Human Development
• The Process of
Change that Occurs
from Infancy to
Death
Stages of Development….
• Prenatal
• Infancy
• Childhood
• Adolescence
• Adulthood
• Old Age
Guiding Principles….
• Nature and Nurture (each influence
different stages)
• Development is in sequence (stages)
• Growth rates vary person to person
• Readiness (The child must have mastered
the previous stage)
• Optimum time and Critical periods
What happens if we hurry a child
through a developmental sequence?
Infant Development: Birth-Age 2
oTime of rapid
brain growth
oFeel
oSmell
oTaste
Depth Perception?
Adaptive (survival) Reflexes..
• Cough
• Grasping reflex
• Rooting reflex
• Sucking reflex
• Moro reflex
Physical Development: Ages & Stages
(sometimes called developmental
milestones)
Emotional Development: Even basic
emotions take time to develop…
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Excitement
Distress
Delight
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Elation
Affection
Jealousy
Joy
Does Imprinting
occur in human
beings?
Attachment= Strong emotional bonds
Harry Harlow: “The Nature of
Love”
Harlow’s experiment in stages
Experiment on
intelligence evolves
The Iron Maiden
Harlow’s theory of
love= Contact Comfort
Harlow becomes
President of the APA
Less than one year later….
• Monkeys not thriving!
• Unable to mate
• Violently antisocial
• Display autistic- like features (rocking, headbanging, biting themselves)
• Extreme self mutilation
Harlow identified three
components to attachment:
Touch-Motion-Play
What about infant attachment?
The Strange Situation
o Secure Attachment
=mother is sensitive to
infant, consistent,
responsive
o Insecure
Attachment=mother is
inconsistent
o Insecure Avoidant=mother
is unresponsive, child is
confused
Mary Ainsworth
Is there a critical
period for
attachment?
What do you think?
How Important is Parenting?
Traits of Greatest Importance to Parents….
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Frankness/honesty in dealing with others
Desire to make a name for one’s self
Concentration
Social mindedness (concern for others)
Strict obedience to authority
Appreciation of art, music, and literature
Economy in money matters
Loyalty to the church
Knowledge of sexual hygiene
Tolerance of others
Curiosity
Patriotism
Good manners
Independence
Academic achievement
Willingness to work hard
Across generations….
1929
Frankness/honesty
27
Desire to make a name
5
Social Mindedness
9
Strict obedience
13
Appreciation art/music
0
Economy in money
25
Loyalty to the church
50
Knowledge of sexual hygiene 15
Tolerance of others
6
Curiosity
1
Patriotism
21
Good manners
30
Independence
25
Academic achievement
19
Willingness to work hard
-
1978
26
1
7
26
5
17
22
8
47
10
4
23
76
6
-
1989
56
3
0
48
12
11
12
3
15
17
5
8
40
17
45
1997
38
4
0
30
8
30
11
4
11
4
4
30
34
30
64
Parenting Beyond Attachment
Types of Parents
• Authoritarian: Enforce
strict rules- demand
obedience
• Permissive: Little
guidance, no limits,
much freedom
• Authoritative:
firm/consistent, love &
logic with responsibility
Diana Baumrind
Carl Rogers: Parents give 2
kinds of support…
• Conditional Positive
Regard= Parents
show love only when
child behaves in
certain ways.
• Unconditional
Positive Regard=
Parents show love –
no matter “who” the
child is, or how they
behave.
Positive-Strict-Warm
o Better self-esteem
o Strong morals/values
o Responsible
o Resilient in times of stress
Negative-Permissive-Cold
o Look to escape punishment
o Lower self-esteem
What is optimal?