BIOLOGY
SOL
BLAST
HOMEOSTASIS
stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the
external environment
ENZYMES
help organisms maintain homeostasis; increase the
speed of chemical reactions; fit with substrate like a
lock and key
substrate
active site
enzyme
IN AN EXPERIMENT . . .
Control group •comparison group
Independent variable •what the experimenter changes
Dependent variable •the variable that is measured
Remember . . .
Only test one
variable at a
time.
Can you
name the
cells to the
left?
Cell Organelles
Mitochondria
•powerhouse; produces ATP
“mighty mitochondria”
Ribosome
Cell Membrane
Chloroplast
•where proteins are made
•lipid bilayer; controls what enters
and leaves cell
•contains chlorophyll; needed for
photosynthesis
WATER

Polar
 Universal solvent
 High heat of vaporization
 Less dense in its solid form
Water has cohesive and adhesive properties
allowing for capillary action to take place in
trees.
cohesion
Water sticks to itself
adhesion
Water sticks to other substances
Hyper-shrinks
Hypo=expands
Hypertonic = cell shrinks
_________
Hypotonic = cell expands
__________
Diffusion
movement of substances from a high to low concentration
Osmosis
movement of water from a high to low concentration
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
transfer of energy in organic compounds to ATP
Two Types:
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
-requires oxygen (produces 36 ATP)
-does not require oxygen (produces 2 ATP)
What is used in cellular
respiration is produced in
photosynthesis---what is used
in photosynthesis is produced
in cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the main
purpose of
photosynthesis?
Produces food
(C6H12O6 - glucose)
for the plant
Takes in which gas? Carbon Dioxide
Releases which gas? Oxygen
MITOSIS
Somatic (body cell) division
•DNA must replicate before
division takes place
•Results=2 diploid cells
MEIOSIS
•Gamete (sex cell)
division
•Results = 4 haploid cells
When fertilization takes place,
2 haploid cells (sperm and
egg) unite to create what?
1 diploid cell
PUNNETT SQUARE
diagram used to predict the probable outcome of a genetic cross
B = pink
b = white
GENOTYPIC RATIO:
1:2:1
PHENOTYPIC RATIO:
3:1
BB = Homozygous dominant
bb = Homozygous recessive
Bb = Heterozygous
DNA
DNA is made of
nucleotides which are
made of:
1. Sugar (deoxyribose)
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen bases
(A-T, C-G)
DNA
A -T
G -C
RNA
A -U
G-C
CTA = GAT
TAC = AUG
DNA REPLICATION
How are proteins made?
A chain of
amino acids =
protein
Amino Acids
tRNA
ANTICODON
mRNA
CODON
ribosome
If given the codon,
AAC, what is the
amino acid the
tRNA will bring
to the mRNA?
Famous names in the
discovery of DNA

Double Helix Structure-
Watson & Crick

X-Ray Diffraction to
determine structure-
Franklin

Base-pairing rules-
Chargoff
VIRUS
What is this?
Is it living? No
Lytic Cycle
Bacteriophage 
 Host Cell
 Capsid
Viral Nucleic Acid 
KINGDOMS OF LIFE
-Cell walls of
cellulose
-No cell walls
-Cell walls of
chitin
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic
What organisms
are prokaryotic?
bacteria
Eukaryotic
What organisms
are eukaryotic?
animals, plants,
fungi, and protists
Bacteria

Unicellular
 Prokarytotic
 Eubacteria / Archaebacteria
 Cell Wall
 Reproduce Sexually or Asexually (Binary Fission)
 Remember Sexual reproduction is the best because it
creates variation in the species.
Protists
What do Paramecium
move with? Cilia

Unicellular or Multicellular
 Most diverse group
What do Amoeba
move with?
 First eukaryotes
Pseudopodia
 “Catch-all Group”
 Plant-like, Fungus-like, Animal-like
 Can be Heterotrophic and/or
What do Euglena
 Autotrophic
move with?
Flagellum
Fungi






Unicellular or Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic-absorption
Cell walls made of chitin
Reproduce sexually or asexually (spores)
Visible portion is reproductive structure and body
is mass of hyphae (mycelium)
Plants
 Multicellular
 Eukaryotic
 Autotrophic
 Nonmotile
 Cell
wall= Cellulose
 Starch
Animals

Multicellular
 Eukaryotic
 Heterotrophic
 No cell walls
 95% Invertebrates
 5% Vertebrates
Isolation

Condition in which two
populations of the same
species cannot breed with
one another
– Geographic-separated by a
physical feature (i.e. canyon)
– Reproductive-can no longer
mate with each other (i.e.
different mating times,
physical differences, no
longer attracted to the other)
NATURAL SELECTION
Process by which populations change in response to their environment
as individuals better adapted to the environment survive and
reproduce and pass those favorable characteristics on
Who was the
scientist who
developed this
theory?
Darwin
Dichotomous Key
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
Hind limbs absent
Siren
b
Hind limbs present
Go to 2
a
External gills present in adults
Mud puppy
b
External gills absent in adults
Go to 3
a
Large size (over 7 cm long)
Go to 4
b
Small size (under 7 cm long)
Go to 5
a
Body background black, large white spots irregular in
shape and size completely covering body & tail
Tiger salamander
b
Body background black, small, round, white spots in a row
along each side fro eye to tip of tail
Spotted
Salamander
a
Body background black with white spots
Go to 6
b
Body background light color with dark spots and or lines on
body
Go to 7
a
Small white spots on a black background in a row along
each side from head to tip of tail
Jefferson
salamander
b
Small white spots on a scattered throughout a black
background from head to tip of tail
Slimy salamander
a
Large irregular black spots on a light background extending
from head to tip of tail
Marbled
salamander
b
No large irregular black spots on a light background
Go to 8
a
Round spots scattered along back and sides of body, tail
flattened like a tadpole
Newt
b
Without round spots and tail not flattened like a tadpole
Go to 9
a
Two dark lines bordering a broad, light mid-dorsal stripe
with a narrow median dark line extending from the head
onto the tail
Two-lined
salamander
b
Without two dark lines running the length of the body
Go to 10
a
A light stripe running the length of the body and bordered
by dark pigment extending downward on the sides
Red-backed
salamander
b
A light stripe extending the length of the body, a marked
constriction at the base of the tail
Four-toed
salamander
PRIMARY SUCCESSION
What are the first organisms to
colonize a new site (i.e. bare rock)?
pioneer species
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
What is the name of a mature, stable
community?
climax community
Food Web
1
10
100
1000
NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Heterotroph
•Organism that cannot make its own food;
must consume food
Examples: animals, fungi, some bacteria
and protists (decomposers, herbivore,
omnivores, carnivores)
Autotroph
•Organism that can produce its own food;
usually by photosynthesis
Examples: plants, some bacteria and some
protists

Read each question carefully.
 Go with your first instinct.
 If you don’t understand the question, try
visualizing it or sketching it.
 With graphs and diagrams, most likely the
answer is in the question .
 Make this the last time you look at the Biology
SOL!