UNIT #3 – ENGLIGHTENMENT - KEY VOCAB
1 – Scientific Revolution
{whenever you see bracketed words, they are not in text; on list at and of section}
Scientific Revolution
Natural philosophy
Aristotelian view and Ptolemaic astronomy {Geocentric}
Nicolae Copernicus (Poland)
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)
Copernican hypothesis {Heliocentric}
Tycho Brahe (Denmark); {Tychonic Model}
Johannes Kepler (Bohemia)
Laws of planetary motion
Elliptical paths around sun
Planets speed up near sun
Rotation speed is proportional to distance
New Astronomy (1609)
Sun-centered (solar) system {Heliocentric}
Galileo Galilei (Italy – Florence)
Experimental method
Law of Inertia
Telescope from Holland
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World (1632)
Trial of Galileo in 1632
heresy
Isaac Newton (England)
Centripetal force
Principia (1687) (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)
Newton’s three laws of motion
Law of universal gravitation (mutual attraction)
Calculus
Francis Bacon (England) – {“twist the lion’s tale”}
Empiricism
Rene Descartes (“I think, therefore I am”)
Analytic geometry
Deductive reasoning
Cartesian dualism
Margaret Cavendish, Anne Conway and Mary Astell
Four humors
Andreas Vesalius
On the Structure of the Human Body
William Harvey
Robert Boyle
Atoms
Boyles Law (1662)
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Other words to know
Geocentric
Heliocentric
Tychonic Model
2 – Enlightenment
Enlightenment
Reason
Rationalism
European Enlightenment (1690-1789)
Skeptics
Pierre Bayle
skepticism
Baruch Spinoza
Table Rasa (John Locke)
Sensationalism
Philosophes
Montesquieu
Persian Letters (1721) and The Spirit of Laws (1748)
Separations of Powers and Checks & Balances
Parlements
Voltaire
{Existentialist}
The Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot
Reading Revolution
Salons
Salonnieres
Rococo
Masonic Lodges – Freemasons
Public sphere
David Hume
Of Natural Characters (1748) and On the Different Races of Man (1775)
Johann Gottfied von Herder
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract (1762)
Immanuel Kant
What is Enlightenment? (1784)
Other words to know
Existentialist
3 – Enlightened Absolutism
Enlightened absolutism
Frederick II / Frederick the Great
Maria Theresa {Archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress}
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Silesia
Pragmatic Sanction
War of Austrian Succession {King George’s War}
Seven Years War {French and Indian War}
Peter III
“first servant of the State” (Frederick)
Cameralism
Catherine the Great
Peter III of Russia
Pugachev’s Rebellion
Partition of Poland
Maria Theresa
Charles VI (only in relation to Maria Theresa)
Joseph II (r. 1780-1790)
Leopold II (r.1790-1792)
Moses Mendelssohn and the Haskalah
Other words to know
Archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress
French and Indian War
King George’s War
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
4 – Agricultural Revolution (Working the Land) & Population Explosion
80% of the people in western countries
Open Field System (three field system)
Gleaning of grain
Agricultural revolution (1650-1850)
The common
Enclosure
Dutch farming & growth
Jethro Tull
Seed Drill
Enclosure Movement
Proletarianization
Other words to know
Charles “Turnip” Townsend
Robert Bakewell
Population Explosion
Population explosion of 1700s
[Change in mortality]
[Following the 1722 Black Death outbreak]
[Effect of the potato]
5 - Growth of cities and towns
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Cottage industry
Putting out system
Textiles
John Jay – Flying shuttle
“spinsters”
Consumer economy
Guild system
Guild masters
Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations – 1776
Economic Liberalism
6 - Building the Global Economy
NAVIGATION ACTS (1651)
Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)
New Amsterdam -> New York (1664)
[French-English wars of 1701-1763] – discuss the impact of…
[War of Spanish Succession] (1701-1713)
[Peace of Utrecht – the Americas]
[War of Austrian Succession] (1740-1747)
[Seven Years War] (1756-1763)
[Treaty of Paris] (1763)
[plantation agriculture, especially in Brazil and Caribbean Islands]
[abolition campaign]
Rivalry: Dutch East Indian Company vs. English East Indian Company
Rivalry: France vs. England in India
“Jewel” in the British Empire
Other words to know
Anne I of England
Act of Settlement (1701)
Act of Union (1707)
United Kingdom / British
George I of England (Hanoverian Elector) (1714-1727)
James Edward, Stuart “Old” Pretender
Robert Walpole - Prime Minister
Whigs vs. Tories in Parliament
South Sea Bubble
House of Lords and House of Commons
George II of England (1727-1760)
War of Jenkins Ear (1739)
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1747)
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
Seven Years War (1756-1763)
George III of England (1760-1820)
Boroughs
“rotten boroughs”
War of Jenkins Ear (1739)
4
War of Austrian Succession / King George’s War (1740-1748)
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Maria Theresa of Austria, 23 years old
Pragmatic Sanction
Silesia
“Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756
Seven Years’ War / French and Indian War (1756-1763)
7 - Marriage and Family (586-595) and (595-614)
Nuclear families
Community controls
Illegitimacy explosion
[Dangers of childbirth]
Wet nursing
Foundling homes (foundling hospitals)
Attitudes toward children after 1760
Changes in reading habits
Bull-baiting & cock fighting
Carnival
Dark bread
The “just price”
Eating habits of the rural poor
Impact of the potato
Consumer revolution
Pietism
Methodists
Deism
Jansenism
Midwifery
Madame du Coudray – Manual on the Art of Childbirth (1757)
Smallpox
Edward Jenner
8 – Crisis of Political Legitimacy
Louis XV
Duke of Orleans
The parlements
Robe nobility
Impact of the War of Austrian Succession on France (financially)
Parlement of Paris and the 5% income tax
Impact of the Seven Years War on France (financially and spiritually)
5
Rene de Maupeou
What happened to Louis “the beloved”?
Madame de Pompadour
Descralization
Louis XVI – a quick description
The impact of the American Revolution
Impact of the Seven Years War on the relationship of Britain to the American colonies
British East Indian Company (1773)
Boston Tea Party
Coercive Acts
First Continental Congress (1774)
Lexington and Concord (1775)
Second Continental Congress (1776)
George III
Reason France got so deep into the American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette
French-American alliance (1778)
Spanish and Dutch declaration of war (1779 and 1780)
Impact of American Revolution on Britain after
Other words to know
John Law
National Bank of Paris
Mississippi Company
Mississippi Bubble
Cardinal Fleury
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