Work in the 21st Century: An
Introduction to IndustrialOrganizational Psychology
by Frank J. Landy & Jeffrey M. Conte, 2/e
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Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Industrial-Organizational
Psychology
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Module 1.1:
Fundamentals of I-O Psychology
• Importance of I-O psychology
– Importance of work in people’s lives
–
? 1. According to Gardner (2002), what is the difference between “good work” and “good
job?” What would be “good work” for you?
–
? 2. What do you think was David Morris’ most challenging problem in developing a battery of tests for his job
in Iraq?
• What is I-O psychology? ?
– 3. Explain how the scientist-practitioner model differentiates HR, labor
relations from I/O psychology.
– SIOP (Division 14 of APA)
– Fields of I-O psychology
• Personnel psychology
• Organizational psychology
• Human engineering
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SIOP as a Resource
• www.siop.org
–
–
–
–
–
History of I-O psychology
Membership information (incl. students)
Quarterly newspaper: TIP
JobNet
Educational institutions that offer graduate
training programs in I-O psychology
– List of SIOP publications
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How This Course Can Help You
• Knowledge about 21st century workplace
– Course will address issues such as work stress,
work-family balance, workplace discrimination,
& leadership
• ? 4. Add to the list of debatable questions on p. 12, an issue you
believes needs to be addressed.
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Module 1.2: The past, present, and
future of I-O Psychology
• The Past – Important Dates/Events in I-O
Psychology
• The Present – Demographics and Career
Paths
• Future Challenges to I-O Psychology
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Three branches
• ? 4. Which of the three branches of I-O is
most interesting to you? Why?
• ? 5. What caused you to decide to study I-O psych?
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Important Dates in the
Evolution of I-O Psychology
Figure 1.1
Important Dates in
the Evolution of
I-O Psychology
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Brief History of I-O Psychology
• 1876-1930
– Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill
Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham
– World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests
– 1917 – First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to
Lillian Gilbreth
• Research in time & motion study → Human Engineering
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Brief History of I-O Psychology
(cont'd)
• Why history?
– ? 1. How could a better understanding of I-O history helped to avoid
wasting time with emotional intelligence?
– ? 2. What role did Harry Hollingworth play in Coca Cola’s success?
• 1930-1964
– Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations
– Human relations movement
• Theories of motivation
• Emotional world of the worker
• Studies of job satisfaction
– WWII
• ? 3. Compare the skills needed to fly WWI and WWII aeroplanes.
– Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII
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Demographics of I-O Psychologists
• In 2000, I-O psychologists represented
about 6% of all APA members
• In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA
were women
• Average salaries:
– Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000
– Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000
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Where I-O Psychologists
are Employed
Figure 1.2
Where I-O Psychologists
are Employed.
Source: SIOP Survey (2002).
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Preparing for a Career in I-O
Psychology
• Education & training
• Getting into a graduate program
– Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s)
– Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics)
• More emphasis on coursework than major
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Challenges to I-O in 21st Century
• I-O psychology needs to be:
– Relevant
– Useful
– Grounded in scientific method
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Changes in the Workplace
Since 1980
• Personal computing
• Telecommuting &
virtual teams
• Videoconferencing
• Providing a service vs.
manufacturing
“goods”
• Nature of work more
fluid
• Teams vs. the
individual
• Little stability
• Family-friendly
workplaces
• Greater diversity
• Global workplace
Milton Montenegro/Getty Images
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Module 1.3: Multicultural & CrossCultural Issues in I-O Psychology
• Multiculturalism
– Culture defined
• System in which
individuals share
meaning & common
ways of viewing
events & objects
• Sharing of meanings
& interpretations
Royalty-Free/CORBIS
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Cultural Determinants in the
Workplace (Triandis)
Figure 1.3
The Dynamic of Top-Down-Bottom-Up Processes across levels of culture
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Multicultural Nature of Work in
the 21st Century
– ? 1. In the U.S. do Asian Americans, Africian Americans, European Americans hold
different cultural values? If so, what are some of the differences?
• (CULTURE: “system in which individuals share meaning and common ways of viewing
events and objects? Ronen, 1997)
• Why should multiculturalism be important
to you?
• Why is multiculturalism important for I-O
psychology?
– Issues surrounding the global economy,
expatriates, & the “West vs. the Rest” mentality
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Theory of Cultural Influence
• Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions
• Individualism/collectivism
• Power distance
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Masculinity/femininity
• Long-term vs. short-term orientation
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Cultural Differences Among
Countries
Figure 1.4
Cultural Differences
among Countries
Source: Hofstede, 1993, p.91.
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Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence
• Triandis’ variation on Hofstede’s dimension
of individualism/collectivism
– Horizontal cultures – those that minimize
distances between individuals
– Vertical cultures – accept & depend on
distances between individuals
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Cultural Determinants in the
Workplace (Triandis)
Figure 1.5
Triandis’s View of
Cultural Determinants
in the Workplace
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Module 1.4:
Themes & Course Structure
• Themes:
A) Unified Science
B) Holistic Approach
• Parts of the book:
1) Introduction
2) Industrial Psychology
3) Organizational Psychology
4) Work Environment
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Module 4 (cont’d)
• Resources
– Paper (I-O Journals/Books)
– Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., www.siop.org)
• Case study
– Provides example of complexity of work
behavior
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