BEGINNER LEVEL LECTURE
ADVERB
1. Oxford English Dictionary
Adverbs constitute a word class or part of speech. Use as adverbials they are often used as sentence adverbials, or
adjuncts, providing information about, for example, place, time, and manner:
Place
Here away somewhere
Time
Soon already still
Manner
Easily deftly slowly
Use with adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbs can also be used to modify adjectives and thus form adjective
phrases:
ADVERB
Very
rather
ADJECTIVE
Easy
attractive
They can work in a similar way with other adverbs to make adverb phrases:
ADVERB
Quite
extremely
ADJECTIVE
Soon
slowly
Formation
Many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding –ly:
Slow + ly -> slowly
Not all adverbs end in –ly, and some of the commonest adverbs are not formed in this way. For example:
Afterwards rather very
See also adverb formation.
2. 네이버 백과사전
부사는 형성 방식에 따라 본래부사와 전성부사로 나눌 수 있으며, 기능에 따라서는 크게 성분부사와 접속부사로
나뉘고 접속부사는 다시 단어접속부사와 문장접속부사로 나뉜다.
본래 부사는 다른 품사에서 전성되어 오지 않은 부사를 말하며, 전성부사는 본래 다른 품사였던 어기에 부사화
접미사가 붙어서 형성된 부사이다. ‘아주’. ‘잘’ 등이 전자의 예이고 ‘빨리’, ‘다행히’ 등이 후자의 예이다.
성분부사는 부사의 대종을 이루는 것으로 하나의 성분을 수식하는 부사이고, 접속부사는 두 요소를 접속시켜 주
는 기능을 하는 부사이다.
단어접속부사란 ‘및’과 같이 단어를 접속시키는 요소를 말하며, 문장접속부사란 ‘그리고’와 같이 문장을 접속시켜
주는 요소를 말한다.
한편 접속부사를 부사에서 독립시켜 따로 접속사라는 품사를 설정하기도 한다. 부사는 주로 용언을 수식하나 ‘아
주 잘’에서처럼 다름 부사를 수식하기도 하며, ‘바로 여기’에러처럼 체언을 수식하는 경우도 있다.
3. The Frameworks of English
Just as adjectives are less central than nouns and verbs, so adverbs are less central than the other three open
classes. In fact, they are a very diverse group and this can make them difficult both to define and to identify. We have
to identify adverbs by looking at several features which characterize them – although not all these features will apply
to all adverbs. Like adjectives, many adverbs have a describing purpose in a sentence and adverbs have other
features in common with adjectives too. You can check whether a word is an adjective or adverb by seeing which
position it can appear in. If the word cannot appear in attributive position then it is an adverb.
The lovely hotel
The careful person
* The carefully person
Adjective
Adjective
Adverb
Adverbs have the ability not only to give information about, amongst other things, how, where and when, but also to
allow you to comment on whole utterances. For instance:
Fortunately,
comment
Today the dog has eaten
his food
when
quietly
Outside.
how
Where
You will see that two of the adverbs in this sentence – fortunately and quietly – end in –ly. This typifies many adverbs
particularly of the ‘comment’ and ‘how’ types.
In the example Fortunately today the dog has eaten his food outside, you may notice that adverbs seem to be less
central elements in a sentence. If you stripped the adverbs away from the example, the essence of the sentence – the
dog has eaten his food – still remains. Only occasionally are adverbs crucial to the completion of a sentence’s
meaning.
Adverbs can be divided into three subclasses – adjuncts, conjuncts and disjuncts. The first subclass, adjuncts, is by
far the largest.
Adjuncts have a certain amount in common with adjectives and might be considered their first cousins:
The careful surgeon completed the operation
The surgeon completed the operation carefully
Adjective
Adverb (adjunct)
What careful and carefully have in common in these two examples is their ability to provide more information – about
the surgeon in the first example and about how the surgeon performed the operation in the second example. The
meanings of these two sentences are clearly closely linked (we would expect a careful surgeon to operate carefully)
but not identical. Further, an important difference between the adjective in the first sentence and the adverb in the
second is that the adjective careful can only appear in this sentence in its given position preceding surgeon whereas
the adverb carefully could appear in any one of several positions:
The surgeon completed the operation carefully
Carefully, the surgeon completed the operation
The surgeon carefully completed the operation
? The surgeon completed carefully the operation
An adverb such as carefully is typical of many adverbs in the adjunct subclass in that it modifies information given by
one or more of the other elements.
In terms of their meaning, adverbs which are adjuncts provide us with information about how, where, when and to
what extent.
Adverbs which tell us how are adverbs of manner:
The surgeon completed the operation carefully
Silently, Arusha observed what Dave was doing
Adverbs of place indicate location or direction:
Put the parcel here
She turned the key clockwise
Location
direction
Adverbs of time denote when something happened, how long it lasted or how often it happened:
Someone saved my life tonight
The symphony lasted forever
He telephoned her nightly
When
How long
How often
Adverbs of degree indicate extent, including whether a piece of information applies to more than one item:
She found her job particularly difficult in the winter
She ignored him at the party simply to make a point
She loved him, and he loved her too
Some of the adverbs of degree form a further subset of intensifiers. The adverb particularly in the set of examples
above is an intensifier: it indicates a point on an imagined scale and can therefore be contrasted with other intensifiers:
She found her job particularly / somewhat / fairly / slightly difficult…
You can see from the examples of the different types of adjuncts that adverbs can appear both before and after items
which they qualify, although there are restrictions on this. Conjunctions and disjuncts often have more flexibility of
position than many adjuncts as their functions are essentially different.
Sometimes adjuncts are wh-words. A wh-word is – unsurprisingly – one which begins with wh-although how and
however are also included in the wh-group. Examples of wh-adverbs include how, when, where and why. They often
take the place of a regular adverb in a question, although they can occur in other constructions. In addition to
replacing simply another adverb, they can also take the place of a larger unit such as a phrase or a clause.
The surgeon performed the operation carefully
The surgeon performed the operation with great care
How did the surgeon perform the operation?
He telephoned her nightly
He telephoned her every night
When did he telephone her?
How often did he telephone her?
She fell asleep outside
She fell asleep on the sofa
Where did she fall asleep?
She went to France to buy some champagne
Why did she do to France?
Adverb
Phrase
Adverb
Phrase
Adverb
Phrase
clause
Further uses of wh-adverbs, as well as larger units such as phrases and clauses are explored in Part III.
Adverbs which are adjuncts give additional information either about a particular element of a sentence or about the
event referred to in a sentence. In this respect they contrast with disjuncts and conjuncts which relate only to complete
sentences and do not give information as such. One function of disjuncts is to comment on what is being said:
Obviously, I should have told her what happened
(It is obvious that I should have told her …)
Probably, I should have told her what happened
(It is probable that I should have told her …)
A further function of disjuncts is to indicate the ‘voice’ in which something is said:
Frankly, I should have told her what happened
(I am being frank when I say I should have told her what happened)
Confidentially, I think she will lose her job
(I am being confidential when I say I think she will lose her job)
Whereas disjuncts relate to the sentence in which they occur (or possibly to just part of it if it is a complex sentence),
conjuncts relate one sentence or one part of a sentence to another. They include adverbs such as moreover, therefore,
however and nevertheless. If one of these conjuncts appeared in an isolated sentence it would seem slightly strange:
They decided to go for a picnic nevertheless
The presence of nevertheless here implies the existence of a previous statement indicating that a picnic was not a
good idea:
1. It looked as if it might rain
2. They decided to go for a picnic nevertheless
A conjunction therefore has the property of linking two sentences together. It could also link two parts of the same
sentence:
She wasn’t free to go to New York at Christmas and besides she couldn’t afford it.
The adverbs here are not central to the structure of the sentence. Only occasionally are adverbs crucial to the
completion of a core sentence.