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1. Martin Luther King, Jr.
2. Civil Rights Movement
3. Emancipation Proclamation
4. English Song — My Country, ’Tis of Thee
After Reading
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Detailed Reading
1. A Brief Introduction
2. Chronology of Martin Luther King
3. A Video Clip About Martin Luther King
After Reading
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After Reading
1. A Brief Introduction
2. Some Famous Figures and Events
3. A Civil Rights Song — We Shall Not Be Moved
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A Brief Introduction
Martin Luther King, Jr. was the leading figure of the black civil rights
movement that swept the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. His reform movement,
based on nonviolent disobedience, resulted in the segregation laws of the South
being declared unconstitutional, and laws being passed to ensure equal voting
rights for blacks.
King began his career as a Baptist minister in Montgomery, Alabama. It was
there, in 1956, that a woman named Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to
vacate a “whites only” seat on a city bus. Together with Ralph Abernathy, King
organized a successful boycott of the city buses, and won national acclaim. In
1963, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., he delivered his
famous speech “I Have a Dream” to an audience of more than 250,000.
King was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1964, yet his final years saw the
rise of a militant black movement under the leadership of activists such as
Malcolm X. In 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated while visiting Memphis,
Tennessee.
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Chronology of Martin Luther King
Time
Event
January 15, 1929
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, son of a Baptist minister.
1947
Ordained into the Baptist church.
1954
Appointed to the ministry at Dexter Avenue Baptist
Church in Montgomery, Alabama.
February 24, 1956
Leads a 381-day boycott of Montgomery city buses.
January, 1957
Founds the S.C.L.C. (Southern Christian
Leadership Conference) — a national vehicle for
civil rights reform.
August 28, 1963
Delivers the speech “I Have a Dream” in
Washington, D.C.
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Event
December 10, 1964
Awarded Nobel peace prize.
February 10, 1965
Organizes demonstrations in Selma, Alabama, to
assert the rights of blacks in the region to vote.
April 4, 1968
Shot dead by a white assassin, James Earl Ray, in
Memphis, Tennessee.
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A Video Clip About Martin Luther King
The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. was
the main leader of the civil rights movement in
the United States during the 1950s and 1960s.
King devoted his life to the elimination of racial
segregation and the promotion of political and
economic equality for all Americans. King’s
commitment to nonviolent protests and his
stirring speeches earned him and his causes the
support of millions of people. In 1963, King led
the March on Washington. People came from all
over the country. More than 200,000 people
heard King’s dramatic plea for racial equality at
the Lincoln Memorial. His speech that day was
the high point of the demonstration and defined
the moral basis of the civil rights movement.
■
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A Brief Introduction
The civil rights movement was a movement for racial equality in the U.S. that,
through nonviolent protests, broke the pattern of racial segregation in the South
and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks. Following the U.S. Supreme Court
decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), African American and
white supporters attempted to end entrenched segregationist practices. When
Rosa Parks was arrested in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, an African American
boycott of the bus system was led by Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy.
In the early 1960s the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee led boycotts
and sit-ins to desegregate many public facilities. Using the nonviolent methods of
Mohandas K. Gandhi, the movement spread, forcing the desegregation of
department stores, supermarkets, libraries, and movie theatres. The Deep South
remained adamant in its opposition to most desegregation measures, often
violently; protesters were attacked and occasionally killed. Their efforts culminated
(达到高潮) in a march on Washington, D.C., in 1963 to support civil rights legislation.
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Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, President Lyndon B. Johnson
persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a victory that was
followed by the Voting Rights Act in 1965. After 1965, militant groups such as the
Black Panther Party split off from the civil rights movement, and riots in black
ghettos and King’s assassination caused many supporters to withdraw. In the
succeeding decades, leaders sought power through elective office and
substantive economic and educational gains through affirmative action.
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Some Famous Figures and Events
Rosa Parks: (1913~2005)
Born:
● Birthplace:
● Died:
● Best Known as:
● Name at Birth:
●
4 February, 1913
Tuskegee, Alabama
24 October, 2005
The black woman arrested in 1955 for not giving up her bus seat
Rosa Louise McCauley
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Rosa Parks, a U.S. civil rights activist, worked as a tailor’s assistant in
Montgomery, Alabama, where she joined the NAACP in 1943. In 1955 she was
arrested after refusing to give her seat on a public bus to a white man. The
resultant boycott (抵制) of the city’s bus system, organized by Martin Luther King,
Jr. and others, brought the civil rights movement to new prominence. In 1957
Parks moved to Detroit, where she was a staff assistant (1965~1988) to U.S.
Representative John Conyers. She was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in
1999.
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Freedom Rides
Organized by the Congress of Racial
Equality (CORE), the 1961 freedom rides
challenged the racial segregation of buses in
the South. Black and white riders traveled
from Washington, D.C. to Atlanta, Alabama,
and Mississippi.
In September 1961, after a petition
from Robert Kennedy, the Interstate
Commerce Commission enacted regulations
that enabled the federal government to
enforce the Supreme Court ruling (Boynton v.
Virginia) that desegregated interstate travel.
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March on Washington
In the early 1960s as black unemployment rates were rising and as civil rights
demonstrators around the country encountered police brutality, the idea for the
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom emerged. The march would turn out to
be more successful than anticipated. It was at the march that Martin Luther King
made his famous “I Have a Dream” speech and just one year later, the Civil Rights
Act of 1964 was passed.
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A Civil Rights Song — We Shall Not Be Moved
We shall not, we shall not be moved
We shall not, we shall not be moved
Just like a tree that stands by the water
We shall not be moved
We’ll build a mighty union, we shall not be moved
We’ll build a mighty union, we shall not be moved
Just like a tree that stands by the water
We shall not be moved
We shall not, we shall not be moved
We shall not, we shall not be moved
Just like a tree that stands by the water
We shall not be moved
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We’re fighting for our children, we shall not be moved
We’re fighting for our children, we shall not be moved
Just like a tree that stands by the water
We shall not be moved
We shall not, we shall not be moved
We shall not, we shall not be moved
Just like a tree that stands by the water
We shall not be moved
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Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation was a historic document
that led to the end of slavery in the United States. President
Abraham Lincoln issued the proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863,
during the American Civil War. It declared freedom for slaves
in all areas of the Confederacy that were still in rebellion
against the Union. The proclamation also provided for the
use of blacks in the Union Army and Navy. As a result, it
greatly influenced the North’s victory in the war.
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English Song — My Country, ’Tis of Thee
My Country, ’Tis of Thee, also known as America, is an American patriotic
song. The melody is derived from the British national anthem, God Save the Queen.
The lyrics to My Country, ’Tis of Thee were written in 1831 by Reverend
Samuel Francis Smith of Boston’s Park Street Church while at the Andover
Theological Seminary in Andover, Massachusetts. The song served as a de facto
(事实上的) national anthem for much of the 19th century.
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My country, ’tis of thee,
Sweet land of liberty,
Of thee I sing;
Land where my fathers died,
Land of the pilgrims’ pride,
From every mountainside
Let freedom ring!
Let music swell the breeze,
And ring from all the trees
Sweet freedom’s song;
Let mortal tongues awake;
Let all that breathe partake;
Let rocks their silence break,
The sound prolong.
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Our father’s God to thee,
Author of liberty,
To thee we sing.
Long may our land be bright,
With freedom’s holy light,
Protect us by thy might,
Great God our King.
From every mountainside
Let freedom ring!
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1. Part Division of the Text
2. Further Understanding
For Part 1
Questions and Answers
For Part 2
Interview
For Part 3
Scanning
After Reading
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Part Division of the Text
Parts
Paragraphs
Main Ideas
1
1-2
The tragic fact was that the Negro were still not free.
2
3-7
The reason why so many people had the March on
Washington.
3
8-25
In spite of the terrible situation, King asked the
Negro to have a dream for freedom.
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Questions and Answers
1. Who is the “great American” that signed the Emancipation Proclamation? And
when?
Abraham Lincoln, American president. In 1863.
2. What did the author think of the Emancipation Proclamation?
He regarded it as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves and a
joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.
3. What was the Negro’s situation 100 years after the issue of the Emancipation
Proclamation?
They still didn’t have freedom; they had to face segregation and discrimination
and their life was still poor.
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Interview
Directions: Suppose you are a reporter from CCTV and your partner is a
professor whose research field is American history. Now you have an
interview with him / her. Your interview should cover the following
aspects:
1. Greeting
2. The reason why so many people came to the rally (集会)
3. The determination King showed to carry on the struggle
4. The strategy of the struggle
5. The five aspects of injustice the Negro were facing and the goal of the struggle
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Scanning
Directions: In this part, King uses several sentences beginning with “I have a
dream”. Now you are required to scan each of these sentences and
summarize it with one word or a phrase from the sentence or written
by yourself.
For example:
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning
of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal.”
After reading this sentence, we know the essence of the sentence is the last
word “equal”. Therefore, we can use the word “equality” to summarize. Now, here
are the sentences.
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1. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former
slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at
the table of brotherhood.
brotherhood
2. I have a dream that even the state of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering with
the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of
freedom and justice.
freedom and justice
3. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where
they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their
character.
racial discrimination
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4. I have a dream that the state of Alabama will be transformed into a situation
where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white
boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.
brotherhood
5. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and
mountain shall be made low, the rough place will be made plain, and the
crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be
revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.
equality
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In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
freeing all slaves in the United States. One hundred years after this decree was
signed, however, the life of blacks was still “sadly crippled by the manacles of
segregation and the chains of discrimination.” On August 28, 1963, a quarter of
a million people of all races came to Washington, D.C., to show their support for
freedom and justice for all Americans, and for black people in particular. At that
demonstration Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered this famous speech, widely
regarded as the most eloquent statement of the black people’s dreams and
aspirations ever made. Dr. King told the world, “I have a dream” that equality
would come “to all of God’s children.” He said he wanted everyone to be able to
“join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, ‘Free at last! Free at
last! ...’”
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I Have a Dream
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose
symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation
Proclamation.
This momentous decree came as a
great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves
who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.
It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of
captivity.
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But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact
that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later,
the
life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of
segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred
years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the
midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years
later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American
society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have
come here today to dramatize an appalling condition.
In a sense we have come to our nation’s capital to cash
a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the
magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of
Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which
every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all
men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness.
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It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar
as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation,
America has given the Negro people a bad check; a check which has come back
marked “insufficient funds.”
But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is
bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of
opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check — a check that will
give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.
We have
also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now.
This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug
of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of Democracy. Now is the
time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of
racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God’s
children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to
the solid rock of brotherhood.
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It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to
underestimate the determination of the Negro.
This sweltering summer of the
Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of
freedom and equality. 1963 is not an end, but a beginning. There will be neither rest
nor tranquility in America until
the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The
whirlwind of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright
day of justice emerges.
But there is something I must say to my people who
stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of
justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must
not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our
thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and
hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high
plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our
creative protest to degenerate into physical violence.
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Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical
force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro
community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white
brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that
their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to
our freedom. We cannot walk alone.
And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall
always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those
who are asking the devotees of civil rights, “When will you be
satisfied?” We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is
the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We
can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the
fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the
highways and the hotels of the cities.
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We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their
selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating “For Whites Only.” We cannot
be satisfied as long as the Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a
larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote
and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are
not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and
righteousness like a mighty stream.
I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the
difficulties and frustrations of the moment I still have a
dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and
live out the true meaning of its creed:
“We hold these
truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former
slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the
table of brotherhood.
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I have a dream that even the state of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering with
the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom
and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where
they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that the state of Alabama will be transformed into a situation
where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys
and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and
mountain shall be made low, the rough place will be made plain, and the crooked
places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all
flesh shall see it together.
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This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this
faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With
this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a
beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together,
to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom
together, knowing that we will be free one day.
This will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new
meaning:
My country, ’tis of thee
Sweet land of liberty
Of thee I sing:
Land where my fathers died,
Land of the pilgrims’ pride,
From every mountainside
Let freedom ring.
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And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom
ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire! Let freedom ring from the
heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!
Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California!
But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!
Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.
Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every
mountainside, let freedom ring.
When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every
hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when
all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants
and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro
spiritual, “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”
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This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of
Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came
as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.
1. What can we infer from the words “beacon light” and “daybreak”?
We can infer that the Negro were in great form when they learned the
contents of the Emancipation Proclamation.
2. What rhetorical device does the author adopt when he uses the words
“beacon light” and “daybreak”?
Here the author uses the rhetorical device called “simile”, which is used to
describe sth. by comparing it with sth. else, with the words “as” or “like”.
More examples:
He eats like a pig! 他吃东西像头猪!
I saw an old woman with hair as white as snow. 我看到一位白发苍苍的老妇人。
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… the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and
the chains of discrimination.
Translate this part into Chinese.
黑人的生活仍然悲惨地套着种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁。
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In a sense we have come to our nation’s capital to cash a check.
What does the phrase “cash a check” really mean?
It means “get justice back” or “get the freedom and equality as Emancipation
Proclamation claimed back”.
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… they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.
Paraphrase this part of the sentence.
They wrote their signatures on the note and promised that every American
could inherit it.
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But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.
What is the implied meaning of the sentence?
The implied meaning is “We don’t believe there is no justice in America”.
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We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce
urgency of now.
What are the different meanings of the two of’s in the sentence?
The first “of” has something to do with the word “remind”. “Remind sb. of sth.”
is a set phrase, meaning “提醒某人某事”, while the second “of” just means
“……的”.
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This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until
there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. 1963 is not an end, but
a beginning.
What do “summer” and “autumn” refer to respectively?
Here “summer” is the symbol of injustice while “autumn” justice and freedom.
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… the Negro is granted his citizenship rights.
Paraphrase this part of the sentence.
The Negroes are allowed to have their citizenship rights.
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Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force
with soul force.
Translate the sentence into Chinese.
我们必须以不懈的努力登上以灵魂力量对付肉体力量的庄严高地。
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We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood
and robbed of their dignity by signs stating “For Whites Only.”
Paraphrase this sentence.
We will never be content if our future generations are deprived of their
personality and esteem by signs with the words “For Whites Only”.
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… until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.
What can we infer from this part of the sentence?
At the time King made the speech, the Negro couldn’t have real justice and
righteousness because there were some people in America who prevented
the Negro from having them just as waters or a stream was stopped by
someone.
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“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”
Do you know where this sentence comes from? If you know, would you please
say something more about it?
This sentence is quoted from the famous Declaration of Independence, the
document written in 1776, in which the thirteen British colonies in America
officially stated that they were an independent nation and would no longer
agree to be ruled by Britain.
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I have a dream that the state of Alabama will be transformed into a situation
where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white
boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.
Why does King deliberately mention Alabama here?
Maybe it is because Alabama is the setting of Rosa Parks’s incident and the
resultant boycott of the city’s bus system.
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With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of
hope.
Analyze the sentence.
Pay attention to the order of the sentence after the word “to”. The right order
should be “hew a stone of hope out of the mountain of despair”. The author
uses the inverted order to emphasize the word “despair”.
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momentous: adj.
very important or significant
His colleagues all recognized that this was a momentous occasion.
任何重要的决定不能由一个人说了算。
Any momentous decision cannot be made by one person alone.
At the time, our department was going through some momentous changes.
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decree:
1) n. an official order; law
In 1637 the Emperor issued a decree ordering all foreigners to leave the country.
这是一项依照总统令实行的改革。
This is a reform by presidential decree.
2) vt. make an official judgment or give an official order
In 1929 Parliament decreed that all women should have the right to vote.
CF: decree & dictate
这两个动词均含“命令”之意。
decree 指统治者或政府不与别人商议而公开宣布决定。例如：
The dictator decreed that his birthday would be a public holiday.
该独裁者发布命令，将其生日定为公众假期。
dictate 指用权力支配他人。例如：
What gives them the right to dictate to us what we should eat?
他们哪来的权利规定我们该吃什么不该吃什么？
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wither: v.
1) (cause to) dry up
The flowers will wither if you don’t put them in water.
2) slowly disappear, lose importance or become weaker
他们的希望逐渐破灭了。
Their hopes gradually withered away.
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captivity: n.
the state of being in prison or held against one’s will
The hostages were released from captivity.
囚禁生活没有削弱他的战斗意志。
Captivity hasn’t weakened his will to fight.
Collocation:
in captivity
被囚禁，被关起来
Many animals do not breed well in captivity.
许多关在樊笼中成长的动物不能很好地繁殖。
bear captivity
忍受囚禁生活
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prosperity: n.
success or good fortune
In Chinese history, the Tang dynasty is a time of economic prosperity.
他祝这对年轻人生活幸福、万事如意。
He wished the young couple a life of happiness and prosperity.
Collocation:
boost / foster / promote economic prosperity
bring / create / destroy prosperity
enjoy prosperity
hamper / retard the commercial prosperity
common prosperity
national prosperity
促进经济繁荣
带来/创造/破坏繁荣
享受富足生活
阻碍商业繁荣
共同繁荣
国家昌盛
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languish: vi.
experience long suffering
He has been languishing in jail for the past twenty years.
他多年来一直在贫困中挣扎。
He languished in poverty for years.
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exile:
1. n.
1) a person who has been forced to leave his country
There were many French exiles in England after the Revolution.
2) forced removal from one’s country or home
During his exile, he also began writing books.
她叔叔背井离乡十年后返回英国。
After an exile of ten years her uncle returned to Britain.
2. vt. force someone to leave their country, especially for political reasons
Several of the leaders were arrested and exiled to France.
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CF: exile & expel
这两个动词都有“驱逐出境，放逐”之意。
exile 指政府强迫某一公民离开祖国或流放到某地，但不一定含有耻辱意味。例如：
The writer was exiled to Siberia for writing political novels.
那位作家因写政治小说而被放逐到西伯利亚。
expel 含义广，可指驱逐出境或取消某一资格，含有耻辱意味。例如：
Two girls were expelled from school for taking drugs.
两个女生因吸毒而被开除。
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appalling: adj.
shocking; extremely bad
He was kept in appalling conditions in prison.
Animals were neglected and lived in appalling conditions.
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in a sense:
in some ways but not in all; somewhat
从某种意义上说，他说的是对的。
What he says is right in a sense.
NB:
1) in a sense 还可以用in one sense来表示。
2) 在英语中，还有一些与这个词组结构相似但意思不同的词组，见下面方框中的词组：
in no sense 从任何意义上说都不 (= not at all)
in every sense of the word 从任何一种意义上说 (= in every way)
in a general sense 从一般意义上说
in a real sense 从真正意义上说 (used to emphasize that a statement or
description is true)
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default on:
fail to pay or do when due
People who default on their mortgage repayments may have their homes
repossessed.
在那个时代，任何拖欠贷款的人都要被关进监狱。
In those days, anyone who defaulted on a loan was put in prison.
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bankrupt: adj.
unable to pay one’s debts; having no money
Many small businesses will go bankrupt unless interest rates fall.
该公司因产品滞销而倒闭。
The company went bankrupt because it couldn’t sell its products.
Five years ago she was a successful actress, but now she is bankrupt.
NB:
bankrupt的名词形式是bankruptcy，以下是与bankruptcy相关的词组：
避免破产
avoid bankruptcy
宣告破产
declare bankruptcy
面临破产
face bankruptcy
申请破产
petition for bankruptcy
破产
go into bankruptcy
verge on bankruptcy
濒临破产
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cool off:
make or become less warm, excited, ardent, or interested
By late autumn Mediterranean islands have cooled off, and can have rainy days.
等他气消后再去找他。
Wait until he cools off before you approach him again.
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desolate: adj.
without people; lonely and sad
His body was found in a desolate canyon about 65 miles north of Los Angeles.
她走后，我们都觉得万分孤寂。
We all felt absolutely desolate when she left.
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brotherhood: n.
close feeling or friendship among a group; fellowship
All we want for our countries is peace and brotherhood.
NB:
-hood是个构成名词的后缀，意为“……状态；……时期”。本课文中出现的selfhood意为
“自我，个性，人格”。在英语中还有些以-hood结尾的名词，如：childhood（孩童时期），
manhood（成年），likelihood（可能性），falsehood（缺少真实性和实在性），
sisterhood（姐妹关系），parenthood（父母身份），neighborhood（邻近地区）等。
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legitimate: adj.
1) in accordance with the law or rules; lawful
Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.
我说不好他的生意是否绝对合法。
I’m not sure whether his business is strictly legitimate.
the legitimate heir
法定继承人
2) reasonable, fair
Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research.
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threshold: n.
1) a piece of wood, or stone placed beneath a door
Morris had never crossed the threshold of a public house.
2) the place or point of beginning
We are at the threshold of a new era in medicine.
We are on the threshold of a great change.
他的事业刚刚起步。
He was on the threshold of his career.
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guilty of:
responsible for breaking a law
He was found not guilty of the death of Jones.
陪审团判决她犯有谋杀罪。
The jury found her guilty of murder.
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degenerate: vi.
decline in physical, mental, or moral qualities
Educational standards are degenerating year by year because of a
lack of funds.
His health is degenerating rapidly.
英国经济可能会陷入持久衰退。
The British economy might degenerate into permanent recession.
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majestic: adj.
dignified and noble
The majestic scenery will leave you breathless.
这艘巨轮上了新颜色显得很雄伟。
The great ship looked majestic in her new colors.
CF: majestic, magnificent & splendid
这些形容词都含有“宏伟壮丽的”之意。
强调状态、外表、仪态等给人以威严感。
majestic
magnificent 指环境、建筑物等本身的壮丽、堂皇、庄严、崇高或出色等。
指人在行为、品德或性格等方面的卓越超群；指物强调外观上的辉煌。
splendid
用于口语中，作“极好的，绝妙的”解。
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Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where
necessary.
1. The troops are doing a splendid
_______ job of keeping the peace.
_______ mountain scenery.
2. This lovely village is surrounded by majestic
3. Have you ever seen the majestic
_______ mountains of the Himalayas?
__________ Renaissance palace.
4. In the country we can see a magnificent
_______ 18th-century oak table.
5. In the centre of the room was a splendid
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destiny: n.
the fate or fortune of a person or thing
Our country must be the master of its own economic destiny.
The government wants to give people more control over their own
destinies.
CF: destiny, fate & fortune
这三个名词均含“命运”之意。
destiny 表示一个人生活中发生的不可改变的每件事，包括将来发生的事情，尤指那些
人们认为是由某人或某种力量决定的事情。
表示由超自然力量或自然规律决定的状态或结果，是不可避免，不可改变的。
fate
fortune 表示对人的活动产生重要影响的机遇。
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Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where
necessary.
______ .
1. We know we are in control of our own destiny
____ decided otherwise.
2. I wanted to go to India in June, but fate
3. She had good fortune
______ to be free from illness all her life.
4. Susan wondered whether it was her destiny
______ to marry George and live in Mexico.
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tie up with:
connect to; relate to
The shortage of teachers is tied up with the issue of pay.
这个城市的空气污染与两个大的发电厂有关。
The air pollution in this city is tied up with the two big power plants.
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fatigue: n.
a feeling of being tired
Sam’s face was grey with fatigue.
我们到旅程终点时全都累垮了。
We were all suffering from fatigue at the end of our journey.
Collocation:
feel / induce fatigue
sleep away fatigue
suffer from fatigue
allay / alleviate / lessen fatigue
eliminate / relieve fatigue
deep / excessive fatigue
physical / mental fatigue
感到/引起疲劳
用睡眠消除疲劳
深感疲劳
减轻疲劳
消除疲劳
极度疲劳
身体/精神疲劳
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strip of:
take (sth. of value) away from
Captain Evans was found guilty and stripped of his rank.
他被剥夺了全部财产。
He was stripped of all his possessions.
NB:
英语中还有一个词组strip off，意为“脱衣，剥落”。使用时，其后可跟或不跟名词。例如：
We need to strip the wallpaper off the walls first.
我们首先要把墙纸从墙上剥落下来。
He stripped off and had a shower.
他脱光衣服洗了个淋浴。
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mobility: n.
the ability to move or be moved; the movement of people from one social
group or status to another
Shuttles will give mobility to employees without cars.
在美国，社会阶层的变动是很普通的事。
In America, social mobility is an everyday reality.
NB:
与该词搭配的通常有两个词组：downward mobility与upward mobility。前者意为“（个
体或群体向经济地位或社会地位较低的阶层或阶级流动的）向下流动倾向”；后者意义相反。
例如：
Unemployment is also a significant cause of downward mobility in Britain.
在英国，失业也是产生人们社会和经济地位向下流动倾向的重要原因。
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live out:
1) live through
Will the old man live out the month?
2) experience; do the things one has thought about
Her success enabled her to live out her wildest dream.
那笔钱使他们得以实践他们的梦想。
The money enabled them to live out their dreams.
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transform: vt.
change in form, nature, function, or appearance
Whenever a camera was pointed at her, Marilyn would instantly transform
herself into a radiant star.
她过去十分腼腆，但在国外呆了一年以后完全变了。
She used to be terribly shy, but a year abroad has completely transformed her.
CF: transform, alter, convert & modify
这些动词均含有“变化，改变”之意。
transform 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生彻底变化，失去原状成为全新
的东西。
常指轻微的改变，强调在基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
alter
convert 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、
较大的改变。
强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
modify
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Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where
necessary.
1. The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified
_______ form.
__________ into
2. Do you know the process by which caterpillars (毛虫) are transformed
butterflies?
3. European missionaries converted
________ thousands to Christianity.
____ her clothes after losing weight.
4. She had to alter
5. Could we convert
______ the sofa into a bed?
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crooked: adj.
not straight; bent or curved
I still remember our house was located in a crooked lane in Shanghai.
在弯曲的乡间小道开车，你不得不慢慢地开。
You have to drive slowly on these crooked country roads.
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discord: n.
1) a group of musical notes which give an unpleasant sound when played
together
No one likes to listen to discords.
2) disagreement or argument between people
Money is the single biggest cause of discord in marriage.
在这个问题上出现了各种分歧。
Various discords have arisen over this question.
NB:
当该词意为“不和谐”时，它的反义词为concord。例如：
The neighboring states had lived in concord for centuries.
这些邻国已和睦相处若干世纪了。
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Collocation:
arouse / generate / stir up discord
assuage / settle discord
spread / sow discord among
marital discord
domestic / family discord
political discord
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引起争执
缓和/排除争执
在……中挑拨离间
夫妻争吵
家庭不和
政治分歧
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stand up for:
support or defend a person or idea when they are being attacked
Didn’t anyone stand up for James and say it wasn’t his fault?
到了我们维护自己权利的时候了。
It’s time we stood up for our rights.
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speed up:
(cause to) go faster
Africa’s population growth speeded up.
The truck speeded up going down the hill.
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1. Useful Expressions
2. Listening and Speaking
3. Picture Talking
4. Writing Practice
5. Proverbs and Quotations
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Useful Expressions
1. 一百年前
five score years ago
2. 一项重要法令
a momentous decree
3. 希望灯塔
the beacon light of hope
4. 黑奴
Negro slaves
5. 悲惨现实
the tragic fact
6. 种族隔离和种族歧视
racial segregation and racial discrimination
7. 物质繁荣
material prosperity
8. 骇人听闻的状况
an appalling condition
9. 兑现支票
cash a check
10. 不可剥夺的生存权
the inalienable rights of life
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11. 没有兑付一张期票
default on a promissory note
12. 就……而言
insofar as … be concerned
13. 被赋予其公民权
be granted one’s citizenship rights
14. 席卷黑人社会
engulf the Negro community
15. 息息相关
tie up with
16. 紧密相连
be bound to
17. 保证
make a pledge
18. 后退
turn back
19. 只要
as long as
20. 剥夺某人的人格和尊严
strip / rob sb. of one’s selfhood and dignity
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21. 困难和挫折
difficulties and frustrations
22. 实践……的真谛
live out the true meaning of
23. 所有的人生来都是平等的
all men are created equal
24. 酷热难熬
swelter with the heat
25. 与……携起手来
join hands with
26. 争取自由
stand up for freedom
27. 实现
become true
28. 加速
speed up
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Listening and Speaking
Directions: First, listen to a passage twice and fill in the blanks with the words you
hear. Then you are required to listen to the passage again and catch
the key words of the story. At last, you are required to retell the story
based on the key words you get.
In much of the American South in the 1950s, the first rows of seats on city
buses were for white people only. Black people sat in the back of the bus. Both
middle area . However, black people sitting in that part of
groups could sit in a __________
leave their seats if a white person wanted to sit there.
the bus were expected to ______________
Rosa Parks and three other black people were seated in the middle area of
wanted a seat . The bus
the bus when a white person got on the bus and ____________
driver demanded that all four black people leave their seats so the white person
up ,
sit next to any of them . The three other blacks got
would not have to __________________
_______
She was arrested .
but Missus Parks refused. _______________
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A group of black activist women in Montgomery was known as the Women’s
oppose the mistreatment of black bus
Political Council. The group was working to ______________________________
passengers
__________ . The women’s group immediately ________
called for all blacks in the city to
ride on city buses
trial
refuse to _________________
on the day of Missus Parks’s ______
, Monday,
December 5th. The result was that 40,000 people walked and used
other transportation on that day.
________________
That night, at meetings throughout the city, blacks in Montgomery agreed to
continue to boycott
______ the city buses until their __________________
mistreatment stopped . They also
____ black bus drivers and that anyone be permitted
________ to
demanded that the city hire
get up for anyone else.
sit in the middle of the bus and not have to ______
The Montgomery bus boycott continued for 381 days. It was led by
local black leader E.D. Nixon and a young black minister
______________
______ , Martin Luther King, Jr.
held in other southern cities . Finally, the Supreme Court of
Similar protests were ________________________
the United States ruled on Missus Parks’s case. It made _________________
racial separation
illegal on city buses. That decision came on November 13th, 1956, almost a
_____
year after Missus Parks’s arrest. The boycott in Montgomery ended the day after
court order arrived, December 29th.
the _________
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Writing Practice — Essay Writing
A Brief Introduction
An essay is a short piece of writing that generally shows the author’s view on a
particular subject. There are many different kinds of essays, including narrative,
descriptive, and persuasive. The following steps, however, can be used to write any
kind of essay.
1) Establish your topic
** Pay attention to the key words in the teacher’s assignment that will suggest the
content and structure of your essay.
** If you are asked to find a topic of your own, you’d better choose a subject which
interests you most.
** Be sure your topic is narrow enough so that you can write about it in detail in the
number of pages that you are allowed.
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2) Organize your ideas
** Develop an outline to organize your ideas.
** Write down all the main ideas.
** List the subordinate ideas below the main ideas.
** Avoid any repetition of ideas.
3) Write a first draft
** Three parts of an essay: introduction, body and conclusion
** Introduction:
It often begins with a general statement about the topic and ends with a more
specific statement of the main idea of your paper.
** Body:
— It consists of a number of paragraphs in which you develop your ideas in
detail.
— Limit each paragraph to one main idea.
— Use specific examples and quotations to prove your points.
— Use transition words to make your writing coherent.
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** Conclusion:
Summarize your main points by restating the main idea of the paper.
4) Revise the first draft
** Try to set aside your draft for a day or two before revising.
** Develop your ideas in more detail, give more evidence to support your claims,
or delete material that is unnecessary.
** Read your paper out loud.
** Have somebody else read the paper and have a discussion with you.
5) Proofread the final draft
** Look for careless errors such as misspelled words and incorrect punctuation
and capitalization.
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Homework
Directions: In this part, you are supposed to write a composition on the title “My
View on King’s Famous Speech”. Your composition should be no less
than 180 words. The composition should cover the following points:
1. The setting of the speech
2. The main ideas the speech expresses
3. The significance and influence of the speech
4. My view on the speech
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Proverbs and Quotations
1. Where might is master, justice is servant.
有强权，就没有正义。
2. Liberty is the only thing you cannot have unless you give it to others.
自由是唯一一件这样的东西，不给予别人，你自己也无法得到。
3. Who loses liberty loses all.
失去自由即失去一切。
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4. Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom.
— Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese statesman
没有什么比独立自由更可宝贵的了。
—— 越南政治家 胡志明
5. Those who expect to reap the blessings of freedom must undergo the
fatigue of supporting it.
— Thomas Paine, British writer
想要收获自由之果的人，必须承受维护自由的劳苦。
—— 英国作家 托马斯•潘恩
6. Liberty is in every blow! Let us do or die.
— Robert Burns, British poet
多一分斗争，添一分自由！不在斗争中生，就在等待中死。
—— 英国诗人 罗伯特•彭斯