Economics Chapter 2
Economics Chapter 2
Economic Systems
Chapter 2:
Economic Decisions
2.1 Economic Systems
2.2 Evaluating Economic
Performance
2.3 Capitalism and
Economic Freedom
2.1 Economic Systems
ACOS:
2. Compare the development and characteristics of the world’s traditional, command, and market economies.
2.1 Economic Systems
Daily Objectives:
Describe the characteristics of the traditional, command, and market economies.
Explain the advantages and
disadvantages of the traditional, command, and market economies.
2.1 Economic Systems
Traditional
Economies
Command
Economies
Market Economies
Three Requirements for a Market Economy
Economic Systems
An economy is “organized way of providing for wants and needs of their people.”
Most countries have a traditional, command, or market economy.
Joseph Stalin
Traditional Economies
The distribution of scarce resources is determined by ritual, habit, or custom.
Many indigenous peoples like the Australian
Aborigines utilize the traditional economy.
Traditional Economies
The biggest advantage is that each person knows what roles to play.
The problem is that it discourages creativity and new ways of doing things.
This results in a lower standard of living.
Command
Economies
A central authority answers the three basic questions in a command economy.
Examples include Cuba,
North Korea, and the former Soviet Union.
The strength of this system is that it can adjust to needs quickly.
Command Economies
Command economies have several disadvantages:
◦ It does little to address the wants of consumers.
◦ It does not give people incentive to work hard.
Most workers receive similar pay.
(Ex: doctors and janitors)
Workers are often assigned jobs below their potential.
Command Economies
◦ A large bureaucracy is necessary to make decisions.
This results in inefficiency.
This increases production costs.
◦ It does not have flexibility to adjust to little issues.
◦ Creativity is limited, and little incentive is offered to workers.
Market Economies
People and firms answer the three basic questions.
People “vote” for what they want with their money.
Examples include the U.S.,
Canada, Japan, South Korea,
Britain, and other Western
European nations.
Market Economies
The ability to adjust to change over time is a strength of this system. (ex: gas shortages in 1970s)
◦ Change is not discouraged like the traditional economy.
◦ Change is not delayed or forced on people as in a command economy.
Market Economies
Another strength of the market economy is its emphasis on individual freedom.
Government influence is kept to a minimum.
Another strength of the market economy is the fact that decision making is made by the people themselves.
Market Economies
This results in a variety of goods and services.
Customer satisfaction is much greater in a market economy.
Market Economies
The market economy has some disadvantages as well.
◦ It does not provide for the basic needs of everyone in society.
◦ It is unable to provide some services efficiently. (ex: national defense)
◦ Uncertainty about the future may also be a weakness. (ex: unemployment)
National Defense
Unemployment
Three Requirements for a
Market Economy
Competition is necessary.
Resources must be free to change to other activities. (ex: worker changing job)
Consumers need sufficient information to make wise economic decisions.
2.2 EVALUATING
ECONOMIC
PERFORMANCE
ACOS:
2. COMPARE THE
DEVELOPMENT AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
WORLD’S TRADITIONAL,
COMMAND, AND MARKET
ECONOMIES.
Objectives:
Describe the basic economic and social goals used to evaluate economic performance.
Evaluate the trade-offs among economic and social goals.
2.2 Evaluating Economic
Performance
Seven Economic and Social Goals
Economic Freedom
Economic Efficiency
Economic Equity
Economic Security
Full Employment
Price Stability
Economic Growth
Other Goals and Choices
Internet Resources
Seven Economic and Social Goals
Economic Freedom
Economic Efficiency
Economic Equity
Economic Security
Full employment
Price stability
Economic Growth
Economic Freedom
This goal promotes an individual’s ability to choose careers and how to spend money.
It also allows businesses to choose where and how to produce their goods and services.
Economic Efficiency
This goal seeks to be resourceful with scarce factors of production.
It also reflects the desire that benefits outweigh the costs of production.
Economic Equity
This social goal seeks fairness among workers.
Minimum wage laws reflect this goal.
Economic Security
This social goal seeks to provide for the unhealthy, elderly, and unhealthy.
Social Security is a federal program that provides disability and retirement benefits for working people.
Full Employment
This goal states that those with the necessary skills and are willing to work have jobs.
This does not mean all adults have jobs.
Price Stability
This goal seeks a consistent level in prices of goods and services.
Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices.
Price Stability
People with a fixed income have difficulty dealing with inflation.
Interests rates usually rise with inflation.
This makes it harder for businesses to borrow and spend money.
Economic Growth
Growth allows people to enjoy more goods and services.
Economic growth is necessary for nations with growing populations.
Other Goals and Choices
Societies may gain new goals. (ex: clean environments)
Societies may face trade-offs to achieve certain goals.
They must prioritize their goals.
Internet Resources
http://www.bls.gov/ http://www.bls.gov/oco/
2.3 CAPITALISM AND
ECONOMIC FREEDOM
ACOS:
2. COMPARE THE
DEVELOPMENT AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
WORLD’S TRADITIONAL,
COMMAND, AND MARKET
ECONOMIES.
2.3 Capitalism and Economic
Freedom
Objectives:
Explore the characteristics of a free enterprise system.
Describe the role of the entrepreneur, the consumer, and government in a free enterprise economy.
2.3 Capitalism and
Economic Freedom
Capitalism
Five Characteristics of a Free Enterprise
Economy
Economic Freedom
Voluntary Exchange
Private Property Rights
Profit Motive
Competition
The Role of the Entrepreneur
The Role of the Consumer
The Role of Government
Capitalism
Capitalism is “a system in which private citizens own the factors of production.”
The American economy is a free enterprise system.
The phrase free enterprise refers to an “economy in which competition is allowed to flourish with a minimum of government interference.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Five Characteristics of a Free
Enterprise Economy
Economic Freedom
Voluntary Exchange
Private Property
Rights
Profit Motive
Competition
Economic Freedom
People choose where they want to work.
Businesses can charge what they want.
Both are free to risk success or failure.
Voluntary Exchange
Voluntary exchange is the act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transaction.
Buyers and sellers both benefit from the sales.
Private Property Rights
Private property refers to tangible and intangible items.
It gives people the incentive to work and improve their standard of living.
People take better care of their own property.
Profit Motive
People become entrepreneurs hoping to make a profit.
Entrepreneurs take risks hoping to make money.
The profit motive is the “driving force that encourages people and organizations to improve their material well-being.”
Steve Jobs and the IPad 2
Competition
Competition is “the struggle among sellers to attract consumers while lowering costs.”
It results in the production of goods and services at the lowest cost and distribution to consumers who are able and willing to pay.
The Role of the Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurs start new businesses.
Many business attempts fail.
Very few become overwhelmingly successful as
Bill Gates or Walt Disney.
Despite high risks, people still seek success.
The Role of the Entrepreneur
Everyone benefits when an entrepreneur is successful.
Other firms are attracted to the industry created by successful entrepreneurs.
This results in:
◦ New products,
◦ Greater competition,
◦ more production
◦ higher quality
◦ lower prices for consumers.
The Role of the Consumer
Consumers are sovereign in the free market economy because they determine the success of a good or service.
IPods, Kindles, and cell phones are successful because buyers want them.
The Role of the Consumer
Celery-flavored Jell-O, chewable toothpaste tablets, and toasterready bacon have all failed because the public did not purchase them.
Consumers “vote” for what by how they spend their money.
The Role of Government
Government plays five roles in the economy.
As a protector, government passes and enforces laws to prevent consumers and workers from being abused. (Ex: lemon laws, FDA)
As a provider, government supplies goods and services like national defense and education.
The Role of Government
As a consumer, government uses factors of production in order to provide.
Government has become the second largest consuming unit in the economy, second only to the consumer sector.
The Role of Government
As a regulator, government works to ensure fair competition.
As a promoter of national goals, government influences the economy to achieve the seven basic economic and social goals.
The U.S. has a mixed economy (modified
private enterprise economy) where some government control is present.
TEST
TOMORROW!
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW
QUESTIONS
Chapter 2 Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe a traditional economy.
Describe a command economy.
Describe a market economy.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a traditional economy.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a command economy.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a market economy.
Chapter 2 Review Questions
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Describe the basic economic and social goals used to evaluate economic performance.
Evaluate the trade-offs among economic and social goals.
Briefly describe the five characteristics of a free enterprise system.
Describe the role of the entrepreneur in a free enterprise system.
Describe the role of the consumer in a free enterprise system.
Describe the role of government in a free enterprise system.
