Native and Colonial
America
Unit I
AP U.S. History
Bering Sea Land Bridge Migration
Natives
► Nomads
► Agriculturally-based
(maize/corn)
► Hopewells/Mississippian
 Moundbuilders
► Iroquois
 Iroquois Confederacy
Native Map of North America
Europe
► Renaissance
(rebirth)
► Growth of Nation-States (England, France,
Spain, Portugal)
► Protestant Reformation and Religious Wars




Counter-Reformation
Lutheranism
Calvinism
Church of England
England
► Defeat
of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes
England a superior naval power
► Population increases
► Joint-stock companies develop
► Religious conflicts divide the nation
► Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions
European Colonization
► Columbus
in 1492 spearheads European
intervention into America
► Relations with natives
► Encomienda system and asiento system
Smallpox
Columbian Exchange
Treaty of Tordesillas
European Colonies
English Colonies
► Charters
► Corporate
Colony
 Granted a charter to stockholders
 Ex. Virginia
► Proprietary
Colony
 Granted a charter to individual or group
 Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania
► Royal
Colony
 Under direct control of the monarch
 Ex. New Hampshire
 Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies,
including Virginia and Massachusetts
The First English Colonies
► First
Attempt: Roanoke in 1585
► First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in
1607
 John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat”
 John Rolfe - tobacco
Who is this?
Oh yeah…Pocahontas
Disney’s John Smith
Hollywood’s John Smith
This is John Smith.
Pilgrims
► Separatists
to Holland then head for Virginia
► Mayflower takes Separatists and others to
Jamestown but weather complicates
matters
► Settlers decide to remain and establish
Plymouth
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower (II)
Look, a big rock.
Wampanoag Dwelling
Plymouth Colony
Pulpit/Religion
Thirteen Colonies
New England
► Massachusetts
Bay Colony and Puritans (1630)
► John Winthrop and “city upon a hill”
► Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams
(1636)
► Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638)
► Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas
Hooker (1636-1637)
► New Hampshire (1679)
New England Culture
► Massachusetts
under strict Puritanical lifestyle
► Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)
► Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode
Island
► Halfway Covenant: attempt to increase members
► Education by mothers
► Towns with over 50 families required primary
schools; 100, grammar schools
New England Politics
► Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut (1639)
► New England Confederation (1643-1648)
► King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676)
Middle Colonies
► New
Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York
in 1664 to become New York
► Lands taken from New York to establish
New Jersey by 1702
► Develop wheat and corn farms and
eventually into manufacturing and trade
► Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702)
► Education by private or churches
Pennsylvania
► William
Penn establishes Quaker-based
colony in Pennsylvania (1681)
► Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers
► Holy Experiment




Religious refuge
Liberal political ideals
Economic success
Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties
Southern Colonies
► Maryland
(1632)
► Virginia (1609)
► Carolinas (1663)
 North Carolina (1729)
 South Carolina (1729)
► Georgia
(1732)
► Limited education due to agricultural base
Virginia
► Becomes
royal colony in 1624
► Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
 Inequities between large landowners and
western farmers
 Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley
► Headright
System
 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation
owner who paid for immigrant
Maryland
► Lord
Baltimore establishes colony for
Catholics
► Act of Toleration (1649)
 Toleration of all Christian sects
 Death to those who denied Jesus
► Religious
civil war brought control to
Protestants
Carolinas
► North
Carolina
 Tobacco plantations
 Well-established autonomy
► South
Carolina
 Rice plantations
 Became heavily dependent on slavery
Georgia
► James
Oglethorpe
establishes in 1732
► Defensive buffer to
Spanish Florida
► Debtors colony
Colonial Religion
► Diverse
among colonies regarding strict adherence
and religious toleration
► Domination by Protestants; little influence of
Anglican Church; other sects and denominations
viewed as bizarre
► The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)
 Over time, economics became prominent over religious
conviction
 Jonathan Edwards and “Sinners in the Hands of an
Angry God”
 George Whitefield
 Development of evangelism and individual faith
Colonial Culture/Society
Rural
- Becoming American
Urban
- Pragmatism
- Folkways
Typical Colony Layout
Immigration
► 250,000
in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775
► Europeans and Africans along with a high birth
rate
► Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil
► English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish,
Irish, Dutch, Swedish  OLD IMMIGRANTS
► Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination
and slave labor
Slavery
► Indentured
servitude
► Labor shortages lead to importing slaves
► Cheap labor
► Dependable work force
► Slave laws
Slave Demographics
Mercantilism and Triangle Trade
► Colonies
for the
Mother Country
► Acts of Navigation
 Trade on English ships
 Imports pass English
ports
 Exports to England
► Triangular
Trade
 Middle Passage
Colonial Economics
► Land was “gold”
► No established monetary
► Transportation
system (gold and silver)
 Rivers and coasts
 Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal services
► New
England
 Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, trading
► Middle
Colonies
 Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade
► Southern
Colonies
 Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor