
- h :The avg. age of premature death due to cancers = 60yr
ME : Daily medical expenditure = 16,931 won
W : GDP/capita
C : Consumption= 0.9*W
3. France CEPN Model
→ αbase : 13 $/man-mSv
 Ref(x)
 Ref(x) =  base(x/x0)a
 Ref(x) = base
a : risk aversion factor
GDP/capita (in 2002) : 14,503 $/man/yr
base
0
x0
x
Collective dose
Loss of life expectancy induced by a radiation health effect : 16 years
Probability of occurrence of health effects associated with 1 Sv : 0.056 /Sv
Monetary value of health effects associated with 1Sv : 12,995,176 won/Sv
Alpha base value → 13 $/mSv
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
① a=1.4 (constant)
Dose level
(man-mSv)
0~1
1~5
5~15
15~30
30~50
α value
($/man-mSv)
13
63.092
334.
1,027
2,287.5
a
1
1.2
1.6
1.75
1.75
Dose level
(man-mSv)
0~1
1~5
5~15
15~30
30~50
α value
($/man-mSv)
13
49.5
538.
3,095.
8,384.
② a= (varied)
* Christian,1998
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
Distribution of workers in
four stepwise dose ranges in 2005
Dose Range (mSv)
Name
NPP
Workers
Total
(Person)
0.1~1
1~5
5~10
10~ ≧ 20
7,430
(0.76)
1,577
(0.16)
543
(0.055)
260
(0.025)
9,810
Collective
Dose
man-mSv
※ Duplicated Count is Adjusted
Dose
Range
mSv
0~1
1~5
5~10
10~ ≧20
Total
Workers
All
Workers
21,611
(0.691)
8,363
(0.267)
967
(0.031)
347
(0.011)
31,288
(1.00)
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
32,757
Case Study of Models
ECONOMIC METHOD
Approach to Define the Human Value
Human Capital Approach
- Treat as a substance value
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
o Revealed Preference Approach: WTP
- Survey
- willingness to-pay
(1) DIFFERENTIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Residual dose(D)
◆
◆
Ⓑ
△D
◆
⊙
Ⓐ
◆
△C
◆
Cost(C)
□ △C/ △D : implicit cost of avoided dose unit
o α
: reference monetary value of d dose unit
=> “what is agreed to be paid in order to avoid one dose unit”
□ Optimum : dC/dD ≤ α
(2) Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Optimization
Cost
Total Cost
Optimal point
Optimized
Cost
Exposure Cost
Protection
Cost
0
Optimized Dose (ALARA)
man-mSv
Case of UK
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
ALARA only
0.2
20 mSv, then
ALARA
0.1
0
0
40000
80000
120000
Annual cost (US dollars per year)
- Annual Cost to reduce the collective dose
Life Expectancy & GNP
Mean life expectancy(y)
80
60
40
20
0
0
10,000
20,000
Annual gross national product per person
(US dollars per year)
- Surveyed 53 countries
30,000
-Life Expectancy is proportional to the GNP increase if it is less than US$ 10,000
Human Capital Approach
Human Life Price is estimated by an individual loss of contribution to the
national economic
Case of France
CEPN : Monetary value of Human Life per Sv
GDP/person US$
35,282
Average Life Expectancy
42 yr
Life Price US$
35,282× 42(yr) = 1,481,844
Life years lost due to disease
(ICRP60)
Cost to treat Health Detriment
US$
19.4(yr)
35,282× 19.4(년 ) = 684,470
Probability of Cancer(1Sv)
5.6× 10-2 /Sv
Loss of National Economic
due to Health Detriment per
1Sv
684,470× 5.6× 10-2
CEPN Model for Alpha Value
-Ref(d)
Ref(d) = Base(d/d0)a
Ref(d) = Base
Base
0
d0
d
d
Individual Dose mSv
Base : Monetary Value of unit dose
do : Upper value allowed individual dose for Base
a : Aversion Factor (1.2-1.75)
Aversion Factor Range for a
Multiplying Factor a
16
High A
12
8
Low A
4
0
10-6
10-4
10-2
Annual Individual Dose Sy/y
Case of France a = 1.6 if less or equal to 15 mSv/y
a= 1.75 if 20 mSv/y
10-0
KINS Model for Alpha Value
Ref(d) = Base
for d ≤ d0 (1 mSv)
Ref(d) = Base(d/d0)a
for d > d0 (1 mSv)
GDP/capita (2005) : 16,378 US$/man
Loss of life expectancy caused by radiation : 18.6 years
Detriment Probability : 0.056 /Sv
Exchange Rate(2005) : 1024 Won/$
PPP : 764 Won/$
αbase value : 17.1 US$/man-mSv
= GDP/capita × Loss of Life Expectancy × Prob.
 17.1 x 764/1024 = 12.7 US$/man-mSv (PPP Adjusted)
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
$
Total Cost
Ideal goal : curve
Practical goal : slope ($/man-Sv)
Protection Cost
Detriment Cost
Collective dose
Optimal point
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
KINS Alpha Value Model for Korea
Cost
α3
α2
α1
α base
0
1
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
5
10
Individual Dose( mSv )
Alpha Value in Korea
- αref(x) = αbase, if x≤ 1
= α1, if 1<x≤ 5
a=1
a=1.4
= α2, if 5<x≤ 10 a=1.5
= α3, if 10<x
- αbase : 17.1 US$/man-mSv
- α1 : 160 US$/man-mSv
- α2 : 540 US$/man-mSv
- α3 : 2,800 US$/man-mSv
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
a=1.7
Applied in Other Countries
1) Corporate or plant alpha values for occupational exposure: set of values
Country
Corporate or NPP
Monetary Value of man-mSv ($)
Belgium
CEN SCK Mol
0-1 mSv : 23
1-2 mSv : 58
2-5 mSv : 232
5-10 mSv : 620
10-20 mSv : 1,158
20-50 mSv : 4,635
1995
France
EDF
0-1 mSv : 14
1-5 mSv : 57
5-15 mSv : 328
15-30 mSv : 955
30-50 mSv : 2,138
1993
Germany
VGB proposal
agreed on by all
utilities for testing
0-1 mSv : no value
1-10 mSv : 143
10-20 mSv : ~1,434
1997
Netherlands
Borssele NPP
0-10 mSv : 467
10< mSv : 935
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
Adoption year
2002
Alpha Value in Korea
• 0~1m Sv : 17.1 $/man-mSv
• 1~5mSV : 160 $/man-mSv
• 5~10mSv : 540 $/man-mSv
• >10mSv : 2,800 $/man-mSv
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
KINS Model for Alpha Values
Dose Range
(mSv)
0~1
1~5
5~10
≥10
Distribution f(x)
0.69
0.27
0.03
0.01
Aversion Factor a
1
1.4
1.5
1.7
Korea α Value
(US$/man.mSv)
17.1
160
540
2,800
France α Value
(US$/man.mSv)
38
365
1,212
6,242
Ref(d) = Base d ≤ 1 mSv
Ref(d) = Base(d/d0)a
2) Alpha values of Regulatory bodies
$ of Man-mSv
Adopted year
Korea
Canada
PPP GNI($)
2002
16,960
28,390
12 ~ 1,880 (PPP adjusted)
70.3
2007
1997
Czech Republic
14,920
16.8~84.1
2002
Finland
Netherlands
Romania
Sweden
UK
USA
26,160
28,350
6,490
25,820
26,580
36,110
100
486
220
13.5~277.8
15.7~157.2
200
1991
1995
~2002
~2002
1998
1995
Country
* CEPN, 2003
* PPP GNI : Purchasing Power Parity Gross National Income
It reflects the real value of currency and objective-economic situation.
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
Country
Slovakia
Belgium
Netherlands
Spain
UK
(BNFL)
USA
(South texas NPP)
2002 Survey
RP Decree
No. 12/2001 in 2001
adjusted by consumer
price
<2 mSv : 48.27 EUR
2-5 mSv : 120.68 EUR, 5-15 mSv : 362.03 EUR
15-30 mSv : 482.71 EUR, 30-50 mSv : 603.38 EUR
<1 mSv : 24.79 EUR, 1-2 mSv : 61.97 EUR
2-5 mSv : 247.89 EUR 5-10 mSv : 619.73 EUR
10-20 mSv : 1239.47 EUR 20-50 mSv : 4957.87 EUR
<10 mSv : 500 EUR
>10 mSv : 1000 EUR
Total collective does: < 1250 man-mSv on a 3 years average = 1000 EUR,
> 1250 man-mSv on a 3 years average = 5000 EUR
Individual does : < 10 mSv = 1000 EUR, > 10 mSv = 5000 EUR
For individual doses < 5 mSv : NRPB data set from 14.68 to 29.36 EUR
(10 to 20 GBP)
if individual dose > 5 mSv :
multiplied by a factor of 3
if individual dose around 10 mSv : multiplied by a factor of 5
< 10 mSv : 466.29 EUR (500 USD)
>10 mSv : 2331.44 EUR (2500 USD)
Comparison of Existing Values
Own Model Values
KINS Model (PPP) US$/man-mSv
1~ 20 mSv
Base
1
2
3
KOREA
17 US$/man-mSv
12.7
120
400
2000
UK
34 US$/man-mSv
43
382
970
2480
51
450
1,150
2,920
43
380
962
2450
JAPAN
USA
S. Texas NPP
FRANCE
37 US$/man-mSv
466~2,620
US$/man-mSv
38 ~ 24,200 (40 mSv)
New Values in Current Price and PPP
GDP
$/person
PPP
(1)
Average
Life
Years
(2)
Korea
16,378
18.6
764
1,024
17,060
12,730
USA
42,523
17.5
1
1
41,670
41,670
France
35,282
20.3
0.902
0.805
40,110
44,940
UK
36,780
18.5
0.627
0.55
38,110
43,440
Canada
35,420
19.9
1.25
1.212
39,470
40,710
Japan
35,741
21.8
129
110.1
43,633
51,123
China
1,477
11.4
1.8
8.3
943
205
(3)
Exchange Current Priced
Rate
Alpha base
$/man-Sv
(4)
(5)
(5) = (1) x (2) (18.6 year) x Cancer risk (5.6 x 10-2 /Sv)
PPP Alpha base value = (5) x (3)/(4)
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
PPP Alpha
base
$/man-Sv
New Values evaluated by the use of KINS
Model
Cases
Alpha base Value
$/man-Sv
Alpha Values $/man-Sv
(Aversion Factor per region)
α1 (a=1.4)
α2 (a=1.5)
α3 (a=1.7)
PPP
12,730
121,150
402,496
2,072,590
Korea
Current
Price
17,100
162,380
539,470
2,777,900
Japan
PPP
51,123
486,589
1,616,655
8,324,684
Current
Price
43,633
415,300
1,379,796
7,105,022
PPP
205
1,946
6,467
33,298
Current
Price
943
8,975
29,818
153,542
PPP
79,160
753,480
2,503,310
12,890,400
Current
Price
58,810
559,730
1,859,600
9,575,720
China
Swiss
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
New Values evaluated by the use of KINS
Model
Cases
Alpha base Value
$/man-Sv
UK
USA
France
Canada
Alpha Values $/man-Sv
(Aversion Factor per region)
α1 (a=1.4)
α2 (a=1.5)
α3 (a=1.7)
PPP
43,440
413,470
1,373,690
7,073,600
Current
Price
38,110
362,700
1,204,990
6,204,910
PPP
41,670
396,650
1,317,813
6,785,880
Current
Price
41,670
396,650
1,317,813
6,785,880
PPP
44,942
427,770
1,421,200
7,318,190
Current
Price
40,110
381,770
1,268,360
6,531,201
PPP
40,710
387,480
1,287,320
6,628,840
Current
Price
39,470
375,700
1,248,190
6,427,320
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety
CONCLUSION
1. ALARA Value is communication tool among
stakeholders
2. Easy and Rational : neither in-depth study nor
mathematical complexity
3. derived from the basis on GDP and Life Expectancy :
practical compensation and current values
4. Purchasing Power Parity is recommended for
international comparison
5. Variation of Risk Aversion Factor (a-value) drives
different values; however, laborious effort for
adjustment is not recommended
6. Consistency of the probability of health detriment:
Human Race and Regional
Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety