1.
(a)
Many drugs are taken orally. State three other ways in which drugs may be taken by a
patient.
(2)
(b) State what is meant by the term side effect.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
2.
One common type of drug taken orally is the antacid. Antacids such as sodium
hydrogencarbonate are taken to reduce stomach acidity.
(i)
State the names of two metals, other than sodium, whose compounds are often used in
antacids.
(1)
(ii)
Give an equation for the neutralization of hydrochloric acid in the stomach by sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
(1)
(iii) Explain how heartburn is caused.
(1)
(iv)
Explain why dimethicone is added to some antacids.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
3.
(i)
State what is meant by the term analgesic. Explain the difference in the mode of action of
mild and strong analgesics.
(3)
(ii)
State the general names of the two functional groups attached to the benzene ring in a
molecule of aspirin.
(2)
(iii) The use of aspirin can have beneficial effects for the user, but can also produce some
unwanted side effects. State one beneficial effect (other than its analgesic action) and one
unwanted side effect.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
4.
Morphine is a naturally occurring analgesic that can be converted into codeine.
(i)
Calculate the difference in relative formula mass between morphine and codeine.
(1)
(ii) Explain what is meant by developing tolerance towards codeine and state why this is
dangerous.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
5.
The breathalyser can be used to detect ethanol in breath. Explain how this can be done, by
reference to the substance used, the colour change and the type of reaction occurring.
(Total 3 marks)
1
6.
Some drug molecules such as Thalidomide exist as stereoisomers. Thalidomide has the structure
shown below.
O
H
C
N
C
N
O
O
O
H
(a)
State the type of steroisomerism shown by Thalidomide. Describe the feature responsible
for this type of isomerism and identify it by means of a circle on the diagram.
(3)
(b) State one effect of each of these stereoisomers on pregnant women.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
7.
Discuss two arguments for and two arguments against the legalization of cannabis.
(Total 4 marks)
8.
List the three different ways in which drugs can be injected into the body. Predict, giving a
reason, which of the three methods will result in the drug having the most rapid effect.
(Total 4 marks)
9.
State what is meant by tolerance towards a drug and explain why it is potentially dangerous.
(Total 2 marks)
H³10. One method for detecting alcohol in breath involves blowing through a tube containing crystals of
acidified potassium dichromate(VI). The alcohol turns the crystals from orange to green. Explain
what happens to both the dichromate(VI) ion and the alcohol in this reaction.
(Total 2 marks)
11.
A modern method for accurately determining the amount of alcohol in breath uses an intoximeter.
Explain how an intoximeter works.
(Total 3 marks)
12.
Suggest why it is advisable not to drink alcohol when taking other drugs.
(Total 2 marks)
13.
Methylamphetamine (also known as methamphetamine or “speed”) and caffeine are stimulants
with the following structures.
O
H
CH 3
CH 2
CH
N
N
N
CH 3
CH 3
O
N
N
CH 3
CH 3
Methylamphetamine
Caffeine
2
(a)
(i)
On the structure for methylamphetamine above, draw a ring around the amine group.
(1)
(ii)
Determine whether both amine groups in caffeine are primary, secondary or tertiary.
(1)
(b)
Caffeine contains the group
O
CH 3
C
N
. State the general name for this functional group.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
14.
Ibuprofen is an analgesic with the following structure:
O
C
CH 2
H 3C
CH
OH
CH
CH 3
CH 3
(a)
Identify the chiral carbon atom(s) in the structure of ibuprofen using an asterisk (*).
(1)
(b) Describe how chiral auxiliaries can be used to synthesize only the desired enantiomeric
form of a drug from a non-chiral starting compound. Explain why it is important to use only
the desired enantiomeric form of a drug and state an example of what can happen if a
racemic mixture is used.
(5)
(Total 6 marks)
15.
The structures of some analgesics are shown in Table 21 of the Data Booklet.
Refer to this table when answering parts (b) and (c) of this question.
(a)
Explain the difference in the method of action of mild analgesics and strong analgesics.
(2)
(b) State the name of the nitrogen-containing functional group in each of the following
molecules.
Paracetamol ................................................................................................................
Heroin .........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Naturally-occurring morphine can be converted into synthetic heroin by reaction with
ethanoic acid. Identify the group in the morphine molecule that reacts with ethanoic acid,
the name of the type of reaction and the other product of the reaction.
Group in morphine molecule .......................................................................................
Type of reaction ...........................................................................................................
Other product of reaction .............................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
3
16.
Penicillins are molecules that can kill harmful micro-organisms. Their general structure is shown
in Table 21 of the Data Booklet.
(a)
State the type of micro-organism killed by penicillins and explain how they do this.
(4)
(b) Explain the effect of overprescription of penicillins.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
17.
(a)
Describe the differences between bacteria and viruses, by referring to their structures and
the way they multiply.
(4)
(b) Outline two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
18.
Some drug molecules contain a structure that can be represented as follows.
W
Z
C
X
Y
(a)
Draw the two enantiomeric forms of this structure.
(1)
(b)
Explain the term racemic mixture.
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
19.
Caffeine and nicotine are two stimulants whose structures are shown in Table 21 of the Data
Booklet.
(a)
Describe two similarities in their structures, not including the presence of double bonds,
methyl groups and nitrogen atoms.
(2)
(b)
Discuss the problems associated with nicotine consumption, distinguishing between
short-term and long-term effects.
(6)
(Total 8 marks)
20.
The effect of some drugs used to treat cancer depends on geometrical isomerism. One successful
anti-cancer drug is cisplatin, whose formula is PtCl2(NH3)2. Describe the structure of cisplatin by
referring to the following:

the meaning of the term geometrical isomerism as applied to cisplatin

diagrams to show the structure of cisplatin and its geometrical isomer

the types of bonding in cisplatin.
(Total 4 marks)
4
21.
(a)
State the purpose of using an antacid.
(1)
(b) State and explain which would be more effective as an antacid, 1.0 mol of magnesium
hydroxide or 1.0 mol of aluminium hydroxide. Support your answer with balanced
equations.
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
22.
Analgesics can be classified as mild or strong.
(a)
State and explain how each type of analgesic prevents pain.
mild analgesic
strong analgesic
(4)
(b) Aspirin is a common mild analgesic.
(i)
Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using aspirin.
(2)
(ii) State one synergistic effect of using aspirin and ethanol together.
(1)
(iii) Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is often used as a substitute for aspirin.
State one disadvantage of using acetaminophen.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
23.
Many drugs and other biologically important molecules consist of chiral species whose activity
depends upon the enantiomer used. Adrenaline (a hormone that is also used as a drug) is a chiral
molecule.
(a)
Identify by means of an asterisk (*) the chiral centre in adrenaline, the structure of which is
given below.
HO
HO
CH
CH2
NH
CH3
OH
(1)
(b)
Some enantiomers can be prepared by using a chiral auxiliary. Outline how a chiral
auxiliary functions and state the advantage it provides.
(4)
(Total 5 marks)
24.
(a)
Lysergic acid diethylamide (also known as LSD or “acid”) and mescaline are both
mind-altering drugs. State one effect caused by both substances and one effect caused by
LSD or mescaline only. (Specify the substance which causes the effect.)
(2)
(b) Outline the structural similarities and differences between LSD and mescaline.
(Structures are given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet.)
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
5
25.
Magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide can act as antacids.
(a)
Write an equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with one of the above antacids.
(2)
(b) Identify which antacid neutralizes the greater amount of hydrochloric acid if 0.1 mol of
each antacid is used to neutralize the hydrochloric acid present in the stomach.
(1)
(c)
Explain why sodium hydroxide is not used instead of these antacids.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
26.
Diazepam and nitrazepam are two depressants that are very similar in their structures. State the
name of two different functional groups present in both depressants.
(Total 2 marks)
27.
Magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide can act as antacids.
(a)
Write an equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with one of the above antacids.
(2)
(b) Identify which antacid neutralizes the greater amount of hydrochloric acid if 0.1 mol of
each antacid is used to neutralize the hydrochloric acid present in the stomach.
(1)
(c)
Give one reason why sodium hydroxide is not used instead of these antacids.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
28.
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) is commonly used in roadside tests for ethanol in the breath
of persons operating motor vehicles. It reacts with the ethanol present to form ethanoic acid.
(a)
State the function of potassium dichromate(VI) and give the colour change that takes place
in this reaction.
(2)
(b) Identify two other methods for the detection of ethanol in a person’s breath or blood that
are considered to be more accurate.
(2)
(c)
State one harmful effect of aspirin that is more likely to occur if it is taken with ethanol.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
29.
(a)
Aspirin and acetaminophen (paracetamol) are classified as mild analgesics.
(i)
State one advantage of aspirin, other than reducing pain, which is common to
acetaminophen (paracetamol).
(1)
(ii)
State one advantage of aspirin which is not common to acetaminophen
(paracetamol).
(1)
(b) Morphine, codeine and heroin are classified as strong analgesics.
(i)
Name two functional groups common to morphine, codeine and heroin.
(2)
6
(ii)
A hospital patient has been prescribed morphine after surgery. State the main effect
and a major side effect of this drug.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
30.
(a)
(i)
State the names of two anti-cancer drugs which have different types of
stereoisomerism. Identify the type of stereoisomerism present in each drug.
(2)
(ii)
Describe the structural feature of each drug responsible for the type of
stereoisomerism.
(2)
(b) Discuss the function of a chiral auxiliary in the preparation of one of the drugs.
(Total 6 marks)
31.
(a)
Describe the likely effect of a depressant taken in:
a moderate dose. .......................................................................................................
a high dose. ...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Ethanol in breath can be detected using a breathalyser containing potassium
dichromate(VI) crystals. Describe the colour change that occurs in a positive test and
identify the species responsible for the final colour.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
32.
(a)
State the name of the class of drugs with effects similar to that of adrenaline. Outline one
effect of these drugs on humans.
(2)
(b) (i)
Identify the stimulant responsible for addiction to smoking tobacco.
(1)
(ii) Describe two short-term effects of smoking tobacco.
(2)
(iii) Describe two long-term effects of smoking tobacco, other than addiction.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
33.
(a)
State two differences between viruses and bacteria.
(2)
(b) Suggest how acyclovir acts as an antiviral drug.
(2)
(c)
Describe two ways in which an antiviral drug can prevent the HIV virus from interacting
with human cells.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
34.
The manufacture of some drugs results in the formation of a racemic mixture. Explain why it is
often preferable to use a method which does not form a racemic mixture, giving one example of
such a drug and its effects.
(Total 4 marks)
7
35.
State the names of four main methods of administering drugs.
(Total 3 marks)
36.
Nicotine and caffeine are two common stimulants.
(a)
Apart from the methyl groups, state the name of one functional group, which is present in
both nicotine and caffeine.
(1)
(b) State the name of one functional group, which is present in caffeine, but absent in nicotine.
(1)
(c)
Suggest, with a reason, whether an aqueous solution of nicotine would be acidic, basic or
neutral.
(2)
(d) State two effects of consuming caffeine in large amounts.
(1)
(e)
State two short-term physical effects of nicotine consumption.
(1)
(f)
Explain the term sympathomimetic drug and state one example other than nicotine.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
37.
Penicillin G was the first antibiotic used to fight infections. The structure of this antibiotic is as
follows:
H
C
O
C
H
H
N
H
H
S
CH3
CH 3
C
C
C
C
N
C
COOH
O
H
(a)
Determine the molecular formula of penicillin G.
(1)
(b) State two reasons for modifying the side chain in penicillin G
(2)
(c)
Describe the mode of action of penicillin in preventing the growth of bacteria.
(2)
(d) Discuss two effects of over prescription of penicillin to humans.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
O
H
N
H
H
C
C
C
H
C
38.
The structure of the drug thalidomide is as follows:
O
O
H
C
O
N
H
8
(i)
Identify the chiral carbon atom in the structure of thalidomide using an asterisk (*).
(1)
(ii)
State the effect of each of the two isomers of thalidomide in human beings.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
39.
The compound cisplatin is an example of an inorganic complex that has an isomer.
(i)
Draw the structures of cisplatin and its isomer.
(1)
(ii) State with a reason the type of isomerism shown by cisplatin in (i).
(1)
(iii) Identify the isomer that has an important pharmacological effect and state the name of the
disease it treats.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
40.
Using Table 21 of the Data Booklet, identify three compounds that are classified as depressants.
(Total 2 marks)
41.
The structures of some stimulants can be found in Table 21 of the Data Booklet.
(a)
List three physiological effects of stimulants.
(2)
(b) Compare the structures of caffeine and nicotine in terms of functional groups.
(2)
(c)
Discuss two short-term and two long-term effects of smoking tobacco, other than those
mentioned in part (a).
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
42.
Ethanol in the human body can be detected in several ways.
(a)
Explain how the breathalyser works and describe its colour change in a positive result.
(2)
(b) Explain how alcohol is detected using an intoximeter.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
xÇ43. The structures of some stimulants can be found in Table 21 of the Data Booklet.
(a)
Compare the structures of caffeine and nicotine in terms of functional groups.
(2)
(b) Discuss two short-term effects of smoking tobacco.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
44.
(a)
Describe the differences in the ways that bacteria and viruses multiply.
(2)
(b) Outline two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
(2)
9
(c)
Explain why effective treatment of AIDS with antiviral drugs is difficult.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
45.
The structures of adrenaline and cisplatin are shown in Table 21 of the Data Booklet. Both
compounds exist as stereoisomers.
(a)
Describe the structural feature of the adrenaline molecule responsible for this type of
isomerism.
(1)
(b) Draw diagrams to show the structures of these two stereoisomers, showing clearly the
relationship between them. Use the symbol X to represent the benzene ring with its
attached OH groups.
(2)
(c)
(i)
Identify the two types of bonding in the cisplatin molecule and predict the name of
its shape and the Cl–Pt–Cl bond angle.
(3)
(ii)
Draw the structure of the stereoisomer of cisplatin.
(Total 7 marks)
46.
Antacids can be taken for indigestion caused by excess acidity.
Give two reasons why alginates are included in many antacids.
(Total 2 marks)
47.
Refer to Table 21 of the Data Booklet when answering this question about analgesics.
(a)
Describe the different ways in which mild and strong analgesics prevent pain.
(4)
(b) Some mild analgesics are derivatives of salicylic acid. The structure of salicylic acid is
COOH
OH
(i)
Salicylic acid can be converted to aspirin. Give the formula of the group that replaces
one hydrogen atom in a molecule of salicylic acid in this conversion.
(1)
(ii)
State the names of two functional groups present in acetaminophen (paracetamol)
and one functional group present in ibuprofen.
acetaminophen (paracetamol) .........................................................................
ibuprofen ........................................................................................................
(3)
(iii)
Identify, giving a reason for your choice, which of the analgesics in (b) (ii) exists as
optical isomers.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
10
48.
Antacids can be taken for indigestion caused by excess acidity.
(a)
Identify the substance responsible for the low pH value of the liquid in the human stomach.
(1)
(b) Two active ingredients in antacids are Mg(OH)2 and NaHCO3. Write an equation to show
how each ingredient can relieve indigestion.
(2)
(c)
Three antacid preparations contain 0.01 mol of one of the following – Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3
and NaHCO3. Identify the most effective antacid. Give a reason for your choice, with
reference to the formula of the antacid.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
49.
Refer to Table 21 in the Data Booklet when answering this question about analgesics.
(a)
Describe the different ways in which mild and strong analgesics prevent pain.
(4)
(b) Some mild analgesics are derivatives of salicylic acid. The structure of salicylic acid is
COOH
OH
(i)
Salicylic acid can be converted to aspirin. Give the formula of the group that replaces
one hydrogen atom in a molecule of salicylic acid in this conversion.
(1)
(ii)
State the names of two functional groups present in acetaminophen (paracetamol)
and one functional group present in ibuprofen.
acetaminophen (paracetamol)...........................................................................
ibuprofen .........................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
50.
Discuss the arguments for and against the legalization of cannabis.
(Total 4 marks)
51.
Many drugs are taken orally. State three other ways in which drugs may be taken by a patient.
(Total 2 marks)
52.
Suggest why it is advisable not to drink alcohol when taking other drugs.
(Total 2 marks)
53.
One common type of medicine taken orally is an antacid. Antacids such as sodium
hydrogencarbonate are taken to reduce stomach acidity.
(a)
State the names of two metals, other than sodium, whose compounds are often used in
antacids.
(1)
11
(b) Write an equation for the neutralization of hydrochloric acid in the stomach by sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
(1)
(c)
Explain how heartburn is caused.
(1)
(d) Explain why dimethicone is added to some antacids.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
54.
(a)
One method for detecting ethanol in breath involves blowing through a tube containing
crystals of potassium dichromate(VI). The ethanol turns the crystals from orange to green.
Explain what happens to both the dichromate(VI) ion and the ethanol in this reaction.
(2)
(b) A modern method for accurately determining the amount of ethanol in breath uses an
intoximeter. Describe how an intoximeter works.
O
55.
CH3
Caffeine is a stimulant with the following structure.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
N
N
O
CH3
N
N
CH3
Caffeine
(a)
Determine whether both amine groups in caffeine are primary, secondary or tertiary.
(1)
(b) Caffeine contains the group
group.
O
CH 3
C
N
. State the general name for this functional
(1)
(c)
Tablets of the drug Ecstasy are sometimes contaminated with a substance called 4−MTA.
H
O
CH2
N
CH
H2 C
CH3
O
CH2
CH3
N
CH
H3 C
H
CH3
S
Ecstasy
(i)
H
4–MTA
Ecstasy and 4-MTAare sympathomimetic drugs. Identify the structural similarity
between the two drugs and epinephrine (adrenaline), the structure of which is given
in Table20 of the Data Booklet.
(1)
(ii) Outline what is meant by the term sympathomimetic drug and state two examples of
short-term effects sympathomimetic drugs have on the human body.
(3)
12
(iii)
State one example of a long-term effect of taking stimulants.
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
56.
Ibuprofen is an analgesic with the following structure:
ibuprofen
(a)
Identify the chiral carbon atom in the structure of ibuprofen using an asterisk (*).
(1)
(b) Describe how chiral auxiliaries can be used to synthesize only the desired enantiomeric
form of a drug from a non-chiral starting compound. Explain why it is important to use only
the desired enantiomeric form of a drug and state an example of what can happen if a
racemic mixture is used.
(5)
(Total 6 marks)
13