1585 Roanoke
• Raleigh sent 100 men
• 1586 British supply ship arrived colonists
chose to abandon Roanoke – In 1587
Raleigh sent 94 more to Roanoke under the
leadership of John White it included 17
women and 9 children Virginia Dare Born
• 1590 abandoned Roanoke “CROATOAN”
Fort Raleigh
1607 Jamestown Virginia
• 1607 100 men --Chesapeake Mosquito
infested marsh land. In 9 months 38 were
still alive
• Dec 1609 220 colonists in March 60
• 1607-1622 10,000 people only 20%
survived--Malaria, brackish water, and salt
poison killed ---tobacco saved the colony
Powhatan
Powhatan
• 24,000 Indians divided into 30 tribes
controlled by Chief Powhatan.
• 1609 John Smith attempted to capture
Powhatan /Pocahontas spares his life.
• Anglo/Powhatan -marriage of Pocahontas to
John Rolfe
• 1685 Powhatan killed mostly by European
disease.
Tobacco the savor of Jamestown
• John Rolfe in 1616 learned the value of
Tobacco
• 200,000 pounds in 1624 to England and by
1638 3,000,000.
• There 41,000 Englishmen by 1669
Maryland
• The fourth English Colony 1634
• Designed to be a Catholic refuge Maryland
prospered in tobacco and depended on
indenture servitude for labor.
• most Catholics did not come and the bulk
were radical Protestants from VA and
England Puritans and Quakers
Carolina
• Carolina was created in 1670
• 8 Plantations owners from Barbados
• Supply for the West Indy Colonies – Food
for Sugar
• 1712 the 8 nobles decided to divided
Carolina into NC and SC
• rice and cattle and slave labor
Georgia
•
•
•
•
•
last of the 13 colonies
James Olgethrope
get rid of the urban poverty in England.
Savannah as the primary city
1750 slaves and representation govt. were
allowed
• PLANTATION COLONY
The New England and Middle
Colonies
• Where the Chesapeake was full of short lived,
poor indentured servants, New England was
settled by the “middle sorts” well off and who
preserved their freedom by paying their own way
across the Atlantic
• They were know as the Puritans. They wanted to
purify the protestant faith in England if possible ,
in a New England if necessary
Why Puritans
• Elizabeth made Anglicanism the faith – controlled
by the Crown
• Puritans wanted this to change and reform.
Puritans came from South East England – the hard
line ones were know as separatists.
• Appealed to the small property owner the
shopkeeper and skilled artesian- the intelligent
business middle class. Who did not want the
crown to interfere.
Puritans
• Under Charles I Archbishop William Laud
is appointed. Charles also dissolved
parliament and ruled with the church – in
1620 the puritan separatists had enough.
• In 1608 a group of Puritans left England to
Practice in Holland and by convincing
English Businessmen got a royal charter to
create a colony in New England.
1620
• In 1620 102 of them boarded Mayflower –
they were called Pilgrims – They landed at
Plymouth
• Mayflower compact early crude formation
of government – colony was outside of the
royal charter – formed a will of the majority
style govt.
• William Bradford
The Bay Colony
• Great Migration
• 1630 John Winthrop increased The
Massachusetts Bay colony by 1000 new
immigrants
• “The City on the Hill”
• Anne Hutchinson ,Roger Williams
• CT and RI created in rebellion against MA
The Dutch
• 17th century the Netherlands emerged as an
economical giant in 1670 the Netherlands
had a larger Navy than the combined
empires of England France and Spain. They
had a decentralized republican government
(A Dutch confederation) dominated by
wealth merchants not landed aristocracy.
The Dutch In America
•
•
•
•
•
religion tolerant
colonized most of the Caribbean
Henry Hudson
Dutch West Indies Company
1625 they established New Amsterdam – on
Manhattan Island
• Algonquians Wars complete destruction of
local indians
Dutch Business
• In 1638 the Swedes in competition with the
Dutch would set up a fort for fur trade on
the Delaware river Fort Christina – Both
colonies failed to attract settlers life was to
good in the Netherlands to leave (unlike in
England – Netherlands had the highest
standard of living in Europe).
English Vs. Dutch
• Navigation Acts are passed in 1651
• 1 only English ships can trade with English
colonies
• 2 tobacco and sugar produced by English
colonies had to be first ship to England
before it could be traded
• 3 All European goods going to the colonies
had to pass through an English Port first
English Vs. Dutch
• Three wars with the Dutch end result in
1667-New Amsterdam became New York
City and New Netherlands became New
York the colony.
• stay and profit under the English crown.
• Dutch gave us Easter Eggs – Santa Clause –
Christmas trees – waffles – sauerkraut –
bowling – skating – and golf.
New Jersey
• 1664 the area between the Hudson and the
Delaware River was granted to two English
Noblemen by the Duke of York
• sold it to a Quake and a Scot who divided the land
in 1682 – and English Quakers settled West Jersey
and Scots settled East Jersey – in 1702 the Crown
tired of the conflicts between the two reunited
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania
• A West Jersey Quaker William Penn (Religious
Society of Friends) had a desire to create a large
colony for his faith “a holy experiment and
example to the nation” and to collect a profit from
running a colony with a liberal colonial
government.
• King to pay him a debt owed his dead father –
rather than money Penn took colonial land that
would become Pennsylvania
American Life in the
Century
th
17
• Empire that sent the most people to settle
the Americas lost the most in settling.
• Spain had long since been successful in
settling the Americas
• French colonies in AL MS and Canada
• English colonies would come to dominate
North America
Colonies developed differently
• New England appealed to well off colonists of the
middle class few to no slaves or indentured
servants in the North
• Middle colonies were full of a mixture of
religions and displaced nationalist from Europe –
The Quaker belief held strong in most of the
middle colonies and flourished under the Dutch
business in New York and New Jersey
Colonies
• southern colonies attracted a few wealthy
who became massive plantation owners but
mostly attracted poor white Europeans as
indentured servants “the labor of the south”
eventually this would lead to Slavery from
the African continent
Early Colonial Women
• 6 to 1
• women did not stay single long
• free passage for women if they would marry
a colonist
• pelican
• death at child birth was also common as
well as disease and starvation.
Indentured Servants and Slaves
• Indians
• Chesapeake Bay 90,000 out of a population
of 120,000 were white indentured servants
• African Slaves-- slaves cost to much -Chesapeake 1650 African slaves only 2% end of the 17th century African slaves were
more economical than white Europeans
African Slaves
• The Atlantic slave trade - the triangle trade
Sugar and Molasses to New England rum to
Africa – Slaves to the Caribbean and the
Atlantic coast.
• – 2%in 1650 – 13% 1700 – 40% 1750
population.
• colonial militia to crush slave revolts
Early Slave laws
• death of a slave by punishment was illegal
• Inter racial white to black marriages was
outlawed white violators faced jail – fines –
and loss of land – eventually race became
the dividing device
• free blacks risked being brought back into
slavery
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Indian corrupt trade with FFV and governor
• 1675 the governor of VA was Berkley – his
cousin by marriage was Nathaniel Bacon
• Bacon was 29 a charismatic individual born
of noble blood
• support of the poor farmer --lead several
attacks against the Indians
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Berkley to warrant him for treason in 1676
• Bacon created a small army by promising
freedom land and lower taxes to any servant
• September Bacon’s men forced the
governor across the Chesapeake Bay and
burned Jamestown
• died of dysentery and the rebellion became
splintered and leaderless.
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Dec with support from British- Berkley
returned to the west side crushed the
rebellion hanged 23 of the rebel leaders.
• Charles II more interested in profit from
tobacco and realizing product was not being
grown do to rebellion removed Berkley and
sent the British army to restore order
• Sir Herbert Jeffreys replaced Berkley
Results of Bacons rebellion
• 1682 Jeffery’s and most of the soldiers died
of disease
• elite planters re gain power over govt.
• poor white tax breaks and representation
• War was declared on the Indian
• the poor white became militia.
•
Issues: Indian Policy,
Mercantile Laws (debt)
Representation
Antagonists: Bacon
and Gov. Berkeley
Backcountry Farmers v
Eastern establishment
Bacon’s Rebellion
Virginia 1676
Open Revolt
Jamestown burned
Bacon’s death ends revolt
Results:
Political Reform
Berkeley’s retribution
Issues:
• marketing tobacco crops
•Navigation Acts
•New England influence
•Local interests against
proprietary interests
Protagonists:
•John Culpepper
•Governor Miller of Carolina
(also the tax collector)
Culpepper’s Revolt
North Carolina, 1677-79
Events:
•Culpepper and Rebels
imprison government officials
•Took control of public records
and the courts
Results: Treason
conviction
later pardoned
After Glorious Revolution
Supporters of Wm . and Mary
against governor
John Leisler led the militia revolt
against government of Dominion
of N.Eng. Set up assembly and
became defacto governor of N.Y.
Leisler’s Rebellion
New York City 1689
Early attempt to
abolish autocratic
rule
Result:
Rebellion broken and
Leisler hung
Life in New England
• Healthy climate people lived into their 70’s
• came with their families (Puritans)
• Marriage was both romantic and economic
– divorce was just about outlawed -Women
obey and have children
• Puritan religion preached small towns
religious control -1636 Harvard
Life in New England
• Witch trials of which 100’s were accused 20
were executed including 2 dogs – graves
still exist in Salem – the trials where against
the wealthy well off women of Salem.
When the governor’s wife was accused the
trials stopped.
• division farmers and business entrepreneurs
Commerce
• 1640’s brought civil war to England which
gave New Englanders a chance to take over
the fishing industry
• Gloucester and Marble Head
• It was do to the New England shipping and
fish trade that the plantation and slave
markets of the south and Caribbean were
successful
Commerce
• 1680 New England controlled the trade of
the West Indies over England itself. Boston
ranked second to London in world
Shipbuilding. Poor whites in New England
soon found employment in the ship yards of
which Boston had 15 this also created
sawmill work – sail lofts – iron foundries –
rope walks-barrel shops and the all
important TAVERNS for the sailors.
On the Eve of revolution
• British Colonies had 4 30,000 plus cities
Philadelphia (most liberal) Charleston (only
Southern), New York (largest port) and Boston
(largest ship builder).
• consisted of German (Deutch) Dutch , Scot/Irish
Swiss, French, Jews, Huguenots, Swedes , Irish,
Africans (mostly west Africans and very mixed)
and Scots/Highland (most loyal to the crown)
Education on the verge of
revolution
• New England it was for boys and was heavily
religiously based
• Primary schools were developed in the Middle
colonies
• Southern colonies schools were scarce farming
and plantation society had the population spread
out and local schools could not be developed most
depended on hired tutors
Education/Politics
• 1669 and 1769 the colonies developed 9
major higher level of education institutes all
of which are colleges today
• freedom of the press
• Salutary neglect England ignored
governmental development in colonies
• Self-government was first a habit and
them a right.
By 1775
• By 1775 – the Americans were a diverse
people mostly having a common language –
used to some type of control in government
and laws – shared for the most part a
common origin, a belief in toleration and
acceptance, economic dependency, and a
3000 mile common separation from
England the Atlantic – revolution was un
avoidable