Citing and Referencing
Advanced Business Practice –
M001LON
Week 4
Citation and reference – CU Harvard
style
In-text citation
+
Reference
Citation and reference – CU Harvard
style
• Author’s surname and year of publication
in the text, and a page number if
appropriate, within the body of the text
(Davies 2007:38)
• Reference list of these citations at the end
of the work, alphabetical by author
Citing
( Davies 2010 : 117)
Author
Year
Page
number
Where does the citation go?
• As close as possible where you used the
information or mentioned another source.
• It can be within the body of the writing, or
at the end of the sentence
Author’s name in the citation
• Halliburton (2006: 38) argues that further
research is necessary.
• Halliburton argues that further research is
necessary (2006: 38)
• It has been argued that further research is
necessary (Halliburton 2006: 38)
Management theories are out of date:
discuss.
In text citation
of a summary
Citation of
an image
It has been argued that there is no place for management
theory in today’s workplace (Richards 2006). Shah
suggests that this was is because management theories
Paraphrased
section
refer to a time before the modern
workplace and are no longer relevant
(2010: 88). Many organisations would
go so far as to argue that they have no
Figure 1: Number of
managers over past 10 years
management structure at all (Tesco 2011). (Institute of Directors 2010)
In figure 1, you can see that the number of managers has
actually increased over the past 10 years.
Citation of a
website
Looking at citations in a bit more
depth...
• Always includes the author and year of
publication or creation
• Include the page number or page range if
appropriate
What if...we have more than one
author?
• 2 authors...
– (Brown and Charlton 2008: 76)
• 3 authors
– (Davies, Kelly and Stephen 2010)
• More than 3...
– (Hannah et al. 2009: 84)
What if...I want to refer to many authors
in the same section?
!
Remember to make it clear which author
you’re referring to in your work
Smith (2005: 37) says that chocolate is
bad for you. Hammond (2006: 75) advises
that moderation is best.
What if...I want to refer to many authors
in the same section?
!
Remember to make it clear which author
you’re referring to in your work
The health benefits of chocolate have
been investigated by many scientists
(Bingh 2008: 45, Gregg 2007: 33, Terry
2010: 13).
What if...I can’t tell who the author is?
What if...I can’t tell who the author is?
• With websites and reports, sometimes it is
easier to identify a ‘corporate author’
• If you’re still stumped, the convention
would be to use Anon (for Anonymous)
– Eg (Anon. 1914)
!
If you can’t identify the author, should you
be using the information at all?
What if...I can’t tell the date?
• Look for the date a site was last updated,
or a copyright field (can be down at the
bottom or in the article header
• If you still can’t find a date, you can use
(n.d.) which indicates ‘no date)
!
If you can’t tell how current the information
is, should you be using it at all?
What if...I need to cite a graph?
• Cite it in the text as any other citation
– (Office of National Statistics 2009)
– (Maylor 2010: 236)
What if...I need to cite a graph?
• If you include the graph (or any diagram or
image in your work) then:
1. Label it as a figure or a table
and number it (consecutively)
2. Include the citation in the text
3. Include a list of all your figures
and tables in your contents
Figure 3. Share price of ATC
(Barchart 2010)
What if...I need to cite information from
a database?
• Treat the database as the author, and
include the year of publication
• If you are reproducing graphs, make sure
you label the figures and cite them in your
work.
What if...I’m reading a chapter in a
book?
• You would cite the author of the chapter,
NOT the author of the whole work.
• The citation looks the same, but the
reference will be slightly different...
What if...I want to cite an author cited in
something I’ve read?
This is called secondary citing
1. Try and find the original source
2. If you can’t, then you have to make it
clear
There has been concern ‘all is not what it
seems’ regarding this funding (Black
2008 cited in Redcar 2010: 84)
CU Harvard Vault
Follow link to CULC referencing guide...
Books
Dunning, J.H. and Narula, R (2004)
Multinationals and Industrial Competitiveness: A
New Agenda. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham
Books (edited)
Dunning, J.H. and Narula, R (eds.) (2004)
Multinationals and Industrial Competitiveness: A
New Agenda. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham
Book chapter
Hardcastle, H. (2007) ‘Negotiating
Through Barriers’. in Change: Necessary
Processes to Success. ed. by Twegwell,
K. London: Palgrave, 85-98.
Journals
Ross, Stanley C. (2008) ‘Searching for
Strategic Opportunities’. Academy of
Strategic Management Journal 7 (1), 3546
Journals – online only
Barsh, J., Mogelof, J. and Webb, C. (2010) ‘How
Centered Leaders Achieve Extraordinary
Results’. McKinsey Quarterly [online] available
from
<https://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/How_cente
red_leaders_achieve_extraordinary_results_267
8> [9 November 2010]
Websites
• BigCharts (2010) BigCharts: Stock Charts,
Screeners, Interactive Charting and
Research Tools [online] available from
<http://bigcharts.marketwatch.com/> [9
November 2010]
Newspaper articles
Brookman, C. (2009) ‘Financial crises
pushes company to brink’. Financial
Times 13 July, 8-9
Newspaper article online
Brooks, X. (2010) ‘Porpoises Rescue Dick
van Dyke’. The Guardian [online] 11
November. available from
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/nov/
11/dick-van-dyke-porpoises-rescue> [11
November 2010]
Databases
GMID (2010) GDP in the UK 2005-2010
[online] available from
<http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/Portal/
Magazines/Welcome.aspx > [9 November
2010]
Leadership essay
I want to open my essay with a quote that
I read in a book by Sebastian English
written in 1998.
Leadership is the art of bloodless war,
where the leaders are the generals and
the workforce a great army requiring
discipline.
Leadership essay example
It has been argued that the art of
leadership is “the art of bloodless war”,
requiring the leader to use discipline to
manage a team (English 1998:19).
Leadership essay example
• Note the direct quotation (the memorable
part)
• The citation, including the page number
• Paraphrasing the ideas from the original
Including more sources...
• Charles Smith, 1998
• Leadership is where the leader acts in the
role of benevolent parent, enabling the
employee to grow and develop throughout
their time with the organisation.
• Robert Farmer, 2007
• Leaders should be dominating in their
behaviour to their staff, setting out a clear
plan of action for all to follow.
Leadership essay example
There are a vast number of leadership
styles that one can chose from. There are
advantages to each, and not all are
mutually exclusive. Smith argues that a
leader is “a benevolent parent” who nutures
employees throughout their time with the
company (Smith 1998:19-20). Farmer
however...
Leadership essay example
Farmer however sees leadership as a
strong, commanding role, “dominating” the
workforce with a definite vision and strong
strategy (Farmer 2007:20-25).
Leadership essay example
BBC article
But using technology to examine what
makes a good leader is nothing new. For
many decades organisations around the
world have used psychometric testing to
help choose candidates for senior
positions, and to try to understand what
constitutes a good leader.
Leadership essay example
A study by scientists has shown that
leadership qualities are inherent in a
person’s biology (Cellan-Jones 2011). It is
worth noting that this application of
science to leadership thinking is not a new
phenomenon; Cellan-Jones highlights the
lengthy use of psychometric testing in
recruitment. However one could argue
that using brain scans is a new application
of scientific thinking.
References at the end
Cellan-Jones, R. (2011) Can Brain Scans Tell Us Who
Would Make a Good Chief Executive? [online] available
from <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11730685>
[31 January 2011]
English, S. (1998) Leadership and War: An Study in
Similarities. 3rd edn. London: Macmillan
Farmer, R. (2007) ‘Dictating as Leading’ Harvard
Business Review 36 (7), 19-28
Smith, C. (1998) ‘The Benevolent Leader’ in Leadership
Essays, Reflections and Thoughts ed by Frederick, H.
Birmingham: Highbury Publishing, 3-38
Things to note...
• Reference list in alphabetical order
• Not distinguished by material type
• Use the correct format as per CULC
Harvard citing and referencing guide